Deck 1: Thinking: An Introduction

Question 1

Critical thinking skills are becoming less important as technology advances.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The use of critical thinking skills does NOT guarantee that you will always have a desirable outcome.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Research has shown that people can learn in their sleep and can improve their ability to think with the u se of appropriate subliminal messages that are placed on audiotapes.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Biological studies of the brain have provided several useful suggestions for enhancing thinking skills.

Question 5

Most people report that they use images when they think.

Question 6

Intelligence can best be thought of as a fixed quantity that does not change over the lifetime.

Question 7

Most media depictions of people who think well are negative.

Question 8

A critical thinking attitude includes questioning every statement and using critical thinking skills in every situation.

Question 9

People who have good metacognitive skills pay attention to what they are doing when they are thinking.

Question 10

An advantage of a skills approach to critical thinking is that it allows a large body of material to be considered in smaller and more manageable units.

Question 11

Describe the common media depiction of the "critical thinker" in the United States, including examples.

Question 12

Critical thinking is called __________ because it focuses on obtaining a/an __________ outcome.

A) critical…..undesirable
B) automatic…..rapid
C) directed thinking…..desirable
D) System 1 thinking…..practical
E) None of the above

Question 13

Critical thinking is described as

A) purposeful.
B) reasoned.
C) goal-directed.
D) increasing the probability of a desirable outcome.
E) All of the above

Question 14

Daydreams and rote memorization are examples of

A) directed thinking.
B) nondirected thinking.
C) schemata.
D) critical thinking skills.
E) None of the above

Question 15

Critical thinking is defined most accurately as

A) the use of cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome.
B) the use of cognitive skills or strategies that decrease the probability of a desirable outcome.
C) the use of cognitive skills or strategies that increase memory capacity.
D) the use of cognitive skills or strategies that increase positive social outcomes.
E) None of the above

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true about critical thinking?

A) Thinking critically is less important with improvements in technology.
B) Critical thinking really cannot be taught in schools.
C) Critical thinking is much less important than writing skills.
D) The "information explosion" and increasing technological advancements make critical thinking even more important today.
E) All of the above are true about critical thinking

Question 17

Schemata are defined as

A) feelings we have about our thoughts.
B) our personal internal representations about the nature of the world.
C) our abilities to monitor our own thought processes.
D) goal-directed.
E) All of the above

Question 18

While thought involves __________, knowledge is __________.

A) processing information…..everything we know.
B) everything we know….. processing information.
C) content…..context.
D) unchanging processes…..always changing.
E) None of the above

Question 19

Employers are increasingly seeking out workers who can engage in multi-step operations and manipulate abstract, complex information. These workers are called

A) thinking workers.
B) knowledge workers.
C) white-collar workers.
D) intelligent.
E) None of the above

Question 20

How was Keko able to tell which group did the "pretend" 100 coin flips in class?
.

Question 21

Gina wants to study the effect of power lines on porcupines. She observes one site with power lines every morning from 8am until 10am for 10 days in a row and records an average of 4 porcupines leaving their habitat every day. What is the issue with Gina's study?
.

Question 22

The use of internal picture-like representations while thinking is called

A) imagery.
B) imagining.
C) immature thought.
D) blocking.
E) None of the above

Question 23

Which of the following statements is NOT true about thinking?

A) Thinking is not a biological process.
B) Malnutrition, poisoning, and drugs can affect the ability to think critically
C) Thinking involves connections among neurons in the brain
D) The brain contains billions of neurons
E) All of the above are true about thinking

Question 24

Which of the following statements is NOT true about thinking?

A) Thinking is a biological process.
B) Malnutrition, poisoning, and drugs can affect the ability to think critically
C) Thinking involves connections among neurons in the brain
D) The brain contains billions of neurons
E) All of the above are true about thinking

Question 25

Research (Sanfrey et al., 2003) indicates that players who reject offers in the Ultimatum Game

A) are not very intelligence.
B) show higher activity in brain areas related to emotion.
C) save a lot of time and effort by rejecting offers.
D) are emotionally stable and mature.

