Deck 4: Perceiving and Recognizing Objects

Question 1

Which area(s) is/are not part of extrastriate cortex?

A) V1
B) V2
C) V3
D) V4
E) Both V2 and V4

Answer 1

V1

Question 2

Scientists sometimes conduct _______ studies on animals, in which sections of their brain are surgically excised to see how it affects their behavior.

A) training
B) breeding
C) lesion
D) stroke
E) observational

Answer 2

lesion

Question 3

Refer to the figure.
In the figure, the border highlighted in the red oval is "owned" by

A) the red oval.
B) the gray background.
C) the black square.
D) both the black square and the gray background.
E) neither the black square nor the gray background.

Answer 3

the black square.

Question 4

Evidence indicates that structures in _______ cortex are especially important in end-stage object recognition processes.

A) striate
B) inferotemporal
C) occipital
D) parietal
E) frontal

Question 5

The term "grandmother cell" refers to a neuron that

A) responds best to one specific object.
B) divides several times to form a number of new neurons.
C) is connected to a large number of other neurons.
D) is isolated from other neurons.
E) was genetically inherited from the matriarchal lineage.

Question 6

A study of cells in IT cortex showed that they responded to very specific stimuli, such as

A) faces.
B) animals.
C) colors.
D) motion.
E) celebrities.

Question 7

_______ is a failure to recognize objects visually in spite of the ability to see them.

A) Prosopagnosia
B) Agnosia
C) Anomia
D) Alexia
E) Dyslexia

Question 8

A _______ process is one that carries out a computation (e.g., object recognition) one neural step after another, without the need for feedback from a later stage to an earlier stage.

A) re-entrant
B) feedback
C) synchronous
D) feed-forward
E) asynchronous

Question 9

Which theory suggests that you initially get a general, categorical impression of the world from higher brain areas and then later appreciate details after activation flows back down to lower brain areas?

A) Feed-forward process theory
B) Reverse-hierarchy theory
C) Asynchronous activation theory
D) Synchronous activation theory
E) Cortical feedback theory

Question 10

What kind of process in the brain sends signals back downstream to earlier areas after initial processing?

A) Recursive
B) Feed-forward
C) Re-entrant
D) Dorsal
E) Ventral

Question 11

Refer to the figure.
This figure depicts

A) isoluminant contours.
B) an accidental viewpoint.
C) shadow boundaries.
D) an ambiguous figure.
E) illusory contours.

Question 12

Which of the following is a loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image, and before object recognition and scene understanding?

A) Low-level vision
B) Early vision
C) High-level vision
D) Sensation
E) Mid-level vision

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the principles for summarizing mid-level vision?

A) Bring together that which should be brought together.
B) Split asunder that which should be split asunder.
C) Use what you know.
D) Avoid accidents.
E) Seek ambiguity and avoid consensus.

Question 14

If you attempt to understand perception by primarily breaking it down into its basic sensory components, which philosophical approach are you following?

A) Structuralist
B) Gestalt
C) Behaviorist
D) Cognitive
E) Biological

Question 15

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that

A) a percept is nothing more than the sum of its sensory elements.
B) objects and faces are processed via different mechanisms.
C) the perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
D) the visual system must assume that objects are viewed from generic viewpoints.
E) object recognition is view-based.

Question 16

Which of the following research topics would be of most interest to a Gestalt psychologist?

A) Determining when stimuli will appear to spontaneously group together.
B) Studying how brain lesions affect object perception.
C) Researching accidental viewpoints in object recognition.
D) Using brain imaging methods to see which areas of the brain are involved in scene perception.
E) Recording how neurons react to various color stimuli.

Question 17

Refer to the figure.
Which Gestalt grouping principle might lead you to organize the elements into rows?

A) Similarity
B) Proximity
C) Common region
D) Parallelism
E) Good continuation

Question 18

Refer to the figure.
Which Gestalt grouping principle might lead you to organize the elements into columns?

A) Similarity
B) Proximity
C) Common region
D) Parallelism
E) Good continuation

Question 19

Refer to the figure.
You probably organized figure I into one jagged line and one curved line. Which Gestalt grouping principle guided this decision?

