Deck 13: Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following have been found to be a predictor of later behavior problems in children with ADHD?

A)A specific genetic mutation
B)Low birth weight
C)Hostile home environment
D)All of the above

Answer 1

All of the above

Question 2

Neurotransmitters implicated in the cause of ADHD include all of the following

A)dopamine.
B)endorphin.
C)norepinephrine.
D)gamma-aminobutyric acid.

Answer 2

endorphin.

Question 3

Because the diagnosis of ADHD is comparable across countries,

A)ADHD is considered normal high activity level of children.   
Bit is now found to be equally prevalent among boys and girls.
B)this suggests that ADHD is no longer thought to be the result of intolerant parents.
C)this suggests that ADHD has significantly increased and spread worldwide.

Answer 3

this suggests that ADHD is no longer thought to be the result of intolerant parents.

Question 4

ADHD is estimated to occur in about ____ percent of adults.

A)1
B)3
C)8
D)14

Question 5

The main reason that it is so important to identify children with developmental disorders as early as possible is that

A)medications are most effective when administered at an early stage of the disorder.
B)skill deficits can be identified and addressed before they impact later development.
C)family functioning often declines as the developmental disorder progresses.
D)children are more receptive to therapy when they are young.

Question 6

All of the following side effects ________ are associated with the medications Ritalin and Concerta,used to treat ADHD.

A)insomnia
B)drowsiness
C)irritability
D)weight gain

Question 7

Johnny is a two-year-old boy who has no motivation to interact with other people.His absence of interest in people may also lead to severe deficits in his ability to

A)Eat and drink.
B)think.
C)communicate.
D)walk.

Question 8

The medications that are generally used to treat ADHD have proven particularly helpful to most patients in

A)temporarily reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity and/or improving concentration.
B)reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity and/or improving concentration, with gains maintained even after the medication is discontinued.
C)temporarily and drastically changing academic performance and socialization.
D)Altering the biological "root" of the problem in terms of neurochemistry, leading to gains maintained after the medication is discontinued. 

Question 9

One of the most common reasons that children are referred for mental health services in the United States is

A)ADHD.
B)autism.
C)pervasive developmental disorder.
D)stuttering.

Question 10

In a longitudinal study that followed 200 boys with ADHD into adulthood,researchers found that

A)These men had more social problems compared to those who never had ADHD
B)These men had less education and vocational success compared to those who never had ADHD
C)These men had more substance use problems compared to those who never had ADHD
D)All of the above.

Question 11

The major reason that developmental disorders are considered to be so serious in terms of their capacity to disrupt later functioning is

A)the fact that medications used in children can have long-term effects.
B)the impact that they have on family functioning.
C)that the purely biological nature of developmental disorders leads to subsequent developmental failures.
D)that failure to develop at one level is thought to inhibit later stages of development.

Question 12

The ratio of boys to girls for ADHD is

A)about equal, or 1:1.
B)approximately 2 boys to every 1 girl.
C)approximately 3 boys to every 1 girl.
D)more than 10 boys to every 1 girl.

Question 13

The medications-such as Ritalin and Concerta-generally used to treat ADHD are classified as

A)minor sedatives.
B)depressants.
C)stimulants.
D)antidepressants.

Question 14

Of the following,the most accurate statement with regard to the genetic influences of ADHD is that

A)there are no known genetic influences.
B)there appears to be a single gene influence.
C)there appear to be multiple genetic influences.
D)defects on the Y chromosome are the major influence.

Question 15

Alicia is pregnant and continues to smoke cigarettes throughout her pregnancy.She is ________ more likely to have a child diagnosed with ADHD than a mother who does not smoke during pregnancy.

A)no
B)2 times
C)3 times
D)5 times

Question 16

The medications that are generally used to treat ADHD have proven to be helpful to ____ percent of ADHD patients.

A)25
B)50
C)70
D)90

Question 17

Which best describes the way ADHD develops as children grow into adulthood?

