Deck 8: Eating and Sleep Wake Disorders

Question 1

Since about 1960,most Westernized countries have experienced a dramatic

A)decrease in the incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
B)increase in the incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
C)increase in the incidence of anorexia nervosa but a decrease in the incidence of bulimia nervosa.
D)increase in the incidence of bulimia nervosa but no change in the rate of anorexia nervosa.

Answer 1

increase in the incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Question 2

Recent research suggests that the restricting and bingeing/purging subtypes of anorexia nervosa

A)Alternate in the same person in a cyclic fashion..
B)have completely different causes.
C)show few differences in severity of symptoms or personality.
D)are useless distinctions of the same disorder

Answer 2

show few differences in severity of symptoms or personality.

Question 3

Amy is a young woman who is very competitive and comes from a high-achieving,wealthy family.She is very social and likes the fact that she is quite popular.She believes that her popularity is dependent on the weight and shape of her body.Amy has a boyfriend but worries that she may care more about their relationship than he does.The feature that puts Amy most at risk for an eating disorder is her

A)belief that her weight and body shape influence her popularity.
B)belief that her boyfriend cares less about the relationship than she does.
C)successful family.
D)competitive nature.

Answer 3

belief that her weight and body shape influence her popularity.

Question 4

When individuals with anorexia nervosa have been evaluated over long periods of time,it has been found that the percentage of individuals who die as a result of their disorder is ____ percent.

A)20
B)5
C)2
D)40

Question 5

Individuals who experience loss of control of their eating and consume great quantities of food but do not engage in any attempts to compensate for their binge would be diagnosed with

A)bulimia nervosa, nonpurging type.
B)binge eating disorder.
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D)buffet disorder.

Question 6

Jody sometimes eats more than just about any other girl that you know.You wonder if her eating sometimes could be considered bingeing.In order to determine this,you would have to know

A)the caloric intake of the foods.
B)whether she is eating junk foods
C)whether eating gets to be out of her control.
D)the situations under which she eats a great deal.

Question 7

Susan,a woman of relatively normal weight,sometimes eats huge quantities of junk food with no ability to stop herself.She follows this with long periods of complete fasting.Based on this information,Susan would

A)be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.
B)be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.
C)not be diagnosed with any disorder because she is of normal weight.
D)not be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa because she is not purging.

Question 8

Most individuals with bulimia nervosa are

A)of fairly normal body weight.
B)significantly overweight.
C)significantly underweight.
D)overweight during the development of the disorder but become underweight as the disorder progresses

Question 9

The most common reason that people with anorexia nervosa generally do not seek treatment on their own is that they

A)are ashamed of their disorder.
B)fear that they will be hospitalized.
C)do not see themselves as too thin.
D)have little desire for food.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effectiveness of purging for reducing caloric intake?

A)Vomiting reduces almost 100% of calories consumed if done immediately after eating
B)Laxatives reduce more calories than vomiting because it works immediately
C)Vomiting reduces approximately 50% of calories consumed, up to 24 hours after eating
D)Vomiting reduces approximately 50% of calories consumed, less if delayed after eating

Question 11

As many as ____ percent of anorexia nervosa deaths are due to suicide.

A)5
B)10
C)25
D)30

Question 12

The hallmark of anorexia nervosa is

A)food refusal.
B)a binge-purge cycle.
C)15 percent or lower weight than is expected for that height and body size
D)a morbid fear of gaining weight and behaviors to lose weight.

Question 13

Patients with bulimia nervosa often present with additional psychological disorders,particularly ________ and ________.

A)body dysmorphic disorder; substance disorders
B)mood disorders; sexual disorders
C)anxiety disorders; mood disorders
D)obsessive compulsive disorder; sexual disorders

Question 14

Which of the following represents the typical profile of a patient with either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa?

A)Young, white, female, upper socioeconomic status, socially competitive environment
B)Young, white, female, any socioeconomic status, history of depression
C)Young, female, any race, any socioeconomic status, highly competitive
D)Any age, female, white, upper socioeconomic status, few friends

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Eating disorders are a way of expressing depression.
B)Eating disorders have a high comorbidity with posttraumatic stress disorder.
C)Over 80% of people with bulimia had an anxiety disorder at some point during their lives.
D)Twenty to thirty percent of all people with bulimia nervosa meet the criteria for a mood disorder during the course of their eating disorder.

Question 16

The males most likely to develop an eating disorder such as bulimia nervosa are those who are

A)overweight.
B)depressed.
C)homosexual.
D)only children.

