Deck 5: Explicit and Implicit Memory

Question 1

J.K. was in his late 70s, when he began to develop symptoms of Parkinson's disease. After a few years, he could not ________.

A) use doorknobs and turn off his radio
B) read the newspaper
C) remember his date of birth
D) remember where he had placed his car keys

Answer 1

A

Question 2

If, hypothetically, H.M. had developed Parkinson's disease after his surgery, the kind of memory that would have survived intact would be ________.

A) priming
B) short-term and working memory
C) Pavlovian conditioning
D) drawing skillfully a star while watching the paper in a mirror

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Implicit memory refers to learning that is reflected in ________.

A) memory for facts, events, places in a distant past
B) memory that is conscious
C) the ability to perform a task that can be articulated verbally
D) the ability to perform a task but that cannot be articulated

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Animals such as frogs possess only implicit memory and manage to survive successfully because ________.

A) their implicit memory systems have superior efficiency compared to that of mammals
B) any explicit memory system would be distractive
C) their implicit memory systems have a very large capacity
D) they need only to respond to a limited set of stimuli to succeed

Question 5

Mammals often live in the same environment as frogs and yet they developed explicit memories, implying a single representation of reality, because ________.

A) the mammalian implicit memory systems had declined during evolution
B) mammals need to handle a vastly higher number of potentially relevant stimuli
C) explicit memory has more capacity than implicit memory
D) mammals had to use the resources of a bigger brain

Question 6

According to Warrington and Weiskrantz (1970), people with amnesia like H.M. ________.

A) did not complete word fragments with words from the study list at the same rate as controls
B) showed the same recall and recognition performance as controls
C) displayed better recall and recognition performance than controls
D) displayed worse recall and recognition performance than controls

Question 7

If a subject read the word "dodge" in a list, and later he/she is asked to compose a sentence with the word "duck," the following sentence can be considered an example of priming ________.

A) "I have seen a duck on my way to school"
B) "I have to duck out of the way to avoid being hit"
C) "Duck is a beautiful bird"
D) "I could not touch a low-flying duck"

Question 8

Although a person with amnesia has no recollection of having seen incomplete figures before, she or he can identify the object much more quickly on subsequent presentations, showing ________.

A) the existence of implicit memory in the absence of explicit memory
B) the existence of explicit memory in the absence of implicit memory
C) the intact function of the ventral pathway in amnesia
D) the fact that memory for figures is spared in amnesia

Question 9

If people with anterograde amnesia are asked to perform the pursuit-rotor task task again a week later, they ________.

A) perform it at the same speed, even though they have no explicit memory of the first learning session
B) perform it at the same speed, and they have an explicit memory of the first learning session
C) master it much more quickly, even though they have no explicit memory of the first learning session
D) master it much more quickly, and they have an explicit memory of the first learning session

Question 10

Explicit memory systems are ________.

A) based on language only
B) based on language as well as on visuospatial information
C) unique to humans
D) unique to high end primates

Question 11

In a paper published in by Damasio in 2000, a brain-lesioned subject named David was asked to identify photographs of people that he would ask for help if in need. David ________.

A) picked randomly among people who had been kind to him, even though he could recognize them in the photographs
B) chose people who had been kind to him, even though he could not name them while he did recognize their photographs
C) picked randomly among people who had been kind to him, because he had no idea who the people in the photographs he chose were
D) chose people who had been kind to him, even though he had no idea who the people in the photographs he chose were

Question 12

________ is not part of the neural circuit for explicit memory proposed by Mishkin in 1982.

A) The basal ganglia
B) The hippocampus
C) The prefrontal cortex
D) The thalamus

Question 13

Individuals are consciously aware of explicit memories because all parts of the neural circuit for explicit memory eventually connect to the ________, which is the seat of consciousness awareness.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) neocortex
C) thalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 14

The common trait linking all deficits from lesions of the Mishkin's circuit for explicit memory is ________.

A) the lack of top-down, conscious organization of perceptual information through concepts
B) the lack of bottom-up organization of perceptual information through sensory modalities
C) sleep disturbances
D) the severe emotional reaction by the subject that accompany the deficit

Question 15

________ is not part of the neural circuit for implicit memory proposed by Mishkin in 1982.

A) Substantia nigra
B) Basal ganglia
C) Ventral thalamus
D) Prefrontal cortex

Question 16

According to Mishkin, implicit memories do not enter consciousness because information must flow ________ for an individual to become conscious of it.

A) from the hippocampus
B) to the temporal lobe
C) to the neocortex
D) from the prefrontal cortex

Question 17

To study how people use implicit memory, a researcher must devise a situation where participants gain knowledge ________.