A)Children tend to outgrow ADHD.
B)Symptoms remain relatively stable throughout the lifespan for most individuals.
C)Manifestations of ADHD tend to change over time, but problems often persist.

Question 18

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD,________ must be present.

A)hyperactive behavior that alternates with periods of distraction
B)either a pattern of inattention or a pattern of hyperactivity and impulsivity
C)both patterns of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity
D)none of the above

Question 19

The inattention symptom of ADHD is characterized by

A)careless mistakes.
B)fidgeting.
C)not waiting one's turn to answer questions.
D)all of the above

Question 20

Although not classified as developmental disorders,many psychological disorders can be considered developmental because they

A)appear early in life and change over the lifespan.
B)have a genetic component.
C)lack biological causes and are influenced by learning.
D)are unique to children.

Question 21

Why would it be incorrect to say that individuals diagnosed with learning disorders are not intelligent?

A)It would confuse learning disorders with intellectual disability.
B)The concept of learning disorder has absolutely nothing to do with intelligence.
C)Learning disorders can be diagnosed in people of below average, average, or above average intelligence.
D)Learning disorders are only diagnosed in people of high intelligence.

Question 22

Behavioral treatments for ADHD include all of the following strategies

A)Social skills training
B)Reinforcement programs involving rewards for good behavior
C)Education programs for teaching families how to respond constructively to child's behaviors
D)Education program for teaching children with ADHD how their behaviors are harmful.

Question 23

Ron is a nine-year-old boy recently diagnosed with ADHD.His parents have chosen a combined approach to treatment,which will most likely involve

A)new experimental medications and behavior therapy.
B)no medication, but a combination of behavioral therapy and parent training.
C)medication such as Ritalin and behavior therapy.
D)medication such as Ritalin and psychoanalysis.

Question 24

All of the following were previously types of pervasive developmental disorders,and now fall under the umbrella of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A)autistic disorder.
B)Rett's disorder.
C)Asperger's disorder.
D)learning disorder.

Question 25

It is estimated that ________ children in the United States are being treated for ADHD with stimulant medications.

A)1 million
B)2 to 3 million
C)20 million
D)50 million

Question 26

Which learning disorder affects approximately 4 to 10 percent of the population?

A)Written expression
B)Oral communication
C)Mathematics
D)Reading

Question 27

Recent research has shown that

A)ADHD naturally resolves itself over the lifespan.
B)ADHD is caused by a single gene called DAT 1.
C)the brain of children with ADHD is 3 to 4 percent smaller than children without ADHD.
D)all of the above

Question 28

Samantha is a sixth-grade girl who has great difficulty in school.She pays attention and works hard but appears to have trouble remembering facts and concepts that she has read.Before we can determine whether Samantha has a learning disability,it is most important to know her

A)family history.
B)social skills.
C)math skills.
D)IQ.

Question 29

All of the following are problems observed to result from learning disorders

A)Low employment.
B)School drop-out.
C)Drug abuse.
D)Suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide.

Question 30

The drug Strattera (atomoxetine)appears effective for some children with ADHD and,according to recent research,does not cause the same ________ as stimulant medication when used in larger doses.

A)intolerance
B)withdrawal symptoms
C)"high"
D)academic disturbance

Question 31

Treatment for learning disorders generally involves

A)stimulant medication.
B)educational remediation.
C)family therapy.
D)cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Question 32

Non-medication treatments for ADHD usually involve

A)Interpersonal and family therapy.
B)behavioral programs and parent training.
C)brief, inpatient treatment at a specialty hospital.
D)cognitive-behavioral therapy and diet control.

Question 33

Alvin is a 10-year-old boy diagnosed with a mathematics disorder.His treatment plan will most likely involve

A)teaching him different strategies to compensate for areas where he has difficulty.
B)stimulant medication.
C)developing an educational plan that exempts him from mathematics requirements.
D)placing him in a school for learning disordered children.

Question 34

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be diagnosed with ADHD?

