Deck 6: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

The physical or somatic symptoms of a major depressive disorder include

A)changes in appetite or weight.
B)decreased ability to concentrate.
C)increased energy.
D)orgasmic feelings.

Answer 1

changes in appetite or weight.

Question 2

A hypomanic episode refers to

A)A prolonged but less severe form of a manic episode that is easily treated
B)A manic episode without hallucinations or delusions
C)A manic episode that occurs without any depressive episodes
D)A shorter and less severe form of a manic episode with less impairment in functioning

Answer 2

A shorter and less severe form of a manic episode with less impairment in functioning

Question 3

Dysphoric mania refers to a type of mood disorder in which manic episodes are

A)extremely severe.
B)very mild.
C)accompanied by depression or anxiety.
D)related to a medical condition.

Answer 3

accompanied by depression or anxiety.

Question 4

In comparing the length of untreated depressive episodes and untreated manic episodes,which of the following is an accurate statement?

A)Depressive episodes generally last longer.
B)Manic episodes generally last longer.
C)Both types of episodes typically last about the same amount of time.
D)This comparison cannot be made because only depressive episodes can be treated.

Question 5

Which of the following symptoms characterize a manic episode?

A)Feelings of guilt
B)Irritability
C)Anhedonia
D)Loss of energy

Question 6

Mood disorders can take on many forms; one of the most severe,involving repeated episodes of extremely low mood,is referred to as

A)major depressive disorder.
B)Persistent depressive disorder
C)cyclothymia.
D)melancholia

Question 7

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding mood disorders?

A)An individual experiencing manic symptoms can also be depressed or anxious.
B)Unipolar mania is more common than unipolar depression.
C)An individual who has experienced only manic episodes in the past is unlikely to ever become depressed.
D)Neither manic nor depressive symptoms remit on their own without treatment.

Question 8

Which of the following is a symptom of a manic episode?

A)Slowed speech
B)Hypoactive behavior
C)Hypersomnia
D)Grandiosity

Question 9

One symptom of a mood disorder is anhedonia,which means

A)a feeling of worthlessness.
B)an altered pattern of sleep.
C)indecisiveness.
D)an inability to experience pleasure.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT usually a component of a major depressive episode?

A)Feelings of worthlessness
B)Flight of ideas
C)Altered sleep patterns
D)Change in appetite

Question 11

Debbie has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder,recurrent.She wants to know what to expect in the future regarding her condition.You tell her that according to recent research,the median lifetime number of major depressive episodes is

A)4-7.
B)8-10.
C)12-15.
D)16-18.

Question 12

A typical episode of major depression last __________,with very severe cases lasting as long as severalyears.

A)3 months
B)6 months
C)9 months
D)1 year

Question 13

According to recent research,the median duration of recurrent (subsequent to the first episode)major depressive episodes is 

A)1 to 2 months.
B)4 to 5 months.
C)7 to 9 months.
D)11 to 12 months.

Question 14

When used in connection with mood disorders,"flight of ideas" means

A)anxiety about airplane travel.
B)rapid speech expressing many exciting ideas at once.
C)limited imagination reflected in a slow way of speaking.
D)An increase in creative ideas.

Question 15

Jack has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive episodes.In the intervals between the episodes,he does not seem to return to "normal." In fact,during those periods,he has been diagnosed as have low-grade depression.Jack's condition is referred to as

A)double depression.
B)bipolar disorder.
C)atypical depression.
D)dysfunctional dysthymia.

Question 16

Persistent depressive disorder differs (PDD)from major depressive disorder (MDD)because people diagnosed with PDD have symptoms of depression that are

A)more severe.
B)longer-lasting.
C)episodic.
D)temporary.

Question 17

A 35-year-old individual named Manny has recently formulated an elaborate plan to cure AIDS with vitamin therapy.To provide funding for this cause,he has withdrawn all the money from his bank account and purchased thousands of jars of vitamins and small boxes in which to put them.When he appeared at a hospital emergency room loudly demanding names of patients with AIDS,he himself was hospitalized for psychiatric observation.What of the following is Manny experiencing?

