Deck 7: Power and Leadership

Question 1

Social power is most closely related to which of the following?

A) Social influence.
B) Social norms.
C) Social roles.
D) Social categories.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience were based in part on his desire to understand which of the following?

A) How individuals use referent power to create obedience.
B) How people resist the influence of others.
C) The atrocities committed by the German dictator Adolf Hitler.
D) How men and women react differently to social influence.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The task given to the "learner" in Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience was to

A) quickly recite a string of letters.
B) remember which words were associated with other words.
C) say only positive things about the "teacher."
D) ignore whatever the "teacher" told him or her.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In a variation in the original procedure of the experiment by Stanley Milgram, the experimenter was not present in the room, but communicated with the teacher by telephone. In this condition the obedience of the experimental participant

A) was reduced substantially.
B) did not change because the experimenter was still most salient.
C) increased because the participant demonstrated psychological reactance.
D) increased because the participant felt more free to shock.

Question 5

When participants were allowed to determine their own level of shock in Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience,

A) most still complied with the experimenter's demands.
B) whether or not participants complied depended upon their self-esteem.
C) they set very low levels of shock.
D) the level of shock that was set did not differ significantly from that in the original experimental conditions.

Question 6

The most appropriate conclusion to be drawn regarding Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience is that

A) people are evil and, left to their own devices, may even torture others.
B) an informal social setting, such as having a study conducted in a warehouse rather than on a college campus, can increase obedience.
C) the personality of the individual plays the most important role in determining who is obedient.
D) the social context, for instance the role of legitimate power, is a powerful determinant of obedience.

Question 7

According to Bertram Raven, which of the following equations defines power?

A) Power of A over B = Maximum force A can exert on B - Maximum resistance B can offer against
B) Power of A over B = Maximum force A can exert on B + Minimum force B can exert on
C) Power of A over B = Maximum coercive force A can exert on B + Maximum reward force A can exert on
D) Power of A over B = Maximum coercive force A can exert on B - Maximum legitimate resistance B can offer against

Question 8

Which of the following represents an order that leads from power that is likely to produce acceptance to power that is likely to produce compliance?

A) Informational; referent; reward; expert.
B) Reward; legitimate; expert; informational.
C) Expert; reward; legitimate; coercive.
D) Informational; referent; legitimate; reward.

Question 9

Joyce offers Martha $25.00 to take notes for her in class. Because Martha really needs the money, she feels she cannot refuse the offer. In this case Joyce has used which type of power over Joyce?

A) Reward.
B) Legitimate.
C) Referent.
D) Coercive.

Question 10

Alex tells his brother that he is going to tell on him to their parents unless he helps him wash the car. Alex is using which of the following types of power?

A) Reward.
B) Legitimate.
C) Referent.
D) Coercive.

Question 11

In general _____ will be used more than _____.

A) coercive; reward
B) reward; coercive
C) informational; expert
D) expert; informational

Question 12

In the experiments on obedience conducted by Stanley Milgram, the experimenter had ____ power over the teacher.

A) referent
B) coercive
C) reward
D) legitimate

Question 13

Sandy and her younger sister Alexis have been given some cookies to share. Alexis points out to Sandy that it is fair that they each get an equal number of cookies. Which of the following types of power is Alexis using?

A) Referent.
B) Coercive.
C) Reward.
D) Legitimate.

Question 14

Health care officials are concerned about a recent movie in which a famous actress is seen smoking cigarettes. The officials are probably concerned that the actress may lead children to begin smoking as a result of her _____ power.

A) referent
B) coercive
C) reward
D) legitimate

Question 15

Men are more likely to use _____ power, whereas women are more likely to use _____ power.

A) referent and coercive; reward and legitimate
B) reward and legitimate; referent and coercive
C) coercive and reward; legitimate and referent
D) legitimate and referent; coercive and reward

Question 16

In the research conducted by David Kipnis, college students were able to influence others either by sending messages or by both sending messages and by offering rewards. Kipnis found that the participants who were able to use rewards

A) rated the workers more negatively and were less interested in meeting them.
B) rated the workers more positively and felt they did better on the task.
C) did not use the rewards in most cases.
D) used the rewards rather than sending messages.

Question 17

Women may have more difficulty than men do assuming positions of power because

A) they are naturally unsuited to lead others.
B) men have more leadership abilities that woman.
C) acting powerfully is inconsistent with the female gender stereotype.
D) using legitimate power is seen as unfair.

Question 18

Your textbook defines leadership as

A) using reward and coercive power to get people to obey.
B) effectively influencing others to achieve group goals.
C) the ability to make decisions and get others to follow them.
D) the ability to organize and motivate followers.

Question 19

Two measures that have been used to assess leadership are

A) social influence and social categorization.
B) actual effectiveness and perceived effectiveness.
C) helping behaviors and inhibiting behaviors.
D) reward power and coercive power.

Question 20

According to the Leadership Categorization Theory of Robert Lord,

A) leaders are more effective when they avoid using coercive power.
B) leaders are more effective when they rely primarily upon informational and legitimate power.
C) leaders are more effective when they are aware of what group members expect of them.
D) leaders are effective when they socially categorize their followers.

Question 21

Which of the following traits have been found to be correlated with leadership effectiveness ?

A) Intelligence and sociability.
B) Ego-defensiveness and cognitive orientation.
C) Influenceability and self-esteem.
D) Independence and relationship-orientation.