Question 17

The approximate percentage of patients with eating disorders who will experience depression at some point in their lives is approximately ____ percent.

A)15
B)35
C)60
D)85

Question 18

Eating disorders are most prevalent in

A)Western cultures where food is scarce.
B)Western cultures where food is plentiful.
C)non-Western cultures where food is scarce.
D)non-Western cultures where food is plentiful.

Question 19

A binge-eating episode is characterized by food intake of at least how many calories?

A)1000
B)2000
C)The calorie number does not matter, as long as it's too much junk food
D)The calorie number varies from person to person; a binge-eating episode is not defined by the number of calories

Question 20

The chief motivating factor in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is

A)a desire to purge.
B)an overwhelming drive to eat.
C)an overwhelming urge to be thin.
D)a desire to starve oneself.

Question 21

With regard to the biological influences of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa,the most accurate statement is that

A)anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are culturally determined and not biologically influenced.
B)the biological influences of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have not been studied.
C)although studies are still limited, there appears to be some biological influence in the development of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
D)although studies are limited, there does appear to be a large biological influence for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Question 22

Which of the following young women appears to be at the highest risk for developing an eating disorder?

A)Linda, whose mom and dad recently divorced
B)Carla, whose family members always seem to be fighting with each other
C)Sandy, whose family emphasizes achievement, support, and communication
D)Bonnie, whose family is perfectionistic, successful and, eager to maintain harmony

Question 23

When considering all the factors that influence the development of psychological disorders,it seems that that the _______ is unique in the extent of its role in eating disorders.

A)strong influence of genetics
B)role of family instability
C)power of neurobiological influences
D)influence of society and culture

Question 24

The families of patients with anorexia nervosa are typically characterized by all of the following

A)open communication.
B)high achievement.
C)perfectionism.
D)concern with external appearances.

Question 25

When men are asked to identify the ideal male body,they typically select a body weight that is about

A)equal to their own.
B)28 pounds more muscular than their own.
C)equal to the average male of their age.
D)15 pounds lighter than their own.

Question 26

Some of the most convincing evidence that helps to explain the observed increase in the incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa over the past half century is

A)improved diagnostic and reporting practices.
B)concurrent increases in the rate of depression.
C)the generally improved health of the society and an increased emphasis on diet and exercise.
D)the decrease in the weight of both Miss America contestants and Playboy centerfold models.

Question 27

The increase in the incidence of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa has been referred to as a "collision between our culture and our physiology." The most accurate interpretation of this statement is that

A)people have become too dependent on media determinations of beauty.
B)media standards of beauty are increasingly unattainable for the average woman.
C)dieting has become a fad that has been taken to an extreme.
D)beauty is now being defined by different cultures in society than before.

Question 28

Which of the teenage girls described below is at greatest risk for developing an eating disorder?

A)Alice is currently on a diet; her friends also diet aggressively.
B)Sue is of average to slightly above average weight but wants to lose a few pounds.
C)Megan's friends are concerned about the weight she has lost since she began working out with the swim team.
D)Jean has always been fairly thin despite the fact that she eats quite normally.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true about individuals with an eating disorder?

A)They have a diminished sense of personal control.
B)They may manifest as having strikingly low self-esteem.
C)They display more perfectionistic attitudes
D)All of the above

Question 30

A study of foreign-born students who are attending Western universities shows that

A)anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa do not occur in students who were raised in countries where these disorders do not exist.
B)anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are observed in some students who were raised in countries where these disorders do not exist.
C)anorexia nervosa, but not bulimia nervosa, has been observed in some students who were raised in countries where these disorders do not exist.
D)bulimia nervosa, but not anorexia nervosa, has been observed in some students who were raised in countries where these disorders do not exist.

Question 31

With regard to drug treatments for patients with bulimia nervosa,which of the following statements is true?

A)Medications have not been found to be effective for the treatment of bulimia nervosa.
B)Antidepressants have some effectiveness in the treatment of bulimia nervosa.
C)Benzodiazepine medications have some effectiveness in the treatment of bulimia nervosa
D)Antipsychotic medications have been found to be effective for the treatment of bulimia nervosa

Question 32

Genetic influences on eating disorders most likely involve

A)a specific gene for each actual eating disorder.
B)an inherited personality tendency that may make development of an eating disorder more likely.
C)multiple genes interacting in ways not yet determined and that directly produce eating disordered behavior.
D)recessive genes.

