Deck 8: Visual Motion Perception

Question 1

_______ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object.

A) Illusory motion
B) Motion aftereffect
C) Neural circuit
D) Apparent motion
E) Aperture problem

Answer 1

Motion aftereffect

Question 2

Imagine that you are at Niagara Falls, staring at the falling water for a few minutes. When you look away from the water at the crowd of people, the people seem to be floating upward. What phenomenon have you just experienced?

A) Akinetopsia
B) Tau
C) Focus of expansion
D) Vergence eye movements
E) Motion aftereffect

Answer 2

Motion aftereffect

Question 3

That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that

A) the motion aftereffect works better with one eye.
B) adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect.
C) testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect.
D) the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.
E) The motion aftereffect occurs at the level of the retina.

Answer 3

the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.

Question 4

Imagine that you adapted to a motion stimulus with one eye and then switched to the other eye and did not experience a motion aftereffect in that eye. This lack of interocular transfer implies that the locus of the motion aftereffect is

A) before V1.
B) V1 or later.
C) V2 or later.
D) in V5/MT.
E) definitely in the retina.

Question 5

Interocular transfer is the transfer of

A) light from one eye to the other.
B) an effect from one eye to the other.
C) focus from one eye to the other.
D) electrical signals from both eyes to the brain.
E) electrical signals from the brain to both eyes.

Question 6

Which brain region is most specialized for motion processing?

A) Primary visual cortex (area V1)
B) Optic chiasm
C) Middle temporal area (area V5/MT)
D) Frontal lobe
E) Lingual gyrus (area V3)

Question 7

_______ is a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion.

A) Akinetopsia
B) Motion agnosia
C) Motion blindness
D) Prosopagnosia
E) Hyperopia

Question 8

Damage to area MT/V5 can result in this neurological disorder, in which you no longer perceive motion.

A) Object agnosia
B) Motion agnosia
C) Prosopagnosia
D) Akinetopsia
E) Achromatopsia

Question 9

Refer to the figure.
What does D represent?

A) Direction
B) Disparity
C) Delay
D) Difference
E) Distractor

Question 10

Refer to the figure.
The M unit would best respond to a(n) _______ direction of motion.

A) upward
B) downward
C) leftward
D) rightward
E) diagonal

Question 11

If you want a motion detector circuit to respond to faster object motions, which changes should you make to the circuit?

A) Reduce the distance between the detectors and/or decrease the time delay.
B) Increase the distance between the detectors and/or decrease the time delay.
C) Reduce the distance between the detectors and/or increase the time delay.
D) Increase the distance between the detectors and/or increase the time delay.
E) Reduce the distance between the detectors and/or change which neurotransmitter they release.

Question 12

The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is

A) second-order motion.
B) motion aftereffect.
C) kinetic motion.
D) aperture motion.
E) apparent motion.

Question 13

The marquee outside of a theater has lights that blink on and off in rapid succession, leading to the impression that the lights are moving around the marquee. This is an example of which type of motion?

A) Second-order motion
B) Motion aftereffect
C) Apparent motion
D) Aperture motion
E) Kinetic motion

Question 14

What is the "aperture problem"?

A) We cannot perceive motion seen through apertures.
B) We cannot perceive forms seen through apertures.
C) Global edge motion seen through several apertures is ambiguous.
D) Local edge motion seen through a single aperture is ambiguous.
E) We perceive all motion seen through an aperture as horizontal motion.

Question 15

The problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in Frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in Frame 1 is known as the _______ problem.

A) aperture
B) correspondence
C) temporal lobe
D) apparent motion
E) disambiguation

Question 16

_______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance.

A) Anomalous motion
B) First-order motion
C) Second-order motion
D) Interocular motion
E) Motion aftereffect

Question 17

A _______-defined object is one that is delineated by differences in reflected light.

A) contrast
B) texture
C) luminance
D) color
E) hue

Question 18

_______ is motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance.

A) Anomalous motion
B) First-order motion
C) Motion aftereffect
D) Interocular motion
E) Second-order motion

Question 19

In the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer's task is to

A) determine whether or not motion is observed.
B) experience a motion aftereffect.
C) identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots.
D) trace moving dots.
E) perceive the dots as a moving person.

Question 20

Suppose you are in a snowstorm and can tell which way the wind is blowing by what percentage of snowflakes are moving in the same direction. What type of motion perception is this most analogous to?

A) Apparent motion
B) Motion aftereffect
C) Second-order motion
D) Correlated-dot motion
E) Multiple aperture motion

Question 21

The collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is

A) the optic flow field.
B) tau.
C) sigma.
D) the focus of expansion.
E) the optic array.

Question 22

_______ describes the changing angular positions of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world.

A) Biological motion
B) First-order motion
C) Optic flow
D) Second-order motion
E) Apparent motion

Question 23

Refer to the figure.
This is an example of _______, which is the changing angular position of points in an image that one experiences as they move through the world.

A) an optic flow field
B) a positional change
C) an optic array
D) motion perspective
E) tau

Question 24

When space ships in Star Wars jump to light speed and the stars seem to stream outward from the center of the screen, giving the sense of forward motion, which kind of a stimulus is that?

A) Apparent motion
B) Optic flow
C) Tau
D) Biological motion
E) Correlated-dot motion

Question 25

The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction

A) in which you are looking.
B) in which you are moving.
C) from which you came.
D) of the largest object in your visual field.
E) of the smallest object in your visual field.