Question 22

Many research programs have found that there are two basic types of effective leaders. These two types are _____ and _____ leaders.

A) task-oriented; relationship-oriented
B) intelligent; creative
C) reward-averse; coercion-averse
D) orienting; inhibiting

Question 23

In an experiment by Sorrentino and Boutillier, the number of comments and the quality of the comments given by a confederate in a group discussion were varied. Which of the following was found?

A) Only the number of comments made by the confederate predicted perceived leadership effectiveness.
B) Only the quality of the comments made by the confederate predicted perceived leadership effectiveness.
C) Both the number and the quality of comments made by the confederate predicted perceived leadership effectiveness.
D) Neither the number or the quality of the comments predicted perceived leadership effectiveness.

Question 24

Cinda is a leader who has a vision of where the group is going and who attempts to stimulate and inspire the group members. We can say that Cinda is a _____ leader.

A) transactional
B) transformational
C) role-oriented
D) intelligent

Question 25

Tom is a leader who works with his subordinates to help them understand what is required to get the job done. We can say that Tom is a _____ leader.

A) transactional
B) transformational
C) socioemotional
D) intelligent

Question 26

A charismatic leader is most similar to which of the following types of leaders?

A) Transactional.
B) Transformational.
C) Socioemotional.
D) Intelligent.

Question 27

Which of the following has been found in research?

A) Men are more likely to emerge and act as leaders.
B) Women are more likely to emerge and act as leaders.
C) Women are more likely to be transformational leaders, whereas men are more likely to be transactional leaders.
D) Men are more likely to be transformational leaders, whereas women are more likely to be transactional leaders.

Question 28

A meta-analysis by Eagly, Karau, and Makjijani found that

A) men made more effective leaders than women.
B) women made more effective leaders than men.
C) there were no gender differences, overall, in leadership effectiveness.
D) neither men nor women made good leaders in most situations.

Question 29

A meta-analysis by Eagly and Johnson found that

A) women used a more democratic leadership style in comparison to men.
B) under stress, women used a more autocratic leadership style in comparison to men.
C) both men and women preferred to use autocratic leadership styles.
D) there were no differences between men and women in the use of democratic and authoritarian leadership styles.

Question 30

Which of the following was found in the studies on leadership conducted by Lewin, Lippitt, and White?

A) Democratic leaders produced more acceptance, whereas autocratic leaders produced more compliance.
B) The children preferred to work with the autocratic leaders.
C) Leadership style influenced leadership perception but did not influence group performance.
D) Leadership style influenced group performance but did not influence leadership perception.

Question 31

One problem with personality theories of leadership is that

A) the social context is often a better predictor of leadership effectiveness than is personality.
B) there are no personality variables that predict leadership effectiveness.
C) the roles of personality variables has not been extensively studied in leadership.
D) the construct of personality is ambiguous.

Question 32

Which of the following represents an interactionist approach to leadership effectiveness?

A) The charismatic leadership approach.
B) The transactional-transformational distinction.
C) The contingency model of leadership effectiveness.
D) The Leadership Categorization Theory of Robert Lord.

Question 33

Rachel is a sociable person, who is able to get along with and enjoys working with almost everyone According to Fiedler's model, Rachel is

A) high LPC.
B) low LPC.
C) high relationship-contingency.
D) low relationship-contingency.

Question 34

Which of the following is predicted by to the contingency model of leadership effectiveness?

A) More relationship-oriented (high LPC) leaders will be more effective when the group climate is favorable.
B) More relationship-oriented (high LPC) leaders will be less effective when the group climate is favorable.
C) It cannot be predicted when relationship-oriented (high LPC) leaders will be effective.
D) Women will be more effective if they are relationship-oriented leaders.

Question 35

Rachel is a sociable person, who is able to get along with and enjoys working with almost everyone. Roseanne is less friendly, and almost always finds someone that she does not like working with. According to Fiedler's task contingency model, who will be more effective in a situation in which the group climate is unfavorable?

A) Rachel, because she is high LPC.
B) Roseanne, because she is high LPC.
C) Rachel, because she is low LPC.
D) Roseanne, because she is low LPC.

Question 36

One difficulty with Fiedler's contingency model of leadership effectiveness is that

A) there are more high LPC than low LPC leaders.
B) LPC is highly correlated with intelligence.
C) some people are not clearly high or low LPC.
D) LPC is not related to leadership effectiveness.

Question 37

Which of the following are interactionist approaches to leadership effectiveness?

A) Fiedler's contingency model.
B) Vroom and Yetton's normative decision model.
C) The leader-member exchange model.
D) All of the above are interactionist approaches.

Question 38

Describe the procedures and the results of Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience. What factors led to obedience? What conclusions can be drawn from the research?

Question 39

What is social power, and how do we know when someone has it? Consider the different types of power proposed by French and Raven, and give an example of each type other than ones given in Chapter 7.

Question 40

What were the results of David Kipnis's research on the corrupting influence of power? What conclusions about power can be drawn from the research?

Question 41

Define leadership and indicate the ways that it can be measured.

Question 42

What are the personality variables that have been found to predict leadership abilities and perceptions? Overall, what is the status of personality theories of leadership?

Question 43

Consider the characteristics of charismatic, transactional, and transformational leadership. What makes each of these types of leaders effective?

Question 44

Consider the types of strategies that leaders might use to exert influence, and the situations in which each might be most appropriate.

Question 45

What are the differences in the leadership abilities and the leadership preferences of men and women?