A)Bo, a 10-year-old boy
B)Leah, an 8-year-old girl
C)Jamal, a 26-year-old man
D)Roana, a 50-year-old woman

Question 35

Regarding gender differences in childhood ADHD,studies suggest that

A)It is a different disorder when it occurs in boys from when it occurs in girls
B)It manifests in the same way in boys and girls, but is much more common in boys
C)It manifests somewhat differently in boys and girls
D)It only occurs in boys, as most girls' ADHD symptoms are not clinically significant 

Question 36

Recent research has demonstrated all of the below regarding ADHD's causes

A)It is considered to be highly influenced by genetics with a relatively small role played by environmental influences.
B)It is related to interactions among  multiple genes
C)It appears be related to the neurotransmitter dopamine.
D)It is primarily due to physical brain damage.

Question 37

ADHD is estimated to occur in about ____ percent of school-age children worldwide.

A)2
B)4
C)5
D)7

Question 38

Ken is a 12-year-old boy of average intelligence,as indicated by his IQ scores.He loves school and works hard on his homework.Ken earns an A in every subject math,where he has been achieving grades in the C+ range.Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Ken does not appear to have a learning disorder, because his achievement is consistent with expectations based on his intelligence.
B)Ken appears to have a math disorder because his math grade is so far below his other grades.
C)Ken appears to have a math disorder because there is a discrepancy between his intelligence and his achievement in many subjects
D)Ken does not appear to have a learning disorder, because he has shown that he can achieve when he wants to.

Question 39

A learning disorder is defined as

A)performance in reading, writing, or math substantially below the level predicted by the individual's age, IQ, and education.
B)an IQ score below 70
C)a substandard IQ score in comparison to the individual's family and educational background.
D)the existence of a neurological deficit that interferes with the individual's ability to assimilate new information.

Question 40

Given the available intervention strategies for learning disorders,the method that probably has the best chance of actually removing the learning disorder is

A)the development of better study skills.
B)efforts to develop compensatory cognitive skills.
C)remediation of the processing problem.
D)improving overall intelligence.

Question 41

Cross-cultural research has indicated that autism is

A)universal across cultures and countries.
B)predominantly found in the United States.
C)predominantly found in Western cultures and countries.
D)more common in wealthy countries.

Question 42

What is the convincing evidence that autism involves some form of brain damage?

A)Nearly half of individuals with autism have some level of intellectual disability.
B)Most children with autism suffered some form of brain trauma at birth.
C)Autism runs in families.
D)Autism develops fairly quickly and at a young age.

Question 43

In terms of the level of support that will be necessary for a child with autism,which factor is used as a predictor to determine the prognosis?

A)Age of onset
B)Severity of initial symptoms
C)Rate of symptom progression
D)IQ

Question 44

Which treatment approach has been most clearly documented as benefitting children with problems with communication and socialization?

A)Pharmacological treatment
B)Behavioral approaches
C)School education
D)Family systems therapy

Question 45

One of the most characteristic patterns for children with autism is that they are generally

A)disinterested in social situations.
B)very intelligent.
C)extremely talkative.
D)hyperactive.

Question 46

Treatment for autism is most similar to the treatment for

A)intellectual disability.
B)learning disorders.
C)personality disorders.
D)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Question 47

Most individuals with autism develop symptoms of the disorder

A)at birth.
B)by age one.
C)by age three.
D)by teen years.

Question 48

Robin is a three-year-old girl who appears disinterested in people.She generally interacts with her mom only when she needs something.In some ways,Robin seems to be interested in her mother only as a tool to help her get what she wants.Robin would probably be diagnosed with

A)autistic disorder.
B)Rett's disorder.
C)Asperger's disorder.
D)a learning disorder.

Question 49

What is the most current state of evidence to link childhood vaccines and autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A)There is no evidence to suggest that vaccines cause autism
B)Thimerosal (a childhood vaccine) is not related to autism, but a higher overall number of vaccines received by a child increases risk for developing autism
C)Vaccines do not cause autism, but they do speed up the development of symptoms
D)Certain vaccines have been found to directly induce autism

Question 50

Which of the following is currently being researched as a possible cause of autism?

