Deck 10: Motivation

Question 1

These are mental states that cause people to engage in purposive behavior

A) emotions
B) motivations
C) attitudes
D) beliefs

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When you throw your hands up reflexively, to protect your face from a foul ball at a baseball game, your behavior is not motivated because it is not

A) intentional
B) protective
C) adaptive
D) alert

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All of the following are defining characteristics of motivated behavior, EXCEPT:

A) purposeful
B) caused by a specific mental stage
C) intentional
D) adaptive

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The characteristic of motivation that is most difficult to examine empirically is

A) intentionality
B) mental state
C) purpose
D) adaptability

Question 5

Which of the following situations most suggests the existence of unconscious motivation for behavior?

A) Billy scheduled a haircut for 4:30p.m. and arrived on time.
B) Diamond knew she would be late for class, so she emailed her professor.
C) Grace does not like going to the doctor, and she accidentally missed her appointment this morning.
D) Anthony dislikes his roommate, so he often buys food that only he enjoys.

Question 6

Which of the following perspectives on psychology would assert that motivation is not an appropriate topic for scientific study?

A) cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) behaviorist
D) structuralist

Question 7

Motivation cannot be directly observed, but it may be measured by examining changes in the

A) reinforcing consequences of a behavior
B) intensity and persistence of behavior
C) emotional effort required to perform a behavior
D) frequency and independence of a behavior

Question 8

A person may wish to increase her health, life span, and attractiveness and therefore be motivated to quit smoking. Yet the same person might also want to avoid the extreme discomfort brought on by tobacco withdrawal and therefore be motivated not to quit smoking. Those two conflicting goals will produce

A)persistent motivation
B) ambivalent motivation
C) intense motivation
D) negative motivation

Question 9

These behaviors stem from innate, automatic behavioral tendencies that will occur reliably in all members of a species in response to some sort of cue from the environment.

A) adaptations
B) regressions
C) instincts
D) motivations

Question 10

William James believed that instinctual behavior resulted from specific events. For example, sympathy for a child might instinctually result from the sound of a child's cry. Psychologists refer to the child's cry as a(n)

A) releasing stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) evoking stimulus

Question 11

Which of the following statements about instincts is consistent with James's and McDougall's hypotheses about instincts?

A) Instincts develop as fixed-action patterns, resulting from important environmental events.
B) Instincts represent relatively consistent behavioral tendencies that are subject to some change over time.
C) Instincts are encoded in the nervous system such that they may be elicited by inappropriate stimuli.
D) People who go with their groups are conforming to the conformity instinct.

Question 12

Modern psychologists use this term to refer to instincts such as the rooting reflex in newborns.

A) fixed-action patterns
B) fixed-ratio behaviors
C) variable-action patterns
D) variable-skill sets

Question 13

When an explanation consists merely of a label or a description-for example, "he starts fights because he is aggressive"-it is of limited value and can be called

A) regressive
B) illogical
C) circumvent
D) circular

Question 14

Which of the following statements about instinctual behavior qualifies as a circular explanation?

A) Babies instinctually turn their heads and open their mouths when something strokes their cheeks so that they are prepared to feed.
B) Adolescents experience mood swings because of the changes in their hormonal secretions.
C) Humans are motivated to find mates because doing so is pleasurable and adaptive.
D) Men are more interested in action movies because men are more aggressive.

Question 15

According to evolutionary psychologists, humans are motivated to seek pleasure in eating, social relationships, sex, and other activities because

A)our genetics are variable from generation to generation
B) those behaviors promoted survival of previous generations
C) those behaviors led to over indulgence in previous generations
D) the human genome hinges upon pleasure as a motivating factor

Question 16

According to this early motivational theory, behavior is motivated primarily by the desire to reduce unpleasant conditions of arousal that result from basic physiological needs.

A)adaptation theory
B) reduction theory
C) drive theory
D) homeostatic theory

Question 17

In psychological theory, drives are

A) motivations to attain pleasure
B) unpleasant arousal states
C) tendencies to want change
D) pleasant feelings of wanting

Question 18

Drive theory is based on the notion that organisms seek to maintain a steady, consistent, and balanced physiological state, called

A) homeostasis
B) homeopathy
C) needs hierarchy
D) self-actualization

Question 19

According to this motivational theory, if arousal levels are too high, as when drives are activated, the organism seeks to reduce arousal. But if they are too low, as during periods of boredom or excessive rest, arousal is actively sought.