Question 26

When is fast thinking most likely to be good thinking?

A) When it is done by people in new situations, solving new problems they have not encountered before
B) When it is based on emotions
C) When done by an expert with thousands of hours of experience and thinking
D) When it saves us time
E) All of the above

Question 27

Satisficing means that

A) most of the time, people make "good enough" decisions.
B) critical thinking is satisfying.
C) emotions interfere with reasoning.
D) schemata are only occasionally used.
E) None of the above

Question 28

An application utilizing knowledge about human thinking to improve how people think is called

A) mind control.
B) affective response training.
C) cognitive process instruction.
D) the Ultimatum Game.
E) None of the above

Question 29

The goal of cognitive process instruction is

A) to utilize knowledge concerning human thinking processes to help improve how people think.
B) to increase the ease of automatic thinking.
C) to increase reliance on spontaneous and intuitive approaches to solving problems.
D) to decrease metacognitive interruption of spontaneous thinking.
E) All of the above

Question 30

Define "metacognition," and explain how it improves the thinking process.

Question 31

Describe the dispositions or attitudes exhibited by a "critical thinker."

Question 32

Describe the general findings of research investigating the effectiveness of critical thinking instruction.

Question 33

List at least 6 skills involved in critical thinking.

Question 34

Describe the difference between directed and nondirected thinking, including at least three examples of each.

Question 35

Contemporary psychologists generally view the construct of intelligence

A) as composed of a single information-processing ability.
B) as made up of many component parts.
C) as very easily measured.
D) as impossible to measure.
E) None of the above

Question 36

Which of the following is the best way to improve how you think?

A) Thinking very rapidly
B) Thinking as little as possible
C) Seeking out information that confirms what you believe
D) Self-monitoring of your own thought processes

Question 37

What a person does is called __________; what a person is able to do is called __________.

A) performance…..competence.
B) competence….. performance.
C) ability…..skill.
D) intelligence…..learning.
E) None of the above

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT included in a disposition for critical thinking?

A) Willingness to plan
B) Flexibility
C) Willingness to change your mind when evidence supports a change in position
D) Thinking as rapidly as possible
E) All of the above are included in a disposition for critical thinking

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT included in a disposition for critical thinking?

A) Willingness to plan
B) Flexibility
C) Willingness to change your mind when evidence supports a change in position
D) Consenus-seeking
E) All of the above are included in a disposition for critical thinking

Question 40

A critical thinking attitude

A) is not important.
B) is unrelated to use of critical thinking skills.
C) is as important as developing thinking skills.
D) cannot be taught.
E) None of the above

Question 41

Research examining effects of critical thinking instruction

A) is very rare.
B) does not provide substantial evidence that skills can taught.
C) indicates that skills can be taught, but only to adults.
D) indicates that critical thinking skills can transfer to real-world settings.
E) None of the above

Question 42

The spontaneous use of skills that are learned in one context in a different context is called

A) directed thinking.
B) transfer of training.
C) metacognition.
D) System 1 thinking.
E) None of the above

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a skill involved in critical thinking?

A) Seeking out contradictory evidence
B) Engaging in metacognition
C) Relying exclusively on schemata in solving problems and making decisions
D) Using numerical information, including thinking probabilistically
E) All of the above are skills involved in critical thinking

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a part of the model proposed by Halpern for critical thinking instruction?

A) explicitly learn the skills of critical thinking
B) develop the disposition for effortful thinking and learning
C) make metacognitive monitoring explicit and overt
D) allow training activities to be unstructured and abstract

Question 45

According to your author, "better" opinions are

A) strongly held.
B) based on emotions.
C) based on tradition.
D) based on evidence.

