Deck 1: Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context.

Question 1

A male college student begins feeling sad and lonely.Although still able to go to classes and work at his job,he finds himself feeling down much of the time and worries about what is happening to him.Which part of the definition of abnormality applies to his situation?

A)Personal distress
B)Cultural factors
C)Impaired functioning
D)Violation of societal norms

Answer 1

Personal distress

Question 2

The prototype of a disorder reflects ________ as described in DSM-5.

A)its history and prognosis
B)its biological underpinnings
C)The causes of pathology
D)the "typical" profile and diagnostic criteria

Answer 2

the "typical" profile and diagnostic criteria

Question 3

All of the following are ways in which mental health professionals might function as scientist-practitioners

A)analyzing their own motivations and reasons for helping people with psychological problems.
B)evaluating their own assessments and treatments for effectiveness.
C)conducting research leading to new information about mental disorders and their treatments.
D)using the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures.

Answer 3

analyzing their own motivations and reasons for helping people with psychological problems.

Question 4

Statistical data are often relevant when discussing psychological disorders.For example,a researcher might want to know how many new cases of depression are diagnosed each year,a figure called the ________ of the disorder.

A)prevalence
B)incidence
C)recurrence
D)ratio

Question 5

Rocky Starr is a male rocker who wears outlandishmakeup and women's clothing when performing on stage.This behavior is considered

A)more abnormal than that of  an accountant who starts to do so because rockstars are supposed to be very masculine.
B)less abnormal than that of an accountant  who starts to do so because it is consistent with his professional success.
C)less abnormal than that of an accountant who starts to do so because its more common to see a rockstar in makeup.
D)just as abnormal as that of  an accountant who starts to do so because abnormality is defined by the individual himself.

Question 6

Regarding the definition of abnormality,it is correct to state that

A)it is difficult to define "normal" and "abnormal."
B)abnormality depends solely on subjective distress.
C)the definition is universal across cultures.
D)the criteria differ depending on whether the individual has a psychological disorder or a psychological dysfunction.

Question 7

Psychological disorders can be described as following a typical course or individual pattern.For example,schizophrenia follows a chronic course.On the other hand,mood disorders,including depression,follow a(n)________ course.

A)episodic
B)acute
C)cyclic
D)insidious

Question 8

A psychological dysfunction refers to

A)a breakdown in cognitive functioning.
B)a breakdown in emotional functioning.
C)a breakdown in behavioral functioning.
D)any of these

Question 9

Which of the following accurately describes the attitudes of the Catholic Church toward mentally ill people during the turbulent political and religious events of the 14th and 15th centuries?

A)They were considered to be suffering from religious delusions and were cared for by members of the church communities.
B)They were seen as possessed by evil spirits and blamed for all misfortunes.
C)They were regarded as basically good individuals who were not responsible for their abnormal behavior.
D)They were provided with medical treatments and sometimes hospitalized because mental illness was regarded as equivalent to physical illness.

Question 10

Tameka,having earned her master's degree,has begun treating disorders and concentrating on family problems.Tameka is probably a(n)

A)psychiatric social worker.
B)family therapist.
C)psychiatric nurse.
D)mental health counselor.

Question 11

At various times in history,in an attempt to explain problematic,irrational behavior,humans have focused on supernatural causes that include

A)witchcraft.
B)demons and evil spirits.
C)the moon and stars.
D)All of the above

Question 12

Dr.Smith is interested in how separation anxiety changes over time from childhood to adolescence in the general population.What is his main field of study?

A)Oedipal theory
B)Behaviorism
C)Child psychopathology
D)Developmental psychology

Question 13

The criterion that a particular behavior be atypical or not culturally expected is insufficient to define abnormality because

A)behavior that occurs infrequently is considered abnormal in every culture.
B)the atypical behavior must also cause harm or impairment to be considered abnormal.
C)behaviors vary very little from one individual to another within each culture.
D)many people behave in ways that deviate from the average, but this doesn't mean that they have a disorder.