Question 33

Of the following,the group in which we would expect to see the highest incidence of anorexia nervosa is

A)Homosexual men.
B)Female body builders.
C)Ballet dancers.
D)Female track stars.

Question 34

The median range for onset for bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa is

A)18 to 21.
B)8 to 15.
C)20 to 26.
D)25-30.

Question 35

The families of patients with anorexia nervosa are typically characterized as

A)dysfunctional and disorganized.
B)successful and perfectionistic.
C)reserved and quiet.
D)no different than the average family.

Question 36

When women are asked to identify the most attractive female body weight,they typically identify a weight that is

A)lower than the weight identified by men.
B)the same as the weight identified by men.
C)higher than the weight identified by men.
D)20 percent lower than their own body weight.

Question 37

The strongest contributions to etiology of eating disorders seem to be

A)genetic.
B)psychological.
C)somatogenic.
D)sociocultural.

Question 38

Which of the following might help to explain the vast differences in the incidence of eating disorders among men and women?

A)The influence of behavioral genetics
B)The fact that boys are encouraged to play sports and girls to be active in social functions
C)The fact that puberty brings boys' bodies closer to the societal ideal and girls' bodies further from the societal ideal
D)The differences in the way boys and girls tend to gain weight from overeating

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true with regard to drug treatments for patients with anorexia nervosa?

A)Medications have not generally been found to be effective for the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
B)Antidepressants have some effectiveness in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
C)Anti-anxiety medications have some effectiveness in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
D)Antipsychotic medications have been found to be effective for the treatment of anorexia nervosa.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Once bulimia nervosa develops, it is virtually untreatable..
B)Once bulimia nervosa develops, it tends to be chronic if untreated.
C)People with bulimia nervosa eventually shift to symptoms of other eating disorders.
D)Bulimia nervosa is more resistant to treatment than anorexia nervosa

Question 41

One major problem with the use of medication in the treatment of bulimia nervosa is that

A)well-controlled studies have not found medication more effective than a placebo.
B)the beneficial effects of the medication may be short term.
C)side effects make most patients discontinue the medication.
D)patients refuse to take their medication.

Question 42

Based on the research reported in your text regarding available treatments for bulimia nervosa,we can conclude that treatment that focuses on ________ and ________ is most effective in gaining rapid control of bulimia nervosa and maintaining these gains over the long term.

A)dysfunctional thoughts; actual disordered behaviors
B)family functioning; social relationships
C)classical conditioning; operant learning
D)biological processes; genetics

Question 43

Which of the following statements is true regarding body fat in those with bulimia nervosa?

A)Women with bulimia tend to have less body fat than those without the disorder
B)Women with bulimia tend to have the same amount of body fat than those without the disorder
C)Women with bulimia tend to have more body fat than those without the disorder
D)Body fat fluctuates very quickly between higher and lower than average in women with bulimia

Question 44

Henderson and Brownell (2004)believe that the largest contributor to the obesity epidemic is

A)The increase in amount of food available due to modern agricultural technology
B)The changing standards of beauty that people are resisting
C)An inactive, sedentary lifestyle combined with high-fat, high-energy diet
D)The lack of nutritional science and understanding of human metabolism

Question 45

Matilda has had anorexia nervosa for several years.She started losing weight because her family said she needed to lose a few pounds.A crucial part of treatment for Matilda is family therapy that focuses on the issues regarding

A)attitudes toward body shape and image distortions.
B)negative communications in the family regarding food and eating.
C)dysfunctional communication in the family regarding food and eating.
D)all of the above

Question 46

Studies of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for bulimia nervosa have demonstrated

A)significant short-term gains in the reduction of purging but little change in binge eating behavior.
B)significant short-term gains in the reduction of binge eating but no long-term gains.
C)a few short-term gains in the reduction of binge eating and purging but no long-term gains.
D)significant short- and long-term gains in the reduction of binge eating and purging.

Question 47

The percentage of the adult population of the United States with a body mass index in the obese range was approximately ____ percent in 2000,rising to approximately ____ percent in 2010.

A)10; 15
B)20; 28
C)30; 36
D)40; 42

Question 48

Jill has been in treatment for anorexia nervosa for the past two months.Over this time,she has gained weight to the point where she is in the average range for a woman of her height.The fact that she gained weight fairly quickly in treatment means

A)her prognosis for a full recovery is very good
B)she is probably in need of little, if any, more treatment.
C)she has completed the most difficult part of her treatment.
D)little in terms of how likely she is to be successful in the long term.