A)Major depressive episode
B)Hypomanic episode
C)Manic episode
D)Postpartum psychosis

Question 18

Which of the following is usually a component of a major depressive episode?

A)Cognitive disturbance
B)Somatic/vegetative symptoms
C)Loss of interest/motivation
D)All of the above.

Question 19

An important difference between "major depressive disorder,recurrent" and "major depressive disorder,single episode" is that

A)single episode type is more common.
B)recurrent type is more common.
C)single episode symptoms are more severe.
D)recurrent symptoms are more severe.

Question 20

"Mood disorders" refer to a group of disorders involving severe disturbances ranging from __________ to ____________

A)Hallucinations; suicidality
B)Elation; depression
C)Indecisiveness; anhedonia
D)Left; right hemispheric EEG abnormality

Question 21

Although grieving is considered a normal process,it does sometimes become a psychological disorder.Which of the following cases would NOT be diagnosed as complicated grief?

A)Mr. A's sister suddenly passed away from illness about a year ago. Mr. A is still suffering from severe depression and persistent thoughts of joining his sister in heaven.
B)Miss B has experienced the death of a close friend. She is so depressed that she has no appetite or energy, and believes that she will never be truly happy again without her friend.
C)Mrs. C's dog recently died. Three weeks later, her friends suggest that she get another dog "to help her get over the loss." Mrs. C refuses, saying she just isn't ready to get another dog and still has trouble accepting that "Duchess" is gone.
D)Dr. D's cate died 6months ago. In addition to his depressive symptoms, he cannot stop replaying the scene of her death in his mind, which is interfering with his social life.

Question 22

Which of the following is a risk associated with misdiagnosing children with bipolar disorder,when in fact they have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A)Medications for bipolar disorder are very potent and have serious side effects
B)ADHD is more impairing than bipolar disorder, so one would be ignoring the real problem
C)Insurance companies don't recognize childhood bipolar disorder and will not reimburse treatment for it.
D)There are no major risks, as the two disorders are so similar that treatments are essentially the same.

Question 23

Approximately what percentage of women suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A)2-5%
B)6-10%
C)18-24%
D)20-40%

Question 24

Jane is diagnosed with Bipolar II disorder.You can expect that she will experience

A)full manic episodes.
B)hypomanic episodes.
C)both manic and hypomanic episodes.
D)neither manic nor hypomanic episodes.

Question 25

In severe cases of depression where the episode lasts five years or longer,how many of these patients can be expected to recover?

A)None
B)About half
C)Approximately one-third
D)All

Question 26

Symptoms of severe depression are generally NOT considered a psychological disorder when they are associated with

A)a grief reaction.
B)a manic episode.
C)anxiety.
D)thoughts of suicide.

Question 27

Regarding severe cases of major depressive disorder,those in which the depressive episode has lasted five years or more,all of the following statements are accurate

A)the episode may not entirely clear up, leaving some residual symptoms.
B)the likelihood of a subsequent episode is high.
C)the next episode is likely to be manic, rather than depressive.
D)subsequent episodes may be associated with incomplete inter-episode recovery.

Question 28

In comparison to a later age of onset,early onset of persistent depressive disorder (before age 21)is associated with all of the following characteristics

A)greater chronicity.
B)poorer response to treatment.
C)genetic influence.
D)better prognosis.

Question 29

When referring to the mood disorders called cyclothymia and dysthymia,it would be accurate to say that an individual with cyclothymia probably

A)would be considered "moody."
B)cannot function normally at all.
C)has more depressive episodes
D)has full manic episodes.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT true about a hypomanic manic episode?

A)It is not necessarily impairing for an individual.
B)It involves cognitive and physical changes.
C)It causes marked impairment in social or occupational functioning.
D)It need only last four days.

Question 31

Manic episodes alternate with depressive episodes in the disorder called

A)bipolar disorder.
B)major depressive disorder.
C)complicated grief.
D)cyclothymia.