Question 14

Toward the end of the 14th century and continuing into the 15th,the causes of "madness" were generally attributed to

A)toxins in the blood.
B)religious delusions.
C)brain disease.
D)demons and witches.

Question 15

Which of the following degrees is earned by a psychiatrist?

A)Ph.D.
B)Ed.D.
C)M.D.
D)Psy.D.

Question 16

According to the authors of your textbook,the definition of a psychological disorder is associated with

A)stress.
B)impaired functioning.
C)culturally expected responses.
D)psychotic symptoms.

Question 17

When 20-year-old Larry was first diagnosed with schizophrenia,his family wanted to know if and how the disorder would progress and how it would affect him in the future.In medical terms,the family wanted to know Larry's

A)diagnosis.
B)prognosis.
C)pathophysiology.
D)disease etiology.

Question 18

The scientific study of psychological disorders is called

A)psychopathology.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)pseudoscience.
D)parapsychology.

Question 19

Throughout history,all of these theoretical models have been used to primarily explain our behavior,thinking and emotions

A)psychological
B)biological
C)supernatural
D)physical

Question 20

If a psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset,it means that the symptoms developed

A)suddenly.
B)atypically.
C)gradually.
D)following a  period of recovery.

Question 21

According to Hippocrates' humoral theory,the "choleric" personality is

A)hot-tempered.
B)easygoing.
C)kind.
D)cheap.

Question 22

The traditional tendency to stigmatize women as "hysterical" derived from Hippocrates' concept of

A)the "wandering womb."
B)an "incompetent cervix."
C)"penis envy."
D)"pelvic dysfunction."

Question 23

In an attempt to rid the body of the excessive humors thought to be causing psychological disorders,physicians throughout history have used treatments such as

A)bloodletting.
B)induced seizures.
C)exorcism.
D)drilling through the skull.

Question 24

DSM-5,an updated version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,was published in

A)1994.
B)2000.
C)2002.
D)2013.

Question 25

In the late 19th century,John P.Grey and his colleagues

A)Discovered the first cure for schizophrenia
B)Ironically reduced interest in treating mental patients
C)Changed the field of psychological research largely into a biological science
D)Created the first humane treatment facilities for mentally ill patients

Question 26

The authors describe an example of conditioning in which cancer patients develop a negative reaction to a variety of people and things associated with their chemotherapy treatments.The phenomenon is called

A)generalized conditioning.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)variety stimulus.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 27

The first significant supporting evidence for a biological cause of a mental disorder was the 19th century discovery that the psychotic disorder called general paresis was caused by the same bacterial microorganism that causes

A)malaria.
B)Alzheimer's disease.
C)syphilis.
D)The common cold.

Question 28

In keeping with an accepted treatment for mental illness in the 14th century,a physician treating King Charles VI of France had him moved to the countryside in order to

A)have him closer to a hospital that treated mental illness.
B)keep him away from his family.
C)restore the balance in his humors.
D)cure him of hysteria.

Question 29

Induced vomiting was a 17th century treatment for depression.As described in Anatomy of Melancholy (1621),this could be accomplished in part by eating

A)raw meat.
B)ice.
C)coal.
D)tobacco.

Question 30

In ancient Greece,a woman suffering from "hysteria" might be told that her condition could be cured by

A)marriage.
B)pregnancy.
C)therapy.
D)divorce.

Question 31

Sigmund Freud proposed that many physical complaints suffered by young women

A)Were a form of divine punishment.
B)Reflected stress placed upon them by society.
C)A result from the "conversion" of sexual fantasies into socially acceptable outlets
D)A result from the rise in feminism

Question 32

The term "hysteria" derives from the Greek hysteron,which means

A)vagina.
B)uterus.
C)penis.
D)libido.