A)drive-reduction theory
B) optimal arousal theory
C) self-actualization theory
D) incentive theory

Question 20

When we are pulled toward something like taking a recreational drug, even if no specific drive or arousal system has been activated to push us there, we are most likely motivated by

A) drive-reduction
B) optimal arousal
C) incentives
D) extrinsic motivation

Question 21

Studying hard for an exam so that you perform well can be rewarding in that it brings a sense of personal accomplishment and satisfaction-regardless of any tangible reward. This is an example of

A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) drive-reduction
D) self-actualization

Question 22

Some researchers believe that this kind of motivation can reduce the efficiency of learning and the engagement of the learners.

A)intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) drive-reduction
D) self-actualization

Question 23

If people are given more justification for an activity than is necessary-for example, the offer of external rewards for an activity that is already intrinsically rewarding-they may paradoxically come to devalue the activity and lose interest. This is called the

A)drive-reduction effect
B) motivational value effect
C) overjustification effect
D) optimal motivation effect

Question 24

Closely related to drives, these are internal states of tension that motivation a person
Toward some action.

A) needs
B) incentives
C) justifications
D) securities

Question 25

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, these life-sustaining needs take precedence over needs for belonging and achievement.

A) primary motivations
B) secondary motivations
C) tertiary motivations
D) need-based motivations

Question 26

Which of the following tenets of Maslow's original hierarchy of needs has been corroborated by scientific evidence since the 1990s?

A) All humans demonstrate the need for self-actualization.
B) Satisfaction of higher-level needs can only be achieved if basic physiological and safety needs are met.
C) Primary needs are easy for most people to satisfy if they are also able to achieve their secondary needs.
D) There is a universal human need to achieve high status in one's social environment.

Question 27

Kenrick and colleagues recently updated Maslow's hierarchy to summarize needs and motivations that are

A) fundamental in an evolutionary sense
B) fundamental from a genetic perspective
C) selectively applied via cultural evolution
D) universally accepted by all cultures

Question 28

In Kenrick's updated needs pyramid, all of the following needs were preserved, EXCEPT:

A) self-actualization needs
B) physiological needs
C) safety needs
D) esteem/respect needs

Question 29

Which of Maslow's original needs did Kenrick and colleagues contain within their categories of affiliation/belongingness, mate acquisition, mate retention, and parenting?

A) self-actualization
B) affiliation
C) safety
D) esteem/respect needs

Question 30

All of the following are levels of analysis of Kenrick's pyramid of needs, EXCEPT:

A) fundamental
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) developmental

Question 31

Immediate needs for food, water, and shelter, but also needs to associate with other people (affiliation) and enter close relationships (belongingness), are on this level of analysis in Kenrick's pyramid.

A) fundamental
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) developmental

Question 32

The developmental level views the pyramid of needs in terms of the fact that

A)different needs may become more or less prominent over time
B) different needs may become more or less prominent in different species
C) the physiological needs develop as the body develops
D) the safety needs are less important as an individual ages

Question 33

This level of Kenrick's pyramid describes proximate causes of motivated behavior, for example, your decision to swat at a fly rather than pay attention to what your significant other is saying to you.

A) fundamental
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) developmental

Question 34

All of the following statements describe motivations that are nearly universal, EXCEPT:

A) All humans need to drink water and eat food to survive.
B) Some people are motivated to aggress under a great many conditions, whereas others experience aggressive motivation under unusual circumstances.
C) All humans are motivated to seek the approval of the highest-ranking member of their immediate social group.
D) Motivation to engage in sexual intercourse helps pass on behaviors to the next generation.

Question 35

Psychologists in this field study work motivation.

A) personality psychology
B) industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology
C) positive psychology
D) human services psychology

Question 36

These are psychologists' terms for relatively stable, enduring personal characteristics, attributes, and motives for behavior.

A) traits
B) types
C) personalities
D) archetypes

Question 37

If Dr. Foster describes Bob as an honest, conscientious, and sociable person, she is describing him using

A) types
B) personalities
C) traits
D) factors

Question 38

Though traits are used to categorize people in terms of the behaviors they are likely to present, they can be problematic because

A) there are not enough traits to label every human behavior
B) people should not be put into categories in an individualist society
C) psychologists are interested in behaviors that are predictable
D) people may behave differently from one situation to the next

Question 39

The trait dimension that describes our attempts to control our own behavior around other people, at least to some degree, so that we may create a desired impression, is called

A) self-monitoring
B) self-concept
C) self-efficacy
D) competence

Question 40

All of the following are characterizations of people low on the dimension of self-monitoring, EXCEPT:

A) Jennifer sometimes lacks spontaneity, but is generally likeable.
B) Roger avoids circumstances where he cannot "be himself."
C) Grace has two close friends that she has known since she was little, but has trouble making new friends.
D) Juan is blunt and to the point at work, and sometimes comes off rude to his co-workers.