A) Similarity
B) Symmetry
C) Connectedness
D) Good continuation
E) Proximity

Question 20

Refer to the figure.
Figure II is like figure I in many ways, but you organize it differently. Which Gestalt grouping principle explains why the black part seems separate from the gray part?

A) Similarity
B) Symmetry
C) Connectedness
D) Good continuation
E) Proximity

Question 21

Which Gestalt grouping principle suggests that elements that are close to each tend to be seen as grouped together?

A) Similarity
B) Good continuation
C) Proximity
D) Parallelism
E) Symmetry

Question 22

Which Gestalt grouping principle suggests that elements that look alike tend to be seen as grouped together?

A) Proximity
B) Good continuation
C) Parallelism
D) Symmetry
E) Similarity

Question 23

Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements that change at the same time should be grouped together?

A) Synchrony
B) Common fate
C) Good continuation
D) Parallelism
E) Similarity

Question 24

Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements moving in the same direction should be grouped together?

A) Synchrony
B) Common fate
C) Good continuation
D) Parallelism
E) Similarity

Question 25

The visual system tends to divide an object into parts by "cutting" it at _______ in its silhouette.

A) nonaccidental features
B) both convexities and concavities
C) convexities (bumps)
D) concavities (valleys)
E) the longest axis

Question 26

Refer to the figure.
Navon found that in figures like this one, the big letter (H) interfered with the naming of the small letters (S) more than the small letters interfered with the big. This finding indicates that

A) it is easier to name smaller objects than it is to name larger objects.
B) it is easier to name larger objects than it is to name smaller objects.
C) we process global aspects of an image before local aspects.
D) we process local aspects of an image before global aspects.
E) certain letters are more recognizable than others.

Question 27

Which Gestalt grouping cue explains why a flock of birds flying in formation are perceived to be grouped?

A) Synchrony
B) Parallelism
C) Good continuation
D) Common fate
E) Similarity

Question 28

Refer to the figure.
This figure is a classic demonstration of

A) illusory contours.
B) an accidental viewpoint.
C) shadow boundaries.
D) an ambiguous figure.
E) texture segmentation.

Question 29

Which of the following is a viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world?

A) Accidental viewpoint
B) Pose
C) Rotation
D) Good continuation
E) Image template

Question 30

The word "figure" in the term "figure-ground assignment" refers to

A) a group of separate lines that must be combined into a single object contour.
B) the number of distinct objects in an image.
C) the main object that is to be recognized in an image.
D) the "correct" interpretation of an ambiguous figure.
E) the background upon which an object is located.

Question 31

Refer to the figure.
Which portion of the figure is interpreted as "ground" according to the Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles?

A) The red portions
B) The yellow portions
C) The red portion on the left and the yellow portion on the right
D) The yellow portion on the left and the red portion on the right
E) There is no "ground" portion in the figure.

Question 32

Refer to the figure.
Which Gestalt figure-ground assignment principle is most responsible for perceiving the yellow portions in the image as "ground"?

A) Symmetry
B) Size
C) Parallelism
D) Surroundedness
E) Proximity

Question 33

If an animal has a pattern on its body that provides camouflage and allows it to blend seamlessly into the background, it is trying to prevent _______ by predators that would reveal its location.

A) good continuation
B) scene perception
C) an accidental viewpoint
D) Gestalt grouping
E) texture segmentation

Question 34

The principle of relatability helps us to understand

A) when edges do or do not appear to connect behind occluders.
B) the power of nonaccidental features in image interpretation.
C) how conflicts between different Gestalt grouping principles are resolved.
D) which interpretation is given to an ambiguous figure.
E) which regions are segmented in textures.

Question 35

When one object covers up another object, that is known as

A) obfuscation.
B) interference.
C) occlusion.
D) visual shadow.
E) camouflage.

Question 36

Which principle explains when edges that pass behind an occluder will appear to connect to each other?

