Deck 2: Thinking Starts Here: Memory As the Mediator of Cognitive Processes

Question 1

There are many different varieties of memory, each with its own rules for enhancing memory.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

If you want to ensure good memory, it is best to study all of the material at one time so that it will be recalled as a single unit.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

When people encounter information that is different from their stereotypes, they are more likely to alter their memory for the event than they are to change their stereotypes.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that it is usually highly accurate.

Question 5

Memories that we are unable to retrieve when they are needed (inert memories) are rarely a problem because the information becomes spontaneously available in the presence of any retrieval cue.

Question 6

A major difference between good and poor learners is knowledge about one's own memory (metamemory)

Question 7

Most mnemonic techniques require little conscious effort.

Question 8

External memory aids are often the best way to remember.

Question 9

Although psychologists recognize that memory is often biased, there is nothing that can be done to counteract this bias.

Question 10

All information in memory is equally likely to be recalled.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true about memory and its role in thought?

A) All intelligent systems (humans, computers, dogs) have the ability to learn and remember
B) Memory abilities play a crucial role in success and survival
C) All thinking skills are inextricably tied to the ability to remember
D) Characteristics of information can affect how well we remember that information.
E) All of the above are true about memory and its role in thought

Question 12

Automatic memory refers to

A) memories we form while we are sleeping or unconscious.
B) remembering that seems effortless.
C) memory for accomplishing some task such as using a slide rule or operating machinery.
D) learning that occurs without deliberate effort.
E) None of the above

Question 13

__________ is deliberate and effortful, while __________ occurs without any deliberate effort.

A) Practice learning…..incidental learning
B) Thinking…..memory
C) None of the above
D) Semantic memory…..procedural memory
E) Intentional learning…..incidental learning

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about the process of acquisition?

A) It involves putting information into memory
B) It is also called encoding
C) We are selective about the information we acquire
D) Information that is not attended to will not be acquired
E) All of the above are true about the process of acquisition

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the process of acquisition?

A) It involves putting information into memory
B) It is also called decoding
C) We are selective about the information we acquire
D) Information that is not attended to will not be acquired
E) All of the above are true about the process of acquisition

Question 16

Which of the following processes does NOT enhance acquisition of information?

A) Distribute learning
B) Monitor meaning
C) Pay attention
D) Organize information
E) All of the above enhance acquisition of information

Question 17

Knowledge that you can't recall when it is needed is called

A) unconscious knowledge.
B) implicit knowledge.
C) inert knowledge.
D) semantic knowledge.
E) None of the above

Question 18

The idea that material is most likely to be recalled when you are presented with the same cues available when you learned it is called

A) the encoding specificity principle.
B) inert knowledge.
C) cue-dependent learning.
D) classical conditioning.
E) None of the above

Question 19

__________ refers to one's personal knowledge of her or his own memory system.

A) Memory memory
B) Metamemory
C) Episodic memory
D) Self-concept

Question 20

Quality of learning judgments are __________, while degree of confidence judgments are

A) automatic…..deliberate.
B) effortless….effortful.
C) made during learning…..made at retrieval.
D) made after learning…..made during learning.
E) None of the above

Question 21

The tendency to remember information that confirms what we already believe is called

A) belief bias.
B) confirmation bias.
C) emotion bias.
D) thought blocking.
E) None of the above

Question 22

Based on your understanding of memory processes, explain why crime is usually a major concern for most Americans, even though it is rather unlikely.

Question 23

Describe different varieties of memory, including examples.

Question 24

Broadly describe different ways in which memory can occur without awareness.

Question 25

List and describe the seven strategies that promote acquisition of information.

Question 26

Describe 3 mnemonic devices, including examples of each.

Question 27

Memory for events in which we can remember our own participation is called

A) declarative knowledge.
B) episodic memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) semantic memory.
E) None of the above

Question 28

Procedural memory is

A) memory for accomplishing some task such as using a slide rule or operating machinery.
B) the same as semantic memory.
C) memory for events in which we can remember our own participation.
D) identical to motor memory.

Question 29

Information that is __________ more easily comes to mind and is more easily recalled.

A) unimportant
B) salient or vivid
C) complex
D) processed rapidly
E) None of the above

Question 30

Most people rate dramatic causes of death (earthquake, shark attack) as

A) more likely than they actually are.
B) less likely than they actually are.
C) more desirable than more mundane causes.
D) very rare and improbable.

Question 31

The time between acquisition of information and its retrieval is called the

A) processing interval.
B) knowledge interval.
C) retention interval.
D) memory interval.
E) None of the above

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true of human memory?

A) Memory is not a single process, but a series of systems/processes
B) How long you hold something in memory from learning to recall) governs what and how you learn and recall
C) Memory is essential to the process of thought
D) Memory does not involve completely accurate, objective storage of information
E) All of the above are true of human memory

Question 33

Which of the following statements is NOT true of human memory?

A) Memory is not a single process, but a series of systems/processes
B) How long you hold something in memory from learning to recall) governs what and how you learn and recall
C) Memory is essential to the process of thought
D) Memory involves completely accurate, objective storage of information
E) All of the above are true of human memory

Question 34

Because memories are stored in associative networks,

A) closely related topics are located near each other in cognitive space.
B) unrelated topics are located near each other in cognitive space.
C) our abilities to monitor our own thought processes are hampered.
D) Memory is always purposeful.
E) None of the above

Question 35

Change blindness blindness refers to

A) the overall fallibility of memory.
B) our tendency to ignore changes in our memory capacity over time.
C) the idea that people reject the idea that they actually miss major events in their environment
D) our deliberate avoidance of beliefs that challenge our own.
E) All of the above

Question 36

Implicit memories are __________; explicit memories are __________.

A) strongly held…..weakly held.
B) based on reasoning…..based on emotion.
C) based on evidence…..based on tradition.
D) based on little conscious knowledge…..consciously held.

Question 37

Implicit memories __________; explicit memories __________.

A) may occur without awareness…..are consciously held.
B) are deliberate and effortful…..are automatic.
C) are based on evidence…..are based on tradition.
D) are easily recalled…..are more difficult to recall.
E) None of the above

Question 38

While __________ memory represents processes that are used when we think about information, __________ memory represents the retention of memories over longer periods of time.

A) sensory…..working
B) temporary…..permanent
C) working…..long-term
D) sensory…..long-term

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true about working memory?

A) It is the "place" where knowledge is consciously manipulated or transformed
B) It has limited capacity (5-9 separate pieces of information)
C) It has a limited energy supply
D) It uses chunking to make itself more efficient
E) All of the above are true about working memory

Question 40

Which of the following statements is NOT true about working memory?

A) It is the memory system for long-term storage of information
B) It has unlimited capacity
C) It has an unlimited energy supply
D) It stores exact images of the information it processes
E) None of the above are true about working memory

Question 41

The process of combining related pieces of information into larger, meaningful units is called

A) grouping.
B) cognitive process instruction.
C) chunking.
D) associative networks.
E) None of the above

Question 42

Knowledge that can be verbalized easily is called

A) declarative knowledge.
B) motor memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) working memory.
E) None of the above

Question 43

Memory for facts like word meanings and the multiplication tables is called

A) semantic memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) procedural memory.

Question 44

Describe the 4 steps involved in the Cognitive Interview (Fisher, 1995) How could such an interview improve memory for an event?