A) without being explicitly aware of what that knowledge is
B) that can be acquired in only one trial
C) that can only be acquired by repeated practice
D) that is emotionally neutral

Question 18

A(n) ________ is a set of rules governing how a string of letters can be combined.

A) implicit memory
B) explicit memory
C) artificial grammar
D) stimulus

Question 19

When learning implicit pattern-learning paradigms, results consistently show _________ in response times for participants in the pattern condition across trials, indicating that the participant ________.

A) an increase; has learned the pattern and can anticipate which stimulus is about to be presented
B) a decrease; has learned the pattern and can anticipate which stimulus is about to be presented
C) an increase; has forgotten the pattern and cannot anticipate which stimulus is about to be presented
D) a decrease; has explicitly learned the pattern and can anticipate which stimulus is about to be presented

Question 20

In classical conditioning, conditioned responses are _________.

A) automatic and involuntary
B) under conscious control
C) random and unpredictable
D) both conscious and unconscious

Question 21

In the field of classical conditioning, "savings" refers to ________.

A) a rapid extinction of a CS-CR association after a change of the testing context
B) a faster learning of a CS-CR association following a short training with the same association
C) a slower learning of a CS-CR association following a short training with the same association
D) a faster learning of a CS-CR association following extinction of the same association

Question 22

The mere exposure effect assumes that ________.

A) conditioning is faster when the subject likes the context in which training is performed
B) a person comes to prefer stimuli merely because she or he has been exposed to the stimulus repeatedly, paired with pleasant emotions
C) conditioning is slower when the subject is distracted by a context she or he likes
D) simply "talking" about a stimulus makes it easier the conditioning of the same stimulus

Question 23

Repetition priming is when ________.

A) withholding exposure to a stimulus facilitates processing of that stimulus in some way
B) previous exposure to a stimulus prevents processing of that stimulus in some way
C) repeated distractions during previous exposure to a stimulus prevent processing of that stimulus in some way
D) previous exposure to a stimulus facilitates processing of that stimulus in some way

Question 24

In many studies that have used the word-stem completion paradigm, one well-replicated finding is that repetition priming ________.

A) has many properties of explicit memory systems
B) is modality specific
C) is not modality specific, i.e. pictures can bias word completions and vice versa
D) is modality specific but only when systematic distraction is introduced in the protocol

Question 25

Repetition priming results from ________.

A) implicit memory
B) explicit memory
C) declarative memory
D) conscious memory

Question 26

An implicit-association test might be used to tap into implicit memory instead of explicit memory, because implicit memory is unconscious and automatic and is thus immune to ________.

A) conscious recollection
B) social desirability effects
C) psychological analysis
D) repetition priming

Question 27

In the negative priming paradigm, subjects are slower to respond to shapes that they previously ________.

A) were instructed to ignore
B) were instructed to study carefully
C) were instructed to study carefully but now have a different colour
D) associated with negative emotions

Question 28

Negative priming is evidence that ________.

A) implicit memories are formed only when shapes are attended to
B) explicit memories are formed only when shapes are attended to
C) memories of priming can be forgotten, like any other memory
D) implicit memories are formed even when shapes are not attended to

Question 29

The ________ reveals that participants are more likely to rate a repeated statement as true than a new statement.

A) implicit-association test
B) false-fame effect
C) illusory-truth effect
D) negative priming paradigm

Question 30

The only way to access procedural memory is ________.

A) to access explicit knowledge of a task and execute it
B) to perform the action and have your brain record feedback
C) to identify the discrete steps of the task required to complete it
D) to describe verbally what you are doing and analyze the action

Question 31

What did Warrington and Weiskrantz's early studies comparing explicit and implicit memory reveal?

Question 32

What is the pursuit-rotor task?

Question 33

What is Mishkin's neural circuit for explicit memory? You may want to include a diagram in your answer.

Question 34

What is Mishkin's neural circuit for implicit memory? You may want to include a diagram in your answer.

Question 35

What are artificial grammars? You may want to illustrate your answer with a diagram.

Question 36

What is repetition priming? What are two examples of paradigms in which repetition priming is observed?

Question 37

What is an implicit-association test and how does it resolve common problems that arise when studying social psychology?

Question 38

What is procedural memory? What type of memory does it rely on?

Question 39

What is classical conditioning? How is classical conditioning observed in patients who have severe problems with explicit memory (like H.M.)?

Question 40

What are pattern-learning paradigms? What are they used to explore and what do they reveal?