Deck 3: The White Racial Frame- a Social Force

Question 1

The __________ elements of the old white racial frame are perhaps the most developed and have long included various religious, scientific, and psychosexual rationalizations for oppression.

A) anti-Native American
B) anti-Asian
C) anti-black
D) anti-biracial

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In a 1550 debate, Spanish theologian __________ argued that it was lawful to enslave African populations because of their heathen natures, which obligated them to serve those with the superior culture (the Spanish).

A) Antonio del Corro
B) Petrus Martinez de Osma
C) Casiodoro de Reina
D) Gaines de Sepulveda
E) Rodrigo Sánchez de Arévalo

Answer 2

D

Question 3

From the first century of colonization, white Europeans have portrayed themselves as, to use Ronald Takaki's phrase, ___________.

A) virtuous democrats.
B) virtuous republicans.
C) virtuous chieftains.
D) virtuous rulers.
E) virtuous partisans.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the early ________ century, English American colonists first used terms like "Christians" for themselves and "negroes" for Africans and African Americans.

A) fifteenth
B) sixteenth
C) seventeenth
D) eighteenth

Question 5

As early as _________, Reverend Samuel Purchas spoke of the "black Negroe" and the "whiter European."

A) 1500
B) 1597
C) 1614
D) 1703
E) 1777

Question 6

By the late _________, colonial accounts refer to the unusual "complexion" of the slaves as making an impression on the "white" mind.

A) 1500s
B) 1600s
C) 1700s
D) 1800s

Question 7

English colonists had power to shape the everyday terminology used in interaction with one another and with those they oppressed. In Old English, the word "black" meant _______, while "white" meant to _______.

A) stained; shine purely.
B) sooted; gleam brightly.
C) cloudy; sparkle virtuously.
D) dirty; beam radiantly.

Question 8

In line with earlier Christian usage, "black" was used by the English colonists to describe __________.

A) sin and the devil.
B) wickedness and the evil spirits.
C) tomfoolery and the immorality.
D) evil and malevolent spirits.

Question 9

In the first century and a half, 40 percent of all those enslaved, as well as the many prominent whites who were speaking out on issues of their own liberty, were located in ______________.

A) Kentucky.
B) North Carolina.
C) Tennessee.
D) Virginia.
E) West Virginia.

Question 10

Thomas Jefferson published the cases of Virginia's General Court for the years 1730 to 1772. ___________ involved legal matters of concern to slaveholders "such as testamentary disposition of slaves, creditors' rights in a debtor's slaves, warranty in the sale of slaves, life estates in and mortgages of slaves, dower in slaves, and entailed slaves."

A) More than half
B) Half
C) One-third
D) One-quarter

Question 11

In the first naturalization law in ______, the new U.S. Congress made the earliest political statement on citizenship.

A) 1567
B) 1677
C) 1790
D) 1801

Question 12

In _________, the colony of Virginia established the first explicit law against interracial sex, and in _________ a law against interracial marriage was enforced by banishment.

A) 1531; 1560
B) 1662; 1691
C) 1770; 1799
D) 1803; 1833

Question 13

A fully developed concept of "race" as a pseudo-biological category was developed by Europeans and European Americans in the late __________, and was codified in the work of leading European and American intellectuals around the time of the American Revolution.

A) 1500s and 1600s
B) 1600s and 1700s
C) 1700s and 1800s
D) 1800s and 1900s

Question 14

By the late ________, hierarchical racial relations were increasingly explained in overtly bio-racial terms.

A) 1500s
B) 1600s
C) 1700s
D) 1800s

Question 15

The concept of "race," in the dominant racial frame, had at least three important elements, including all the following EXCEPT:

A) an accent on physically and biologically distinctive categories called "races."
B) an emphasis on "race" as the primary determinant of a group's essential personality and cultural traits.
C) a hierarchy of superior and inferior racial groups.
D) an accent on the concepts prejudice, stereotyping, bias, and bigotry.