Question 49

Programs that have the best chance of success for preventing eating disorders

A)should be administered to all girls under 15 years of age to prevent the disorder from developing.
B)should be administered to girls under 15 yrs, of age who are concerned about being overweight.
C)should be administered to all girls 15 years of age or older to prevent the disorder from developing
D)should be administered to girls 15 years of age or older who are concerned about being overwight.

Question 50

What body mass index (BMI)level is considered starvation?

A)20
B)16
C)13
D)4

Question 51

An important aspect of the cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of bulimia nervosa is that it involves

A)changing patients' dysfunctional thoughts regarding their weight and previous weight control strategies.
B)helping the patient's family learn new ways of interacting with each other and with the patient.
C)changing the type and frequency of reinforcement associated with being an identified patient.
D)making sure that the patient has a lot of quiet time where she can be alone.

Question 52

The most accurate statement regarding the use of self-help diet books in the treatment of obesity is that

A)there is a moderate level of long-term effectiveness.
B)they are effective only when used in combination with physician counseling.
C)they are more effective than commercial self-help programs such as Jenny Craig.
D)they work for only a very few individuals.

Question 53

A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),behavior therapy (BT),and interpersonal therapy (IPT)for the treatment of bulimia nervosa indicates that one year after treatment,

A)BT was superior to CBT, which was superior to IPT.
B)BT was equivalent to CBT and both were superior to IPT.
C)CBT was equivalent to IPT and both were superior to BT.
D)all therapies had some effectiveness but no therapy was found to be more effective than any other.

Question 54

The hallmark of bulimia nervosa is

A)Repeated vomiting
B)Out of control eating followed by compensatory behavior
C)Over-exercise in conjunction with fasting
D)Being extremely underweight

Question 55

The most serious medical consequence of bulimia nervosa excluding death is potential

A)electrolyte imbalance.
B)salivary gland damage.
C)starvation.
D)tooth erosion.

Question 56

An early stage of the cognitive-behavioral treatment (along with education about the physical consequences of binge eating and purging)for Mary,who has bulimia nervosa,will likely involve

A)antidepressant medication.
B)family therapy.
C)small, frequent meals.
D)in-patient treatment.

Question 57

Many clinicians suggest that the most difficult part of treatment for anorexia nervosa,and the part of treatment where many people with anorexia nervosa are not successful,is

A)initial weight gain.
B)admitting that there is a problem and agreeing to begin treatment.
C)changing their attitudes regarding body and self-image
D)when they become bulimic.

Question 58

In studies of Internet-based eating disorder prevention programs such as the "student bodies program,"

A)the participants showed no beneficial effects.
B)participants reported improvement in body image and decreased drive for thinness.
C)Virtually no participant has developed symptoms of an eating disorder.
D)the drop-out rate has been extremely high.

Question 59

One intriguing result from the studies comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)and interpersonal therapy (IPT)for bulimia nervosa is the finding that

A)IPT is more effective in the short term, but CBT is more effective when we look at how well patients are doing one year following treatment.
B)IPT and CBT appear to be indistinguishable in terms of their effectiveness in the short and long term, despite their very different approaches.
C)IPT is always more effective than CBT.
D)CBT is more effective in the short term, but IPT patients "catch up" and will do as well as CBT patients one year after treatment.

Question 60

Two forms of maladaptive eating patterns associated with obesity are ________ and ________.

A)binge eating disorder; night eating syndrome
B)binge eating disorder; pica
C)pica; night eating syndrome
D)night eating syndrome; caloric deregulative disorder

Question 61

Individuals suffering from insomnia disorder

A)do not sleep at all.
B)have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep.
C)wake up during their sleep cycle with severe nightmares.
D)frequently sleepwalk.

Question 62

Fred has been having a great deal of trouble initiating and maintaining sleep.He guesses that he is sleeping for an average of about three hours each night and complains that he feels terrible during the day.In addition,Fred has always experienced some anxiety but has recently felt a tremendous increase in his overall anxiety level.The existence of both a sleep disorder and anxiety

A)makes the diagnosis of primary insomnia incorrect.
B)increases our confidence that primary insomnia is the correct diagnosis.
C)indicates that the insomnia is a result of the anxiety rather than a cause of the anxiety.
D)is extremely common, since sleep problems can be both a cause and a result of anxiety

Question 63

The most comprehensive evaluation of sleep is performed by a(n)

A)polysomnographic evaluation.
B)actigraphic evaluation.
C)electromyographic evaluation.
D)electroencephalographic evaluation

Question 64

Of the following,the only symptom that both patients with narcolepsy and patients with hypersomnia experience is

A)falling asleep during normal waking hours.
B)sudden loss of muscle tone.
C)sleep paralysis.
D)hypnagogic hallucinations.

