Deck 4: Quantitative Study Design

Question 1

During the process of designing a research study, you defend an argument for the importance of conducting the study and have provided a strong rational for the theory applied. What type of validity are you displaying?

A) Construct validity
B) Logical validity
C) Theory application validity
D) Reliability

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following types of data is represented by the ranking of your favourite hobbies from most favourite to least favourite?

A) Ordinal data
B) Nominal data
C) Interval data
D) Ratio data

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Your professor has assigned a project where you are required to replicate the findings from a previously conducted research project. After completing the project, you determine that you are unable to replicate the results. This could represent an issue related to which of the following?

A) Reliability
B) Logical validity
C) Construct validity
D) Both a and c

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Ordinal data and interval data both involve quantities that are ordered. What is the distinguishing characteristic between the two?

A) Ordinal data provide information on the difference and direction of difference between the values
B) Ordinal data have an absolute 0 point
C) Interval data involve interval values that are known and equal
D) In interval data the intervals between each value may not be known

Question 5

A wash-out period is important for which type of study design?

A) Repeated-measures design
B) Quasi-experimental study
C) Between-subjects design
D) None of the above

Question 6

If you wanted to complete a study comparing adolescent, middle age, and senior adult health related behaviours, which sampling method would be most beneficial to ensure that there is an equal representation of each age group?

A) Systematic sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) Stratified random sampling

Question 7

You are studying a group of individuals and have assigned them to an intervention group; however, there is no other group to compare to the intervention group. What type of experiment does this represent?

A) Predictive experiment
B) True experiment
C) Non-experimental
D) Pre-experimental

Question 8

You want to do a study on a group of physiotherapists. While you are visiting your physiotherapist, you ask if they could connect with their friends to participate in the study. What kind of sampling method is this?

A) Snowball sampling
B) Expert sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Convenience sampling

Question 9

In a simple between-groups design, it is important to randomize participants to which of the following?

A) The conditions
B) The order of the conditions
C) The conditions and the order of the conditions
D) None of the above

Question 10

Which statement is false regarding a repeated-measures design?

A) There is a control group and an experimental group
B) The independent variable consists of multiple levels
C) They are more timely and economical because fewer participates are needed compared to a between-groups design
D) There are fewer sources of variability compared to a between-groups design

Question 11

You are at the gym and are interested in determining the popularity of the treadmill machines versus the elliptical machines. As such, you decide to do a frequency count of the number of people using a treadmill compared to an elliptical. This is an example of what data collection tool?

A) Survey
B) Descriptive data collection
C) Observation
D) Sample studying

Question 12

A single-subjects design consists of which of the following?

A) Observing naturally occurring behaviour over an extended period of time
B) A single person or a small group of people
C) Providing a treatment to the group
D) All of the above

Question 13

What do non-experimental research designs often do?

A) Display cause and effect relationships
B) Report correlations or associations among variables of interest
C) They are descriptive and can be classified as cross-sectional or longitudinal
D) Both a and c

Question 14

What kind of sampling do snowball sampling, quota sampling, and expert sampling reflect?

A) Convenience sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Purposive sampling
D) None of the above

Question 15

If you wanted to reduce selection bias, which sampling method would you not use?

A) Systematic sampling
B) Non-probability sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Random selection

Question 16

You need to collect a wide range of variables for your research project and you want to use measures that assess anxiety, depression scores, physical activity levels, and physical activity preference. What method of data collection typically involves a mix of rating scales?

A) Observation
B) Unstructured interview
C) Surveys (e.g., questionnaires)
D) Structured interview

Question 17

Which of the following is a data-collection tool that relies on specific responses and close-ended answers?

A) Survey
B) Structured interview
C) Unstructured interview
D) Observation

Question 18

Most researchers aim to generalize their research findings to a population of people. However, it is unlikely to have access to the whole population of people due to a variety of reasons, such as demographics. The restricted group of people who can be connected to the study is called which of the following?

A) Sample
B) The study group
C) Sampling frame
D) The population

Question 19

Discrete data include which of the following?

A) Nominal data
B) Interval data
C) Nominal and interval data
D) Nominal and ordinal data

Question 20

Threats related to the participations, such as maturation, selection bias, and experimental drop-out, are typically related to what kind of decreased validity?

A) External validity
B) Internal validity
C) Reliability
D) Logical validity

Question 21

Reliability reflects the degree to which you have confidence in your conclusions based on the research conducted.

Question 22

If the people in your study are not randomly assigned to groups, you are completing a descriptive study design.

Question 23

A common name for an experimental design is a randomized control trial.

Question 24

You are studying two groups of people, which include university students and high school students. This could be an example of a quasi-experimental study design.

Question 25

The experimental research design is the only quantitative design used to identify a cause and effect relationship.

Question 26

A highly-controlled environment in a research laboratory helps ensure the study's external validity.

Question 27

An experimental design consists of an experimental group and a control group.

Question 28

Extraneous variables should also be control variables.

Question 29

Having a pre-test is an essential condition of a true experiment.

Question 30

Compared to other study designs quasi-experimental designs are usually higher on internal validity and lower on external validity.

Question 31

A single-subjects design is an example of a pre-experimental research design.

Question 32

A one-time case study involves completing an assessment before the intervention, being exposed to an intervention, and then assessing the outcome of interest.

Question 33

A pre-experimental design examines two groups of individuals and provides an intervention to both groups during the study.

Question 34

Define and discuss the importance of construct validity as it relates to reliability.

Question 35

You are asked to design a true experiment. What three research design characteristics would you be sure to incorporate?

Question 36

Define external validity and discuss how experimental designs make it difficult to claim.

Question 37

You have just completed an experimental study design and you would like to claim that the results are an outcome of the treatment variable. What type of validity must you be confident in to make a cause-and-effect relationship claim?

Question 38

Discuss common extraneous variables in kinesiology research. Why is it important to control for these variables?

Question 39

What is the big distinguishing feature between a true experimental design and a quasi-experimental research design?

Question 40

Discuss how you could improve logical validity, construct validity, and reliability within your research study. Provide either questions you would ask yourself about the design, or steps you would take to improve logical validity, construct validity, and reliability.

Question 41

Compare and contrast a non-experimental study design, a pre-experimental study design, and a true experiment. Discuss the three study designs in terms of random assignment to experimental groups and the presence of an intervention or manipulation.

Question 42

What is the purpose of administering a pre-test- post-test design? Give an example of how you would administer a pre-test-post-test design.

Question 43

Discuss three threats to internal validity. Give an example of each kind of threat.