Question 16

In his influential book Notes on the State of Virginia, published in the late eighteenth century, __________ articulated the first extensive arguments by a North American intellectual for black racial inferiority.

A) John Adams
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Alexander Hamilton
D) Thomas Jefferson
E) James Madison

Question 17

Over his lifetime, __________ owned hundreds of African Americans, even though he periodically, and hypocritically, asserted that he disliked slavery.

A) John Adams
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Alexander Hamilton
D) Thomas Jefferson
E) James Madison

Question 18

__________ was a supporter of exporting African Americans back to Africa, should they become free.

A) John Adams
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Alexander Hamilton
D) Thomas Jefferson
E) James Madison

Question 19

The major Western philosopher of the late eighteenth century, __________, produced the first developed theory of "race" in modern terms.

A) Immanuel Kant
B) Thomas Jefferson
C) James Madison
D) Arthur Schopenhauer
E) John Jay

Question 20

During the 1770s, __________ wrote of the hierarchy of "races of mankind," one of the early uses of the term "races" in the sense of biologically distinct, hierarchical categories.

A) Immanuel Kant
B) Thomas Jefferson
C) James Madison
D) Arthur Schopenhauer
E) John Jay

Question 21

German anatomist and anthropologist ____________ coined the term "Caucasians" (Europeans) because in his judgment the people of the Caucasus were the most beautiful Europeans.

A) Johann Blumenbach
B) Wilfrid Le Gros Clark
C) Carsten Niemitz
D) Rudolf Wagner
E) Franz Weidenreich

Question 22

In his 1830 lectures the leading German philosopher ___________ spoke about the "Negro" as "natural man in his wild and untamed nature" and argued that there is "nothing remotely humanized in the Negro's character."

A) G. W.F. Hegel
B) Martin Heidegger
C) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
D) Friedrich Nietzsche
E) Arthur Schopenhauer

Question 23

In the nineteenth century the leading French anatomist Paul Broca broke new ground in understanding how the brain works, yet he was also a leading racist thinker who argued that:

A) "European eyes" were associated with "superior stature, comely symmetry of the parts of the body, and good features in the face."
B) black skin and woolly hair were associated with inferior intelligence, while white skin and straight hair were "equipment of the highest [intelligence] groups."
C) the aristocratic "French race" descended from the invader Germanic Franks dominated blacks by innate right of conquest.
D) black people were "much inferior" to white people in reason, comprehension, and imagination.
E) All the above

Question 24

Before he became president, ____________ argued that the physical difference between racial groups was insuperable.

A) James Buchanan
B) Abraham Lincoln
C) Andrew Johnson
D) Ulysses S. Grant
E) Rutherford B. Hayes

Question 25

Which president once commented on what he called the "naked savages," saying "It is vain to deny that they [black Americans] are an inferior race - very far inferior to the European variety. They have learned in slavery all that they know in civilization"?

A) James Buchanan
B) Abraham Lincoln
C) Andrew Johnson
D) Ulysses S. Grant
E) Rutherford B. Hayes

Question 26

Between 1878 and 1923, a series of federal court cases decided that the following Americans were not white and thus were ineligible for citizenship:

A) Chinese Americans.
B) native Hawai'ians.
C) half-Asian Americans.
D) Burmese Americans.
E) All the above

Question 27

Between 1878 and 1923, a series of federal court cases decided that the following Americans were closer to the "black end" of the white-to-black racial desirability continuum than to the "white end":

A) Japanese Americans
B) Filipino Americans
C) American who are three-quarters Filipino
D) Korean Americans
E) All the above

Question 28

__________ wrote of black people as a category between whites and gorillas and spoke against government programs for the "weak" because they supposedly permitted the least desirable people to survive.

A) Charles Darwin
B) Herbert Spencer
C) William Graham Sumner
D) Thomas Jefferson
E) George Washington

Question 29

In spite of his pathbreaking idea of human evolution, he was unable to escape the white-racist framing then common among European scientists.