Question 46

Bounded rationality means that

A) intelligence cannot exceed a certain value.
B) there are limits on people's ability to think rationally.
C) emotions interfere with reasoning.
D) deliberate, careful thought is too difficult for almost everyone.
E) None of the above

Question 47

System 1 thinking is __________, while System 2 thinking is __________.

A) rapid…..slow
B) careful…..careless
C) effortful…..effortless
D) deliberate…..critical thinking
E) All of the above are true about System 1 and System 2 thinking

Question 48

Daydreams and rote memorization are examples of

A) directed thinking.
B) nondirected thinking.
C) schemata.
D) critical thinking skills.
E) None of the above

Question 49

Critical thinking is defined most accurately as

A) the use of cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome.
B) the use of cognitive skills or strategies that decrease the probability of a desirable outcome.
C) the use of cognitive skills or strategies that increase memory capacity.
D) the use of cognitive skills or strategies that increase positive social outcomes.
E) None of the above

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true about critical thinking?

A) Thinking critically is less important with improvements in technology.
B) Critical thinking really cannot be taught in schools.
C) Critical thinking is much less important than writing skills.
D) The "information explosion" and increasing technological advancements make critical thinking even more important today.
E) All of the above are true about critical thinking

Question 51

Schemata are defined as

A) feelings we have about our thoughts.
B) our personal internal representations about the nature of the world.
C) our abilities to monitor our own thought processes.
D) goal-directed.
E) All of the above

Question 52

While thought involves __________, knowledge is __________.

A) processing information…..everything we know.
B) everything we know….. processing information.
C) content…..context.
D) unchanging processes…..always changing.
E) None of the above

Question 53

Employers are increasingly seeking out workers who can engage in multi-step operations and manipulate abstract, complex information. These workers are called

A) thinking workers.
B) knowledge workers.
C) white-collar workers.
D) intelligent.
E) None of the above

Question 54

The use of internal picture-like representations while thinking is called

A) imagery.
B) imagining.
C) immature thought.
D) blocking.
E) None of the above

Question 55

Which of the following statements is NOT true about thinking?

A) Thinking is not a biological process.
B) Malnutrition, poisoning, and drugs can affect the ability to think critically
C) Thinking involves connections among neurons in the brain
D) The brain contains billions of neurons
E) All of the above are true about thinking

Question 56

Which of the following statements is NOT true about thinking?

A) Thinking is a biological process.
B) Malnutrition, poisoning, and drugs can affect the ability to think critically
C) Thinking involves connections among neurons in the brain
D) The brain contains billions of neurons
E) All of the above are true about thinking

Question 57

Research (Sanfrey et al., 2003) indicates that players who reject offers in the Ultimatum Game

A) are not very intelligence.
B) show higher activity in brain areas related to emotion.
C) save a lot of time and effort by rejecting offers.
D) are emotionally stable and mature.

Question 58

When is fast thinking most likely to be good thinking?

A) When it is done by people in new situations, solving new problems they have not encountered before
B) When it is based on emotions
C) When done by an expert with thousands of hours of experience and thinking
D) When it saves us time
E) All of the above

Question 59

Satisficing means that

A) most of the time, people make "good enough" decisions.
B) critical thinking is satisfying.
C) emotions interfere with reasoning.
D) schemata are only occasionally used.
E) None of the above

Question 60

Bounded rationality means that

A) intelligence cannot exceed a certain value.
B) there are limits on people's ability to think rationally.
C) emotions interfere with reasoning.
D) deliberate, careful thought is too difficult for almost everyone.
E) None of the above

Question 61

System 1 thinking is __________, while System 2 thinking is __________.

A) rapid…..slow
B) careful…..careless
C) effortful…..effortless
D) deliberate…..critical thinking
E) All of the above are true about System 1 and System 2 thinking

Question 62

System 1 thinking is __________, while System 2 thinking is __________.