Question 33

During the Middle Ages,as well as at other times,mentally ill people were sometimes forced to undergo the religious ritual called exorcism.This was in order to

A)cure the mental illness by making the individual more religious.
B)build up muscle strength and make the person healthier.
C)rid the individual's body of evil spirits.
D)prove that the person was not a witch.

Question 34

Research about psychological disorders falls into three basic categories.Which is NOT one of these categories?

A)Analysis
B)Description
C)Causation (etiology)
D)Treatment and outcomes

Question 35

In ancient Greece,some "humoral excesses" thought to be causing psychological disorders were treated by

A)increasing or decreasing the person's exposure to heat, dryness, moisture, or cold.
B)herbal remedies.
C)decreasing both caloric and liquid intake.
D)lowering the person's body temperature for extended periods of time.

Question 36

One hot and humid night,one of your friends suggests doing some really crazy things.You look up at the sky and say,"It must be the full moon." Your statement reflects the concept from which the word ________ is derived.

A)lunatic
B)idiot
C)maniac
D)psychopath

Question 37

The concept of hysteria,which traditionally meant physical symptoms for which no organic pathology could be found,is now associated with which DSM-5 classification?

A)Anxiety disorders
B)Borderline personality disorder
C)Premenstrual symptom disorder
D)Somatic symptom disorder

Question 38

You are listening to old musical tunes,including "My Melancholy Baby." Your friends are impressed when you tell them that "melancholic," referring to a depressive personality,derives from a Greek word meaning

A)blood.
B)phlegm.
C)yellow bile.
D)black bile.

Question 39

Bloodletting,a treatment devised centuries ago to restore the balance of humors,was accomplished with the use of

A)needles.
B)leeches.
C)tourniquets.
D)bacteria.

Question 40

Based on Hippocrates' humoral theory,"sanguine" describes a person who is

A)pessimistic.
B)pale.
C)cheerful.
D)humorous.

Question 41

In contrast to the asylums of the early 18th century,the psychosocial approach called "moral therapy" advocated all of the following

A)restraint and seclusion.
B)normal social interaction.
C)individual attention from the hospital staff.
D)lectures on interesting subjects for hospitalized patients.

Question 42

Which of the following accurately describes the patients of Freud and Breuer after they received hypnotherapy for their psychological disorders?

A)Feelings of relief and improvement
B)Decreased emotionality while in the hypnotic state
C)Accurate posthypnotic recall
D)Increased understanding of the causes of their psychological disorder

Question 43

Benzodiazepines,or "minor" tranquilizers such as Valium and Librium,are effective in reducing the symptoms of

A)depression.
B)anxiety.
C)schizophrenia.
D)hysteria.

Question 44

You have just read a newspaper article about a savage rape and murder.You wonder how someone could commit such a horrible crime.Then you recall from your study of Freudian theory that according to Freud,anyone could be a killer or rapist if ________ impulses are not well controlled.

A)egoistic
B)phallic
C)id
D)mesmeric

Question 45

In the 1800s,an important research and clinical publication read by psychiatrists in the United States was titled

A)Case Studies in Mental Illness.
B)American Journal of Madness.
C)American Journal of Insanity.
D)Lunatics in America.

Question 46

________ demonstrated that some techniques of mesmerism were effective with several psychological disorders.

A)Philippe Pinel
B)Anton Mesmer
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Jean-Martin Charcot

Question 47

After Philippe Pinel systematically introduced moral therapy as a treatment in mental hospitals in France,a similar type of treatment was first established in a U.S.hospital by

A)Benjamin Rush.
B)William Tuke.
C)Joseph von Medina.
D)Manfred Sakel.

Question 48

Although Freud conceptualized the libido as the life energy within the id,many people think of it as the

A)death instinct.
B)sex drive.
C)conscience.
D)Oedipal conflict.

Question 49

In the late 1800s,the emphasis on a biological cause of mental disorder ironically resulted in reduced interest in treatments for mental patients because it was thought that

A)physicians should devote more time to the physically ill.
B)patients would improve more rapidly if they were not hospitalized.
C)the hospital staff was not adequately trained to administer new treatments.
D)mental illness due to brain pathology was incurable.