Question 65

Individuals with a sleep efficiency of 90

A)spend more of their "bed time" awake than asleep.
B)have a diagnosable sleep disorder.
C)need to increase the number of hours in bed
D)spend 10 percent of their "bed time" awake.

Question 66

While a patient sleeps,a polysomnographic evaluation collects data on all of the following characteristics

A)respiration.
B)leg movement.
C)brain waves.
D)metabolic rate.

Question 67

In the diagnosis of insomnia,the clinician takes into account several factors,one of which is the patient's

A)behavior while awake.
B)sleeping muscle movement as measured by an electromyogram.
C)amount of sleep time that the patient believes is appropriate.
D)objective measure of the polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation.

Question 68

Before a clinician can diagnose hypersomnia,it is necessary to rule out all of the following

A)sleep apnea.
B)insomnia
C)early life exposure to a viral infection such as mononucleosis.
D)current medical conditions that would account for the symptoms.

Question 69

As we grow older,it seems that the amount of sleep that we require

A)increases.
B)decreases.
C)stays the same.
D)decreases until early adulthood and then begins to increase again.

Question 70

Joe has recently started having a great deal of difficulty falling asleep.In addition,he frequently wakes up during the night and has trouble falling back to sleep once awakened.At this point we can conclude that Joe's sleep problems are influenced by

A)medical conditions.
B)psychological concerns.
C)A genetic variant.
D)either medical or psychological conditions.

Question 71

Samantha started having difficulty falling asleep during final exam week.Although exams are over,she now starts to worry about sleep right after dinner.Even the sight of her bed makes her very anxious.The fact that Samantha's insomnia continues long after the stress of exams is over points to the role of ________ in the maintenance of sleep disorders.

A)biology
B)other medical conditions
C)learning
D)unknown factors

Question 72

Of the following,the correct pairing is

A)dyssomnia - sleepwalking.
B)dyssomnia - a sleep disturbance.
C)parasomnia - waking up after three or four hours of sleep and then being unable to fall back to sleep.
D)parasomnia - lack of REM sleep.

Question 73

The term "primary" in the diagnosis of primary insomnia refers to the fact that

A)the person has never been diagnosed with insomnia before.
B)the sleep disturbance is not due to another medical or psychiatric condition.
C)the sleep disorder is a primary cause of other medical or psychiatric conditions that the individual is experiencing.
D)other sleep disorders generally follow a diagnosis of primary insomnia.

Question 74

The fact that people who have unrealistic expectations,such as "I must sleep a full eight hours every night,or I will be unable to function," are more likely to experience insomnia suggests that insomnia is at least partially influenced by

A)cognition.
B)early learning.
C)biological predisposition.
D)our current hectic lifestyle

Question 75

The integrative model of the causes of sleep disorders suggests that most individuals develop sleep disorders as a result of the interaction between

A)biological and lifestyle factors.
B)learning and family stress
C)genetics and bedtime habits.
D)learning and cognition.

Question 76

One biological factor that has been related to individuals who experience insomnia is

A)Lower body temperature.
B)higher body temperature.
C)low body weight.
D)percentage of body fat.

Question 77

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between alcohol and sleep?

A)Alcohol may help initiate sleep, but it interrupts ongoing sleep and can be the cause of a sleep disorder.
B)Alcohol may help initiate sleep and enhance ongoing sleep, but it leads to addiction if used as a sleep aid.
C)Alcohol increases REM sleep.
D)Alcohol increases total sleep time in an effective manner, but continued use produces tolerance that negates this beneficial effect

Question 78

Individuals who don't feel rested despite sleeping a reasonable number of hours might be suffering from

A)a dyssomnia.
B)a parasomnia
C)a dream anxiety disorder.
D)a sleepwalking disorder.

Question 79

The percentage of the general population that reports some symptoms of insomnia during any given year is approximately ____ percent.

A)10
B)20
C)33
D)50

Question 80

In which of the following situations is Bill,who has narcolepsy,most likely to experience cataplexy?

A)Immediately upon waking up after a long, restful sleep
B)At any random moment
C)Under hypnosis
D)While jumping up and cheering for his favorite team