A) rapid…..slow
B) automatic…..deliberate
C) effortless…..effortful
D) intuition…..critical thinking
E) All of the above are true about System 1 and System 2 thinking

Question 63

The intuition of experts is

A) also called "blink."
B) based on thousands of hours of careful, deliberate thought.
C) very quick, even automatic.
D) often correct, if the area of expertise is governed by regularities.
E) All of the above

Question 64

Critical thinking is described as

A) purposeful.
B) reasoned.
C) goal-directed.
D) increasing the probability of a desirable outcome.
E) All of the above

Question 65

Critical thinking is called __________ because it focuses on obtaining a/an __________ outcome.

A) critical…..undesirable
B) automatic…..rapid
C) directed thinking…..desirable
D) System 1 thinking…..practical
E) None of the above

Question 66

System 1 thinking is __________, while System 2 thinking is __________.

A) rapid…..slow
B) automatic…..deliberate
C) effortless…..effortful
D) intuition…..critical thinking
E) All of the above are true about System 1 and System 2 thinking

Question 67

The intuition of experts is

A) also called "blink."
B) based on thousands of hours of careful, deliberate thought.
C) very quick, even automatic.
D) often correct, if the area of expertise is governed by regularities.
E) All of the above

Question 68

Intelligence tests

A) were first used to place children in appropriate educational settings.
B) are not used anymore.
C) have been proven to be invalid.
D) do not provide scores that are predictive of later successes.
E) None of the above

Question 69

Contemporary psychologists generally view the construct of intelligence

A) as composed of a single information-processing ability.
B) as made up of many component parts.
C) as very easily measured.
D) as impossible to measure.
E) None of the above

Question 70

Which of the following is the best way to improve how you think?

A) Thinking very rapidly
B) Thinking as little as possible
C) Seeking out information that confirms what you believe
D) Self-monitoring of your own thought processes

Question 71

What a person does is called __________; what a person is able to do is called __________.

A) performance…..competence.
B) competence….. performance.
C) ability…..skill.
D) intelligence…..learning.
E) None of the above

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT included in a disposition for critical thinking?

A) Willingness to plan
B) Flexibility
C) Willingness to change your mind when evidence supports a change in position
D) Thinking as rapidly as possible
E) All of the above are included in a disposition for critical thinking

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT included in a disposition for critical thinking?

A) Willingness to plan
B) Flexibility
C) Willingness to change your mind when evidence supports a change in position
D) Consenus-seeking
E) All of the above are included in a disposition for critical thinking

Question 74

A critical thinking attitude

A) is not important.
B) is unrelated to use of critical thinking skills.
C) is as important as developing thinking skills.
D) cannot be taught.
E) None of the above

Question 75

Research examining effects of critical thinking instruction

A) is very rare.
B) does not provide substantial evidence that skills can taught.
C) indicates that skills can be taught, but only to adults.
D) indicates that critical thinking skills can transfer to real-world settings.
E) None of the above

Question 76

The spontaneous use of skills that are learned in one context in a different context is called

A) directed thinking.
B) transfer of training.
C) metacognition.
D) System 1 thinking.
E) None of the above

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT a skill involved in critical thinking?

A) Seeking out contradictory evidence
B) Engaging in metacognition
C) Relying exclusively on schemata in solving problems and making decisions
D) Using numerical information, including thinking probabilistically
E) All of the above are skills involved in critical thinking

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a part of the model proposed by Halpern for critical thinking instruction?

A) explicitly learn the skills of critical thinking
B) develop the disposition for effortful thinking and learning
C) make metacognitive monitoring explicit and overt
D) allow training activities to be unstructured and abstract

Question 79

According to your author, "better" opinions are

A) strongly held.
B) based on emotions.
C) based on tradition.
D) based on evidence.

Question 80

The goal of cognitive process instruction is

A) to utilize knowledge concerning human thinking processes to help improve how people think.
B) to increase the ease of automatic thinking.
C) to increase reliance on spontaneous and intuitive approaches to solving problems.
D) to decrease metacognitive interruption of spontaneous thinking.
E) All of the above