A) Similarity
B) Proximity
C) Relatability
D) Parallelism
E) Symmetry

Question 37

Refer to the figure.
The "T" junction the arrow is pointing to represents which of the following?

A) Interior corner
B) Exterior corner
C) Occlusion
D) Relatability
E) An accidental feature

Question 38

Which formal mathematical approach to modeling perception takes into consideration both the current stimulus and our knowledge about the conditions of the world?

A) Gestalt grouping principles
B) Pandemonium model
C) Recognition-by-components
D) Bayesian approach
E) Template theory

Question 39

The fact that faces are more difficult than many other types of objects to recognize when viewed upside-down is taken by many researchers to indicate that

A) faces are recognized via structural descriptions.
B) it is more difficult to segment faces from their backgrounds than other types of objects.
C) face recognition cannot be doubly dissociated from object recognition.
D) face recognition can be doubly dissociated from object recognition.
E) the visual system uses special recognition processes for faces that are not used for other types of objects.

Question 40

If we use fMRI to measure your brain activity with your eyes open and then again with your eyes closed, and then identify the areas that differ between those two conditions, which brain imaging method are we using?

A) Decoding
B) Structuralism
C) Subtraction
D) Single-cell recording
E) Lesioning

Question 41

If we use fMRI to measure your brain activity while you look at objects and then later try to determine which object you're looking at, based on your brain activity, which brain imaging method are we using?

A) Structuralism
B) Single-cell recording
C) Subtraction
D) Decoding
E) Lesioning

Question 42

Which of the following is not a cortical area that has been identified as processing very specific forms of visual stimuli?

A) Fusiform face area (FFA)
B) Extrastriate motion pericomplex (EMP)
C) Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
D) Extrastriate body area (EBA)
E) Middle temporal area (MT)

Question 43

In Oliver Selfridge's Pandemonium model, what are the demons analogous to?

A) Brains
B) Neurons
C) People
D) Society
E) Neurotransmitters

Question 44

What are object representations made of, according to the recognition-by-components model of object recognition?

A) Surfaces
B) Edges
C) Image templates
D) Geon structural descriptions
E) Figure and ground

Question 45

A major problem with template theories of object recognition is that

A) we cannot possibly store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter.
B) template theories predict that object recognition should usually be viewpoint invariant, but in fact recognition has been shown to viewpoint dependent.
C) template theories predict that object recognition should usually be viewpoint dependent, but in fact recognition has been shown to viewpoint invariant.
D) templates are only useful when recognizing objects from accidental viewpoints.
E) templates are too abstract to be used in object recognition.

Question 46

Which of the following is an entry-level object category term?

A) Bird
B) Sparrow
C) Animal
D) Transportation
E) Honda Civic

Question 47

Which of the following is a superordinate-level object category term?

A) Car
B) Vehicle
C) Station wagon
D) Tesla Model 3
E) Crow

Question 48

Which of the following is a subordinate-level object category term?

A) Car
B) Automobile
C) Vehicle
D) Toyota Prius
E) Bird

Question 49

What is the term for a type of machine learning in which a computer can be trained on a set of known objects and then later can recognize objects it has never seen before?

A) Pandemonium demon model (PDM)
B) Recognition by components (RBC)
C) Deep neural network (DNN)
D) Artificial object intelligence (AOI)
E) Dynamic web network (DWN)

Question 50

Prosopagnosia is a neuropsychological disorder in which the patient

A) cannot recognize objects at the basic level.
B) cannot recognize objects at the superordinate level.
C) can identify faces, but cannot recognize other types of objects.
D) cannot identify faces, but can recognize other types of objects.
E) can recognize objects but cannot name them.

Question 51

What are the "what" and "where" pathways?

Question 52

What is the notion of re-entrant processing in perception?

Question 53

What kinds of processes happen in mid-level vision?

Question 54

Describe the concept of perceptual committees.

Question 55

Explain the Gestalt grouping principles of good continuation, similarity, proximity, and surroundedness.

Question 56

Compare and contrast the structural description and view-based approaches to understanding object recognition.

Question 57

What is unique about face perception and how is it different than object perception?