Deck 4: Reasoning: Drawing Deductively Valid Conclusions

Question 1

The rules of logic can be used to win any argument.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In many real world settings, people switch between deductive and inductive reasoning.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Asking if Tiffany is taller than Kari is pragmatically the same as asking if Kari is shorter than Tiffany.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

According to the formal rules of logic, content should be important when deciding if an "if, then" reasoning problem is valid.

Question 5

If a prosecutor is able to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a crime occurred at a time when the defendant does not have an alibi, we can conclude that the defendant is guilty.

Question 6

The statement that "some politicians favor gun control" means the same thing as "some politicians do not favor gun control."

Question 7

Truth and validity mean the same thing.

Question 8

If we believe "if guns are outlawed, then only outlaws will have guns," then it would be logical to believe that "if guns are not outlawed, then people other than outlaws will have guns."

Question 9

When people test their personal beliefs about the world, they tend to seek information that supports their beliefs instead of information that runs counter to their beliefs.

Question 10

A good way to change attitudes is to present many statements, followed by evaluations of the statements so that a conclusion is implied.

Question 11

An inferential belief that is derived from other statements is called

A) a premise.
B) a logic statement.
C) a conclusion.
D) a reason.

Question 12

Answer the questions about this "if, then" statement. If she gets a job, she will be successful. She is not successful. Therefore, she did not get a job. The second premise in the above "if, then" statement

A) affirms the antecedent.
B) affirms the consequent.
C) denies the antecedent.
D) denies the consequent.

Question 13

Answer the questions about this "if, then" statement. If she gets a job, she will be successful. She is not successful. Therefore, she did not get a job. The conclusion in the above "if, then" statement is

A) valid.
B) invalid.

Question 14

Answer the questions about this "if, then" statement. If he is divorced, then he is her boyfriend. He is not divorced. Therefore, he is not her boyfriend. The second premise in the above "if, then" statement

A) affirms the antecedent.
B) affirms the consequent.
C) denies the antecedent.
D) denies the consequent.

Question 15

Answer the questions about this "if, then" statement. If he is divorced, then he is her boyfriend. He is not divorced. Therefore, he is not her boyfriend. The conclusion in the above "if, then" statement is

A) valid.
B) invalid.

Question 16

A premise or conclusion that is particular negative in mood can be represented by

A) only one circle diagram.
B) two circle diagrams.
C) three circle diagrams.
D) four circle diagrams.

Question 17

A premise or conclusion that is particular affirmative in mood can be represented by

A) only one circle diagram.
B) two circle diagrams.
C) three circle diagrams.
D) four circle diagrams.

Question 18

Answer the questions about this categorical syllogism. Some men are handsome. All handsome people are conceited. Some men are conceited. The first premise represents which type of relationship?

A) universal affirmative
B) universal negative
C) particular affirmative
D) particular negative

Question 19

Answer the questions about this categorical syllogism. Some men are handsome. All handsome people are conceited. Some men are conceited. The second premise represents which type of relationship?

A) universal affirmative
B) universal negative
C) particular affirmative
D) particular negative

Question 20

Answer the questions about this categorical syllogism. Some men are handsome. All handsome people are conceited. Some men are conceited. The "A" term in the above categorical syllogism is

A) distributed.
B) undistributed.

Question 21

Answer the questions about this categorical syllogism. Some men are handsome. All handsome people are conceited. Some men are conceited. The conclusion in the above categorical syllogism is

A) valid.
B) invalid.

Question 22

Answer the questions about this categorical syllogism. All my favorite desserts are delicious. All chocolate is delicious. All my favorite desserts are chocolate. What is the middle term in the above categorical syllogism?

A) desserts
B) delicious
C) chocolate
D) my favorites

Question 23

Answer the questions about this categorical syllogism. All my favorite desserts are delicious. All chocolate is delicious. All my favorite desserts are chocolate. The "A" term in the above categorical syllogism is

A) distributed.
B) undistributed.

Question 24

Answer the questions about this "if, then" statement. If I study hard, I will get a good grade. I did not study hard. Therefore, I will not get a good grade. The conclusion in the above statement is

A) valid.
B) invalid.

Question 25

Answer the questions about this "if, then" statement. If I study hard, I will get a good grade. I did not study hard. Therefore, I will not get a good grade. The second premise in the above "if, then" statement

A) denies the antecedent.
B) denies the consequent.
C) affirms the antecedent.
D) affirms the consequent.

Question 26

As issues become more emotional, human beings become

A) less logical.
B) more logical.
C) more reliant on inductive reasoning.
D) more reliant on deductive reasoning.

Question 27

When we __________, we use knowledge about one or more related statements that we can reasonably believe are true to determine if another statement, a conclusion, is true.

A) logic
B) deduce
C) induce
D) reason

Question 28

An inferential belief that is derived from other statements is called

A) a premise.
B) a logic statement.
C) a conclusion.
D) a reason.

Question 29

A __________ is an inferential belief that is derived from other statements called __________.

A) conclusion…..premises.
B) premise…..conclusions.
C) conclusion…..arguments.
D) reason….. conclusions.

Question 30

Premises are

A) accepted as true only if they are logical.
B) accepted as true in evaluating conclusions.
C) only true if the conclusion is true.
D) subject to interpretation.

Question 31

In formal logic, a conclusion is valid if

A) it fits with our personal beliefs.
B) it is based on observable evidence.
C) it necessarily follows from statements that are accepted as facts.
D) it is subject to interpretation.

Question 32

If I conclude that your puppy is sweet based on my general conclusions about puppies, I am using

A) formal logic.
B) conditional logic.
C) deductive reasoning.
D) inductive reasoning.

Question 33

If I conclude that puppies are aggressive based on your puppy that bit my finger, I am using

A) formal logic.
B) conditional logic.
C) deductive reasoning.
D) inductive reasoning.

Question 34

"If, then" statements are called

A) categorical logic.
B) conditional logic.
C) formal logic.
D) syllogisms.

Question 35

"If, then" statements involve __________, where some events are dependent on the occurrence of other events.

A) syllogisms
B) pragmatic logic
C) contingency relationships
D) premises

Question 36

The only logically valid ways to draw conclusions from "if, then" statements are

A) affirming the antecedent and the consequent.
B) denying the antecedent and the consequent.
C) affirming the antecedent and denying the consequent.
D) denying the antecedent and affirming the consequent.

Question 37

"If, then" statements are solved using __________, while categorical reasoning are solved using __________.

A) logical rules…..tree diagrams
B) tree diagrams…..circle diagrams
C) premises and conclusions…..tree diagrams
D) tree diagrams …..box diagrams

Question 38

Answer the questions about this categorical syllogism. All my favorite desserts are delicious. All chocolate is delicious. All my favorite desserts are chocolate. The conclusion in the above categorical syllogism is

A) valid.
B) invalid.