Question 41

A person's belief about his or her ability to produce change or accomplish a specific task through his or her efforts is called

A) perceived self-monitoring
B) perceived self-efficacy
C) perceived competence
D) perceived performance

Question 42

People who are high in internal locus of control have a tendency toward high

A)goal setting
B) compassion
C) perceived self-efficacy
D) competence

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT true about motivation and performance, according to goal-setting theory?

A) Setting specific goals directs attention toward activity that will help accomplish the job.
B) Setting specific and difficult goals increases effort.
C) People are more willing to work harder and longer to attain specific and difficult, but obtainable goals.
D) The more attainable the goal, the higher the level of motivation and performance.

Question 44

Positive psychologist Martin Seligman believes if one identifies these attributes in oneself, then one can find a fitting, positive occupation.

A)signature strengths
B) specific competences
C) defining goals
D) positive traits

Question 45

Positive psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi refers to experiences of timeless, effortless focus on an activity as

A) peak experiences
B) flow experiences
C) attentive cognition
D) apex attention

Question 46

This term describes the homeostatic drive state intended to satisfy needs for immediate energy and/or overall nutrition.

A) appetite
B) hunger
C) bingeing
D) thirst

Question 47

This term, describing a desire to eat, is highly influenced and sometimes entirely controlled by psychological, social-environmental, or cultural factors.

A) appetite
B) hunger
C) bingeing
D) gorging

Question 48

Which of the following is not a form of energy into which food is converted during digestion?

A) protiens
B) fatty acids
C) enzymes
D) sugars

Question 49

The general tendency to maintain this state is probably one reason that dieters have difficulty keeping pounds off after successfully losing them.

A)energy balance
B) baseline body weight
C) protein conversion
D) sugar intake

Question 50

Humans have a tendency to maintain an energy balance, meaning that calorie intake is

A)in proportion to energy expended during activity and metabolism
B)out of proportion to the size of the food units eaten
C) less than what is necessary to maintain activity levels and metabolism
D) greater than what is necessary to maintain 75% activity levels during the day

Question 51

The speed at which food is transformed into energy by the body is called

A) intake
B) cellulosis
C) digestion rate
D) metabolic rate

Question 52

As people age, metabolic rate generally

A) increases
B) becomes erratic
C) stabilizes
D) decreases

Question 53

In addition to hunger, satiation and satiety are physiological events that influence the number of calories ingested each day, called the

A)total energy intake
B) body mass index
C) metabolic rate
D) total calorie count

Question 54

The feeling of fullness experienced while one is eating, which reduces hunger and leads to the end of the meal, is called

A) satiety
B) satiation
C) sensory-specific satiety
D) total energy intake

Question 55

After you are finished with your meal, the fullness that you feel controls the length of time until your next meal. That fullness is called

A) satiety
B) satiation
C) sensory-specific satiety
D) total energy intake

Question 56

When you feel like you have had enough green beans, but continue to eat the chicken on your plate, you have experienced

A) satiety
B) maximum satiation
C) sensory-specific satiety
D) total energy intake

Question 57

This hormone is one of the long-term mechanisms that control the reserve of body fat, and can contribute to obesity.

A) orexin
B) oxytocin
C) leptin
D) lipid

Question 58

If the hormone leptin is deregulated, the brain does not receive messages that adequate long-term energy stores exist in the body. This can lead to

A) obesity
B) anorexia
C) bulimia
D) sensory-specific appetite

Question 59

All of the following statements describe the experience of sensory-specific appetite, EXCEPT:

A) "I've loved Oreos ever since my grandmother started buying them for me."
B)"Around Thanksgiving, I can't wait to drench my turkey in gravy."
C) "When I'm hungry, I get so agitated that I'll snack on anything."
D) "I have been craving salty foods lately."