A)The neuronal structure of the hippocampus
B)The levels of the neuropeptide oxytocin
C)The mercury used as a preservative in childhood vaccines
D)All of the above

Question 51

The authors of the textbook report an interview with a patient named Robert Edwards.Robert's lucid description of his internal experiences reflects

A)his delusional behavior.
B)his limited cognitive abilities.
C)abnormal sensory experiences.
D)the highly logical and factual of his thinking.

Question 52

Four-year-old Susan has just been diagnosed with autism.Research suggests that her chances of never developing speech proficiency sufficient to communicate her needs are about ____ percent.

A)10
B)25
C)33
D)75

Question 53

The ability to perform "computer-like" mathematical calculations and other incredible skills that are sometimes associated with individuals with autism (such as seen in the character in the movie Rain Man)are

A)not typical of the disorder.
B)a defining symptom of the disorder.
C)fairly common but not present in every autistic individual.
D)a complete myth and not possible for any autistic individual.

Question 54

All of the following are typical behaviors for children with autism

A)spinning a wheel on a toy truck and staring at it for hours.
B)throwing a loud tantrum when prevented from carrying out a ritual.
C)becoming wildly upset when one toy was removed from the shelf.
D)performing complex math calculations that appear well beyond their abilities.

Question 55

One of the two major characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)is impairment in social communication and interaction.The other one involves

A)Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior
B)Below average intelligence given the individual's age and education
C)Below average academic achievement given the individual's intelligence
D)Significant perceptual deficits

Question 56

Researchers,studying the brain of individuals with autism,suggest that one area of the brain that may be involved with the disorder is the

A)brain stem.
B)hypothalamus.
C)amygdala.
D)reticular formation.

Question 57

Monte is a three-year-old boy recently diagnosed with autism.He appears completely unresponsive to his parents and shows no indication of any language development.Monte seems disinterested in communication of any kind and has significant rituals such as lining up his toys and realigning them every few minutes.He becomes hysterical if anyone interrupts his ritualistic activity.On an IQ assessment designed for very young children,Monte's score was extremely low.His prognosis is poor primarily because of

A)his lack of language acquisition and low IQ.
B)his low IQ and early age of onset.
C)the early age of onset and lack of language acquisition.
D)his ritualistic behavior and disinterest in his parents.

Question 58

Modern treatment programs for autism generally involve

A)ego development.
B)cognitive behavioral therapy.
C)anxiety reduction.
D)basic skills training.

Question 59

The restricted pattern of behavior generally observed in autism involves
The restricted pattern of behavior generally observed in autism involvesThe restricted pattern of behavior generally observed in autism involves

A)repetitive movements, such as spinning in circles.
B)an intense preference for keeping things the same.
C)inappropriate communication patterns.
D)a lack of recognition of significant others.

Question 60

An appropriate treatment goal for a child with autism is

A)resolution of all autistic symptoms by age 18.
B)immediate cessation of ritualistic behaviors.
C)development of normal social skills by age 18.
D)reduction in tantrums and eventual development of some self-care activities.

Question 61

Medication treatment for autism has been found to be

A)mildly effective.
B)generally ineffective.
C)generally effective.
D)highly effective initially, though the benefits of medication decrease over time.

Question 62

One major distinction between Asperger's disorder and autism is that

A)Asperger's disorder is associated with longer language delays and lower IQ.
B)autism is associated with social impairment, and Asperger's disorder is not.
C)autism develops in early childhood, and Asperger's develops during adolescence.
D)Asperger's disorder is not associated with severe language delays.

Question 63

Research suggests that intervention for autism may be most effective for significant change in core symptoms if it is begun

A)when children are very young.
B)during adolescence.
C)at puberty.
D)in adulthood.

Question 64

The form of treatment that has been found to be most successful for individuals with intellectual disability is

A)interpersonal therapy.
B)behavioral approach to skills training.
C)medication.
D)the cognitive approach to self-care activities.