Question 26

A field of globally moving dots can make stationary targets in the periphery seem to disappear in a phenomenon known as

A) motion aftereffect.
B) motion-induced sensitivity.
C) motion-induced blindness.
D) saccadic suppression.
E) correlated dot motion.

Question 27

What does tau tell you?

A) Time to collision
B) An object's size on the retina
C) An object's rate of optical shrinkage
D) The speed of an object
E) Which direction you are heading

Question 28

The motion we interpret as people moving around from a few animated dots is called _______ motion.

A) apparent
B) induced
C) real
D) biological
E) ambiguous

Question 29

Motion capture in movies, in which points of light on each joint of the body allow computers to register the motion of actors, is which kind of motion?

A) Apparent motion
B) Biological motion
C) Optic flow
D) Correlated-dot motion
E) Tau

Question 30

When fixating a central target, stationary targets in the periphery will seem to disappear when there is a global moving pattern superimposed. This is known as the phenomenon of

A) apparent motion.
B) biological motion.
C) motion-induced blindness.
D) akinetopsia.
E) temporary motion autokinesis.

Question 31

During smooth pursuit, the eyes move

A) steadily, to follow a moving object.
B) rapidly, while jumping from one object to the next.
C) independently.
D) with the head.
E) to the smoothest part of an object.

Question 32

When you watch a bicyclist ride down the street, which kind of eye movement are you using?

A) Saccade
B) Convergent
C) Divergent
D) Smooth pursuit
E) Reflexive

Question 33

Which of the following is not a type of eye movement?

A) Vergence
B) Saccade
C) Rapid pursuit
D) Smooth pursuit
E) Reflexive

Question 34

The _______ of the brain is important for initiating and guiding eye movements.

A) lateral rectus
B) caudal midbrain
C) pons
D) superior colliculus
E) primary visual cortex

Question 35

Refer to the figure.
The image on the right illustrates

A) the role of the comparator.
B) saccadic suppression.
C) a pattern of eye movements.
D) the phenomenon known as vergence.
E) points of binocular disparity.

Question 36

A(n) _______ eye movement rapidly changes fixation from one object or location to another.

A) tracking
B) saccade
C) smooth pursuit
D) scan
E) adapting

Question 37

To look at the tip of your nose, which kind of eye movement must you make?

A) Saccade
B) Smooth pursuit
C) Rapid pursuit
D) Reflexive
E) Vergence

Question 38

This eye movement turns the eyes inward or outward to help you focus on an object.

A) Smooth pursuit
B) Saccade
C) Vergence
D) Reflexive
E) Accommodation

Question 39

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an example of a _______ eye movement.

A) saccadic
B) smooth pursuit
C) vergence
D) reflexive
E) microsaccadic

Question 40

A movement of the eye that is automatic and involuntary is called

A) vergence.
B) a saccade.
C) rapid pursuit movement.
D) smooth pursuit movement.
E) reflexive movement.

Question 41

Which type of eye movements do we make while reading a book?

A) Saccadic
B) Convergent
C) Smooth pursuit
D) Reflexive
E) Divergent

Question 42

If you hear a loud noise and rapidly shift your eyes to point in the direction of where the noise came from, which kind of eye movement are you making?

A) Reflexive
B) Convergent
C) Divergent
D) Smooth pursuit
E) Saccade

Question 43

The reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs when we make saccadic eye movements is called

A) attentional blink.
B) vigilance decrement.
C) saccadic enhancement.
D) saccadic suppression.
E) saccadic blindness.

Question 44

When one makes a saccadic eye movement, there is a(n) _______ sensitivity known as saccadic suppression.

A) reduction of visual
B) increase of visual
C) acceleration of motion
D) increase of motion
E) increase of color

Question 45

An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called

A) a comparator.
B) the superior colliculus.
C) the caudal midbrain.
D) the parietal lobe.
E) the cerebellum.

Question 46

The purpose of the comparator is to _______ eye movements.

A) plan and execute vergence
B) plan and execute smooth pursuit
C) plan and execute saccadic
D) compare saccades with smooth pursuit
E) keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to

Question 47

Receptive field updating occurs when receptive fields transiently remap towards the point of fixation and

A) increase their response at the current point of fixation.
B) become insensitive to new stimuli during a saccade.
C) neurons shift their receptive fields just before a saccade.
D) neurons shift their receptive fields just after a saccade.
E) neurons maintain the same receptive fields as they had before the saccade.

Question 48

Which statement about the development of motion perception in humans is false?

A) Reflexive eye movements to moving targets are present in newborns.
B) V1 neurons in newborns have adult-like sensitivity.
C) Sensitivity to global motion matures at about 3-4 years of age.
D) Sensitivity to visual motion is fully developed at birth.
E) Sensitivity to motion-defined form and biological motion takes more than three years to develop.

Question 49

The development of motion perception may be impaired by which of the following?

A) Poor nutrition
B) Congenital cataracts
C) Too much TV watching
D) Extremely bright environments
E) Parental interference

Question 50

What is apparent motion?

Question 51

What is the difference between first-order and second-order motion?

Question 52

What is the optic flow and how do we use it to navigate in the world?

Question 53

What is the difference between smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements?

Question 54

What is a motion aftereffect and what does it tell us about how the brain processes motion stimuli?

Question 55

Why is the middle temporal area (MT) important for motion perception, and how has it been studied?

Question 56

What is the comparator and what role does it play in eye movements and motion perception?