Question 32

The probability that a person will recover from a major depressive episode within five years approaches 90 percent in

A)all cases.
B)mild cases only.
C)severe cases only.
D)double depression only.

Question 33

Some psychologists were reluctant to make premenstrual dysphoric disorder a formal diagnosis because

A)It had too much overlap with other mood disorders' diagnostic criteria
B)It is so rare that a formal diagnostic category is unjustified
C)It is strictly a consequence of hormonal imbalances and is therefore not a psychological disorder
D)It has the potential to be stigmatizing for women.

Question 34

According to recent research,the percentage of people age 18 to 23 who have already experienced major depression is _____ percent.

A)10
B)18
C)24
D)40

Question 35

Children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder are most at risk for later developing

A)Bipolar disorder
B)Depressive and anxiety disorders
C)Psychotic disorders
D)Psychopathic personality traits

Question 36

In recent years,a trend of ______________ children with bipolar disorder has become problematic.

A)Under-diagnosing
B)Over-diagnosing
C)Not recognizing
D)Mistreating

Question 37

Not only is there a high prevalence of persistent depressive disorder in children,but it has also been found that three-fourths of these children will eventually be diagnosed with

A)bipolar disorder.
B)mania
C)major depressive disorder.
D)cyclothymia.

Question 38

Unipolar mania

A)does not exist.
B)is rare.
C)is fairly common.
D)is a part of bipolar disorder.

Question 39

Considering the terms used to differentiate mood disorders,cyclothymic is to dysthymic as

A)bipolar is to major depressive.
B)manic is to hypomanic.
C)major depressive is to bipolar.
D)Bipolar I is to Bipolar II.

Question 40

Research studies reported in your textbook indicate that during the 20th century,the age of onset for depression

A)increased.
B)decreased.
C)stayed about the same.
D)increased for males, decreased for females.

Question 41

Which type of brain wave activity indicates calm,positive feelings?

A)Alpha waves
B)REM waves
C)Delta waves
D)Gamma waves

Question 42

In terms of the etiology of mood disorders,research has shown that

A)environmental stress plays a larger role in causing depression in men than in women.
B)genetic factors are more important in the development of depression in men in comparison to the development of depression in women.
C)genetic and environmental factors are equally contributory to mood disorders.
D)there are no sex differences in vulnerability to depression.

Question 43

One of the problems encountered by psychiatrists who prescribe medication for patients with bipolar disorder is that patients often

A)stop taking the medication in order to bring on a depressive state.
B)stop taking the medication in order to bring on a manic state.
C)overdose on the medication during a severe manic state.
D)become addicted to the medications during a severe manic state.

Question 44

Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "permissive" hypothesis,which means that

A)low levels of serotonin are sufficient to explain the etiology of mood disorders.
B)the norepinephrine system regulates serotonin levels; if norepinephrine is low, depression will occur.
C)when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities.
D)the absolute levels of neurotransmitters are more significant in mood regulation than the overall balance of the various neurotransmitters.

Question 45

many famous women in history have suffered from depression,including

A)Queen Victoria.
B)Joan of Arc.
C)Eleanor Roosevelt
D)Anna Freud.

Question 46

Being depressed ________ the risk of death in elderly patients who have had a stroke or heart attack.

A)has no effect on
B)doubles
C)triples
D)reduces

Question 47

Tamara gave birth to a healthy child four days ago.Now she is tearful and having mood swings.Fortunately,these symptoms disappeared relatively quickly.Tamara was probably suffering from

A)postpartum depression.
B)baby blues.
C)Dysthymia.
D)cyclothymia.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the relationship between anxiety and depression?

A)Almost all depressed patients are anxious, but not every anxious patient is depressed.
B)Cognitive content (thinking) is more negative in anxious patients than in those with depression.
C)A core symptom of anxiety is the inability to experience pleasure.
D)Anxiety is often preceded by an episode of major depression.