Question 65

Suneal is an eight-year-old boy with autism whose parents have just been informed that their son will be placed in a regular classroom and provided with whatever special support he needs.Suneal's parents should

A)insist on a special education classroom, since research suggests this is best for children with autism.
B)consider changing schools, because it is obvious that Jake's school knows nothing about the needs of autistic children with autism.
C)be relieved that Jake's autism must be very mild, since the school would not place a child with significant autistic deficits in a regular classroom.
D)be pleased, since research suggests that regular classroom placement is best for children with autism.

Question 66

Some success has been noted in the development of communication skills in autistic children through the use of

A)modeling appropriate communication.
B)behavioral procedures involving shaping and discrimination training.
C)intensive therapy where the patient is placed in many social situations.
D)stimulant medications.

Question 67

According to research,the intellectual and educational improvements the children with autism made appeared to be

A)transient.
B)fairly permanent.
C)little different from the control group, thus clinically insignificant.
D)little different from the control group, but still statistically significant.

Question 68

Children diagnosed with ADHD tend to be

A)Children diagnosed with ADHD tend to be
B)no more or less popular than other children.
C)unpopular with other children.
D)uninterested in socialization.

Question 69

Fragile X syndrome

A)is caused by too many X chromosomes on a gene.
B)is similar to Lesch-Nyhan  syndrome.
C)primarily affects males.
D)all of the above

Question 70

Down syndrome is caused by

A)an extra 21st chromosome.
B)a missing 21st chromosome.
C)lack of oxygen at birth.
D)unknown influences.

Question 71

The diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability include an assessment of adaptive functioning,because an IQ score is

A)not a measure of intelligence.
B)an insufficient measure of impairment.
C)always highly inaccurate.

Question 72

Intellectual disability is defined as

A)Significantly below-average intellectual ability.
B)Significantly below-average intellectual ability and adaptive functioning.
C)significant deficits in self-care abilities and social interaction
D)a low IQ score.

Question 73

The results of behavioral treatment targeting the socialization deficits of individuals with autism have shown

A)no improvement.
B)some improvement in social skills, which seemed to improve intellectual and educational functioning.
C)significant improvement in social skills, and improved intellectual and educational functioning.
D)substantial improvement in both the quantity and quality of social skills.

Question 74

Causes for intellectual disability include:

A)prenatal influences.
B)postnatal influences.
C)Perinatal influencess.
D)All of the above

Question 75

Which is the most accurate statement regarding the causes of intellectual disability?

A)It is caused by genetics.
B)It has four known causes.
C)It is caused by either substances or trauma.
D)It has hundreds of known causes.

Question 76

Approximately what percentage of individuals with ASD have intellectual disabilities?

A)12
B)38
C)57
D)72

Question 77

Currently,scientists' main focus in developing biological treatments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)is geared towards

A)Finding pharmacological treatments for specific behaviors or symptoms
B)Finding pharmacological treatments for the core neurobiological deficits in autism
C)Developing gene therapy
D)Refining neurosurgical techniques previously used for seizure patients

Question 78

Which is true regarding the prognosis for children with ASD?

A)IQ is not predictive of later functioning
B)Higher IQ is generally associated with better functioning later in life
C)Higher IQ is generally associated with lower functioning later in life
D)Higher IQ predicts better vocational functioning, but not better social functioning

Question 79

Generally speaking,the treatment for a child with autism should involve

A)behavioral therapy, school-based education, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible.
B)behavioral therapy, home schooling, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible.
C)cognitive therapy, school-based education, and a focus on developing as much independence as possible.
D)a focus on provisions for long-term custodial care and behavioral therapy .

Question 80

The approximate cutoff IQ score of 70-75 for defining intellectual disability is based on

A)A statistical concept
B)Qualitative difference in individuals with IQ scores below 70
C)Neurobiological deficits that are only reflected in IQ scores below 70
D)A fairly arbitrary line drawn between intellectual disability and normal intellect