Question 60

Beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Western nations began to see a dramatic upsurge in the number of cases of

A) eating disorders
B) obesity
C) diabetes
D) binge eating

Question 61

Although the number of eating disorders diagnosed in the United States has risen since the 1960s, the percentage of women afflicted with bulimia nervosa is about

A) 10%
B) 1.5%
C) 15%
D) 1%

Question 62

Only about 0.9% of women suffer from this eating disorder, in which they engage in self-starvation.

A) bulimia nervosa
B) self-mutilation
C) anorexia nervosa
D) excessive exercise

Question 63

Some psychologists believe that this particular type of negative self-evaluation can lead
To extreme weight control.

A) low self-esteem
B) body dissatisfaction
C) cognitive dissonance
D) low body weight

Question 64

Some psychologists and sociologists believe that young women in non-Western cultures develop eating disorders as a result of adapting to this phenomenon.

A) Westernization
B) culture of global change
C) industrialization
D) nutritional culture

Question 65

According to the culture of modernization, slimness may be seen as a badge of immunity against unhealthful overconsumption in a culture where

A)food is scarce
B) overconsumption of food is common
C) overconsumption of food is rare
D) high-calorie foods are scarce

Question 66

Which of the following claims about anorexia has been shown to be false?

A) Thousands of women are hospitalized due to anorexia each year.
B) About 150,000 American women die annually due to anorexia.
C) Anorexia is fatal in less than one percent of cases.
D) Anorexia is influenced by negative mood states and body dissatisfaction.

Question 67

Current estimates about this health hazard position it between the seventh and second most serious preventable cause of death in the United States.

A)anorexia nervosa
B) binge eating
C) obesity
D) violent aggression

Question 68

The obesity epidemic in America is largely a problem of

A) genetics
B) behavior
C) advertising
D) genetically modified food

Question 69

High-fructose corn syrup contributes to the disregulation of the hormones insulin and leptin, hormones that

A) govern hunger and satiety
B) regulate metabolism
C) promote healthy intake of fat
D) increase feelings of starvation

Question 70

All of the following are likely causes of the obesity epidemic in America, EXCEPT:

A) a reduced access to whole grains
B) the invention of high-fructose corn syrup
C) the invention of the super-size meal
D) decreased access to physical activity

Question 71

One reason for this type of motivation is that, as infants, we need assistance from other people to survive, learn, and develop.

A) social
B) environmental
C) linguistic
D) hunger

Question 72

Schachter found that about two-thirds of the high-anxiety group chose to wait for his "shock" experiment in groups, whereas only one-third of the low-anxiety group chose to do so. Schachter concluded that the effect was evidence of

A)the need to belong
B) the need to affiliate
C) the need to communicate
D) the need for safety

Question 73

According to Shelly Taylor, this group of people tends to seek out the company of other people when under stress.

A) men
B) women
C) adolescents
D) toddlers

Question 74

This need cannot be satisfied by casual interactions with relative strangers or by interactions even with people one knows well and cares about, if such interactions are infrequent.

A) the need to belong
B) the need to affiliate
C) the need to communicate
D) the need for safety

Question 75

All of the following statements are consistent with Baumeister's and Leary's characterization of the need to belong, EXCEPT:

A) relationships with frequently shifting partners are unsatisfying
B) human thought is characterized by concern for, and interest in, social status
C) people will continue to maintain strong bonds even when contact is rare
D) those who experience belonging have higher levels of self-esteem

Question 76

The overwhelmingly unpleasant feeling that results when there is some type of discrepancy between our perception of the interpersonal relationships we have, and the relationships we wish to have, is called

A) depression
B) hopelessness
C) loneliness
D) despair

Question 77

To form an intimate relationship, one must reveal personal information, thoughts, and feelings to another person, and also experience

A)sexual intercourse
B) partner responsiveness
C) romantic love
D) passionate love

Question 78

According to psychologists, for an act to constitute aggression, the aggressor must believe that the act is truly harmful, and the target of the aggression must be

A)a member of the same social group
B) unaware of the cause of the behavior
C) motivated to avoid the behavior
D) ignorant of the harm

Question 79

When someone describes aggression as violence, they are referring to an aggressive act whose goal is to

A) inflict serious physical injury or even death
B) ostracize someone from a social group
C) undermine another's efforts to succeed
D) cause minor physical harm

Question 80

This type of aggression is usually planned rather than impulsive, and is also not necessarily accompanied by an emotion such as anger.

A)hostile aggression
B) indirect aggression
C) instrumental aggression
D) humane aggression