Question 50

In the 19th century,John Grey,a well-known American psychiatrist,believed that mental illness was due to

A)psychological factors.
B)physical causes.
C)social/environmental influences.
D)unknown influences.

Question 51

After the mid 1800s,moral therapy declined as a treatment for the mentally ill in the United States because

A)the number of patients in mental institutions also declined.
B)immigrants caused an increase in the mental hospital population.
C)the number of people available to staff mental hospitals increased.
D)new biologically based treatments became available.

Question 52

With the discovery of the major tranquilizers called ________,it became possible to control psychotic symptoms,including hallucinations,delusions,and aggressiveness.

A)neuroleptics
B)benzodiazepines
C)bromides
D)opiates

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT included as part of Freud's structure of the mind?

A)Id
B)Psyche
C)Superego
D)Ego

Question 54

Realizing that patients were often unaware of material previously recalled under hypnosis,Breuer and Freud hypothesized the existence of ________,a concept considered one of the most important developments in the history of psychopathology.

A)neurosis
B)the unconscious mind
C)the Electra complex
D)catharsis

Question 55

In Freudian theory,"libido" and "thanatos" represent the two basic but opposing drives of

A)life and death.
B)sex and celibacy.
C)good and evil.
D)pleasure and pain.

Question 56

You have been asked to give a report on the mental hygiene movement and its foremost crusader,Dorothea Dix,who campaigned for more humane treatment of the insane.After mentioning all of her accomplishments,you note the unforeseen consequence of her efforts,namely,

A)a decrease in the number of mental patients in institutions, forcing many to close.
B)an increase in the number of mental patients, resulting in insufficient staff to care for them.
C)a change from custodial care to moral therapy for institutionalized patients.
D)more patients receiving psychotherapy and fewer receiving medication.

Question 57

In using hypnosis to treat patients with psychological disorders,Freud discovered

A)that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotionally traumatic events.
B)that patients are unable to process emotionally charged information.
C)that hypnosis is less effective than mesmerism.
D)the existence of conscious memories.

Question 58

In the 1950s,the first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders were developed in a systematic way.Before that time,all of the following were used to treat psychosis .

A)opium
B)neuroleptics
C)herbal medicine
D)moral therapy

Question 59

In the classic case of Anna O.in 1895,neurologist Josef Breuer treated her "hysterical" symptoms by using

A)psychoanalysis.
B)hypnosis.
C)faith healing.
D)the placebo effect.

Question 60

Anton Mesmer,an early 18th century physician,purported to be affecting cures in patients by unblocking their flow of a bodily fluid he called "animal magnetism." In fact,any effectiveness of his methods was actually due to

A)undetectable magnetic fields.
B)chemically induced humoral balance.
C)mental telepathy.
D)the power of suggestion.

Question 61

In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual falsely attribute his or her own unacceptable feelings,impulses,or thoughts to another person?

A)Denial
B)Projection
C)Displacement
D)Sublimation

Question 62

According to Freudian theory,anxiety is a signal for the ego to marshal its defense mechanisms,which function as

A)reality-based actions.
B)unconscious protective processes.
C)conscious efforts to maintain control.
D)primitive emotional responses.

Question 63

In psychoanalytic psychotherapy,it is important for patients to

A)keep their thoughts and feelings to themselves.
B)make eye contact with the psychoanalyst.
C)describe the content of their dreams to the analyst.
D)remain in a horizontal posture to induce emotional processing.

Question 64

Which of the following is an accurate statement about "stage" theories of development?

A)In Freudian theory, sexual arousal and interest occur during the latency stage.
B)In Erikson's theory, development occurs across the lifespan.
C)In Freudian theory, intrapsychic conflicts are resolved in early childhood.
D)In Fromm's theory, culture and society influence personality.