Question 49

Cross-cultural research indicates that,due at least in part to appalling social and economic conditions,the prevalence of major depression is extremely high among

A)African Americans.
B)Asian Americans.
C)Native Americans

Question 50

With regard to the prevalence of mood disorders,it has been consistently found that

A)females experience major depressive disorders less frequently than males.
B)men have twice as many mood disorders as women.
C)bipolar disorder rarely has an onset age greater than 40.
D)dysthymia occurs equally across gender.

Question 51

Milton has been mildly depressed for many years.Just recently,however,his depression deepened,and he was severely depressed for about three months.His deep depression then lifted and he was once again mildly depressed.Milton

A)will be easier to treat now that the severe depression is resolved.
B)will quickly respond to treatment and will recover completely from his depression.
C)will require a longer and more intense course of treatment to maintain a normal mood state.
D)will require treatment for the rest of his life.

Question 52

In studies of bipolar patients who experience rapid cycling,it has been found that as many as 90 percent are

A)female.
B)male.
C)elderly
D)adolescents.

Question 53

All of the following are accurate statements about the prevalence of mood disorders in children and adolescents that

A)bipolar disorder is often misdiagnosed in children
B)major depressive disorder in adolescents is primarily a female disorder
C)rates of attempted suicide decrease during adolescence.
D)adolescents with bipolar disorder may become aggressive, impulsive, sexually provocative, and accident-prone.

Question 54

All of the following words are used to describe the manic mood state

A)elated.
B)expansive.
C)energetic.
D)exhausted.

Question 55

Since traditional antidepressant medication such as tricyclics may actually provoke rapid cycling in patients with bipolar disorder,mood stabilizers and ________ are often prescribed instead.

A)antipsychotics
B)tranquilizers
C)anticonvulsants
D)opiates

Question 56

In about _____________ percent of patients,cyclothymic mood swings develop into full-blown bipolar disorder.

A)25 - 33
B)33 - 50
C)50 - 66
D)10 - 20

Question 57

The presence of medical illnesses or symptoms of dementia can make the diagnosis of depression difficult in

A)middle-aged men.
B)menopausal women.
C)highly creative individuals.
D)the elderly.

Question 58

Which of the following 8-year-old children should most likely receive a diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A)Hakim, who cannot sit still in class or at the dinner table
B)Bella, who stayed up all night for 3 nights in a row making what she believes is the world's prettiest dress
C)Bobby, who always gets into fights and is extremely rebellious with authority figures
D)Mary Ann, who can't help snapping at her parents and feelings an overwhelming irritability that she feels uncontrollable

Question 59

At various times,Cynthia,a 20-year-old college student,has always been considered by her family and/or friends to be moody,high-strung,explosive,or hyperactive.Knowing the criteria for mood disorders,you would diagnose Cynthia with

A)major depressive disorder.
B)panic disorder.
C)Disrupted mood dysregulation disorder.
D)cyclothymia.

Question 60

In research looking at the biological causes of mood disorders,studies have shown that if one of a set of twins is unipolar,the probability that the other twin is unipolar is ___________ percent.

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80

Question 61

Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is informed by

A)the learned helplessness model.
B)cognitive-behavioral theory.
C)humanistic/existential theory.
D)the Seligman Model of depression.

Question 62

An individual who usually says "It's all my fault" when anything goes wrong is reflecting the ________ characteristic of the depressive attributional style.

A)specific
B)stable
C)internal
D)external

Question 63

The idea that individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression place themselves in high-risk,stressful environments reflects the

A)Self-fulfilling prophecy theory.
B)cognitive-behavioral model.
C)reciprocal gene-environment model.
D)stress-depression linkage effect.

Question 64

Possible reasons for the higher rates of depression found in women include all of the following

A)culturally induced dependence and passivity.
B)a sense of uncontrollability and helplessness.
C)a low value placed on intimate relationships.
D)self-blame for being depressed.