Question 65

The Oedipus complex,the psychosexual conflict that occurs at the phallic stage of development,is characterized by a three- to five-year-old boy who

A)represses his need for genital self-stimulation.
B)loves his mother but has feelings of anger and envy toward his father.
C)loves his father but has feelings of anger and envy toward his mother.
D)fantasizes about tragic Greek heroes.

Question 66

All of the following are examples of defense mechanisms according to psychoanalytic theory

A)adaptation.
B)displacement.
C)repression.
D)projection.

Question 67

Borderline personality disorder,in which some behavior "borders" on being out of touch with reality,was first associated with the ideas of

A)Otto Kernberg.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Alfred Adler.
D)Carl Jung.

Question 68

Severe internal conflicts that produce a lot of anxiety or other emotions can trigger self-defeating defensive processes or symptoms such as

A)acute and posttraumatic stress symptoms.
B)depression or bipolar symptoms.
C)phobic or obsessive symptoms.
D)suicidal or aggressive symptoms.

Question 69

According to psychoanalytic theory,the ________ develops early in life to insure that we can adapt to the demands of the real world while still finding ways to meet our basic needs.

A)ego
B)superego
C)libido
D)ideal self

Question 70

In Erik Erikson's theory of lifespan development,an individual reaches the mature stage when he or she is about ________ years old.

A)55
B)65
C)75
D)85

Question 71

In their theories about human nature,psychoanalysts Carl Jung and Alfred Adler both

A)regarded human nature as possessing many negative qualities.
B)completely analogous to Freud's ideas.
C)believed that there were no barriers to the internal and external growth of the individual.
D)emphasized a strong drive toward individual self-actualization.

Question 72

A four-year-old girl sucks her thumb,a teenager binges on food,and an adult woman bites her fingernails.According to the Freudian theory of psychosexual development,all three are fixated at the ________ stage.

A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 73

When Johnny wanted a cookie before dinner,he thought about just going and taking one without permission.However,after thinking about it,he decided to get permission from his mom.Johnny was operating according to the _______ principle.

A)pleasure
B)reality
C)moral
D)Oedipal

Question 74

According to psychoanalytic theory,the id operates on the "pleasure principle," which means that it

A)pays particular attention to social rules and regulations.
B)thinks in an unemotional, logical, and rational manner.
C)is sexual, aggressive, selfish, and envious.
D)utilizes secondary process thinking.

Question 75

Mrs.B received a very poor rating by her supervisor,who had been constantly criticizing her in front of her coworkers.When she got home,her kids ran up to greet her,all talking at once.Mrs.B responded by yelling,"Leave me alone! Can't you see I'm tired?" According to psychoanalytic theory,this is an example of the defense mechanism known as

A)displacement.
B)projection.
C)repression.
D)rationalization.

Question 76

A classmate in your psychology course is worried about the selfish and sometimes dangerous drives of his id and wonders if it will make him commit crimes.You respond by saying that

A)each of us also develops an ego to help us behave more realistically.
B)id fantasies actually reflect the opposite of what you really want and believe.
C)scientists disproved Freud's theories a long time ago.
D)since id impulses are usually part of the unconsciousness, they do not manifest in real behaviors.

Question 77

According to psychoanalytic theory,the role of the ego involves

A)counteracting the aggressive and sexual drives of the id.
B)maximizing pleasure and reducing tension.
C)mediating conflict between the id and the superego.
D)utilizing fantasy and primary process thinking.

Question 78

According to psychoanalytic theory,the conflicts between the id and the superego often lead to feelings of

A)anxiety.
B)desire.
C)depression.
D)anger.

Question 79

According to Sigmund Freud,the Electra complex,the psychosexual conflict that occurs at the phallic stage of development in girls,is characterized by

A)castration anxiety.
B)Oedipal conflicts.
C)penis envy.
D)latency lust.

Question 80

In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual unconsciously block disturbing wishes,thoughts or experiences from awareness?

A)Rationalization
B)Reaction formation
C)Repression
D)Displacement