Question 65

 One symptom of depression is an increase in sleeping.What other symptom related to sleep occurs in depression?

A)Decreased slow wave sleep, the deepest stage of sleep
B)Less intense REM activity
C)Stages of deepest sleep occurring earlier in the sleep cycle
D)Slower onset of REM sleep

Question 66

Regarding Beck's views on depression,which of the following definitions of cognitive errors and negative schema is NOT correct?

A)In a self-blame schema, depressed individuals feel personally responsible for every bad thing that happens.
B)Arbitrary inference means that a depressed individual emphasizes the positive rather than the negative aspects of a situation.
C)In a negative self-evaluation schema, depressed individuals believe that they can never do anything correctly.
D)Overgeneralization occurs when a small error is magnified to mean something much more significant.

Question 67

The following types of medications are all used to treat depression

A)SSRIs.
B)mixed reuptake inhibitors.
C)MAO inhibitors.
D)GABA inhibitors.

Question 68

The antidepressant medications known as imipramine (Tofranil)and amitriptyline (Elavil)are included in the class of drugs called

A)SSRIs.
B)tricyclics.
C)MAO inhibitors.
D)tranquilizers.

Question 69

In 1989,Abramson and his colleagues revised Seligman's theory of learned helplessness,changing the focus from specific attributions to ________ as the crucial factor in depression.

A)lack of control
B)a sense of hopelessness
C)repressed anger
D)a feeling of failure

Question 70

Results of a study of cognitive vulnerability to depression  found that ____ percent of the students with thought patterns classified as "high risk" for depression subsequently suffered a major depressive episode whereas only ____ percent of the "low risk" students subsequently experienced a major depressive episode.

A)16; 2.7
B)25; 15
C)46; 14
D)85; 10

Question 71

With regard to the relationship between stress and depression,all of the following statements are true that

A)the context of the life event, as well as its meaning to the individual, is more important than the nature of the event itself.
B)an individual's current mood state might distort earlier memories of flife events that precipitated the depression
C)stressful life events are strongly related to the onset of mood disorders.
D)recurrent episodes of depression, but not initial episodes, are strongly predicted by major life stress.

Question 72

A student who has been doing very well in her psychology class receives a minor critical comment on an essay that she wrote as part of an exam.The student thinks,"This is terrible.I'm probably going to fail the course." This type of cognitive error in thinking is called

A)arbitrary inference.
B)overgeneralization.
C)pessimism
D)dissociating.

Question 73

Some possible reasons for the higher rates of depression found in women relate to the disadvantages experienced by women in the United States,such as

A)discrimination and poverty.
B)abuse and sexual harassment.
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Question 74

For individuals who had not been previously depressed,research studies indicate that a marital separation or divorce resulted in

A)a higher rate of depression in men.
B)a higher rate of depression in women.
C)approximately equal rates of depression for males and females.
D)no symptoms of depression in either males or females.

Question 75

Recent research suggests that

A)the suppression of neurogenesis in the hippocampus is due to the connection between high stress hormones and depression.
B)low hippocampal volume may precede and contribute to the onset of depression.
C)electroconvulsive therapy seems to produce neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
D)all of the above

Question 76

According to recent research on the development of depression,dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook)and hopelessness attributes (explaining things negatively)constitute a ________ vulnerability to depression.

A)biological
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)sociological

Question 77

Which of the following factors contribute to the integrative theory of depression?

A)Stressful life events
B)Stress hormones
C)Neurotransmitters
D)All of the above

Question 78

The therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants begin

A)immediately.
B)within 24 hours.
C)2 to 8 weeks after starting the medication.
D)3 months after starting the medication.

Question 79

In Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad,individuals think negatively about all of the following

A)themselves.
B)their immediate world
C)Moral principles
D)their future.

Question 80

With regard to social support,

A)having one close friend did not affect recovery from depression.
B)having social support helped speed recovery from depressive episodes.
C)having social support had no effect in China.
D)having too much social support actually overwhelmed patients and worsened their depression in some cases.