A) Charles Darwin
B) Herbert Spencer
C) William Graham Sumner
D) Thomas Jefferson
E) George Washington

Question 30

______________ argued that wealthy Americans, who were almost entirely white at the time, were products of natural selection and essential to the advancement of civilization.

A) Charles Darwin
B) Herbert Spencer
C) William Graham Sumner
D) Thomas Jefferson
E) George Washington

Question 31

In 1923 ____________, a Princeton psychologist who would later play a central role in developing college entrance tests, argued pugnaciously for the intellectual inferiority of various racial groups, using data from psychometric tests given to World War I draftees.

A) Carl Brigham
B) Raymond Cattell
C) Francis Galton
D) Nathaniel S. Shaler
E) William Graham Sumner

Question 32

__________ was well known as an advocate of the superiority of European civilization over all others, including those of Africa.

A) Woodrow Wilson
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) Warren G. Harding
D) Calvin Coolidge

Question 33

__________, who had been linked to the Klan, rejected any "suggestion of social equality" between whites and blacks.

A) Woodrow Wilson
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) Warren G. Harding
D) Calvin Coolidge

Question 34

Before he became president, __________ wrote in Good Housekeeping magazine, "Biological laws tell us that certain divergent people will not mix or blend. The Nordics propagate themselves successfully. With other races, the outcome shows deterioration on both sides."

A) Woodrow Wilson
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) Warren G. Harding
D) Calvin Coolidge

Question 35

Teleological racism is:

A) the view that non-European peoples were created as inferior so that they could serve and be civilized by superior whites.
B) the view that an intelligent creator produced non-European peoples to be inferior to whites, who he created in his own image.
C) the view that the human capacity for self-control and the concept of "free will" are exclusive to European peoples.
D) the view that the tendency of non-European peoples has been downward, and in the end, will cause their extinction.

Question 36

The most recent Federal Communications Commission study calculated from available data that _____________ of full power commercial television stations are owned by African Americans and that _____________ are owned by Americans of color.

A) less than one percent; less than six percent
B) less than two percent; less than seven percent
C) less than three percent; less than eight percent
D) less than four percent; less than nine percent
E) less than five percent; less than ten percent

Question 37

Recent surveys indicate that college graduates are startlingly uninformed regarding U.S. history and the political system. Findings include:

A) ten percent of college graduates wrongly identified the TV reality show's "Judge Judy" as a Supreme Court justice.
B) only 40 percent of college graduates knew that only Congress has the constitutional authority to declare war.
C) sixty percent of college graduates did not know any of the steps required to ratify a constitutional amendment.
D) half of college graduates did not know the length of terms for U.S. representatives and senators.
E) All the above

Question 38

Findings in a report by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) reveal:

A) that while almost all twelfth-grade students in the U.S. take a civics course, most could not pass a rudimentary civics test at a "proficient" level.
B) that most Americans do not know the most basic facts about the U.S. political system.
C) that most Americans do not understand why knowing basic facts about the U.S. political system really matters.
D) All the above

Question 39

The constitutional scholar Derrick Bell suggested that, historically, those in the white elite have acted to improve the conditions of black Americans only when whites themselves can benefit in the process, what he termed the process of racial-group __________.

A) mutual convergence.
B) reciprocal convergence.
C) shared convergence.
D) interest convergence.
E) public convergence.

Question 40

You are listening to a public lecture in which the speaker asserts that the Supreme Court ended the longstanding policy in 1954 of "separate but equal" in Brown v. Board of Education because at the height of the cold war it was important to whites to present to the world that the U.S. government supported civil and human rights. Who is the likely speaker?

A) Derrick Bell
B) W.E.B. Du Bois
C) Oliver Cox
D) Ida B. Wells-Barnett
E) Julia Cooper

Question 41

This report declared that "our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white - separate and unequal," and called for expanded aid to African American communities in order to prevent further racial violence and polarization.

A) Brown Commission Report
B) Cooper Commission Report
C) Kerner Commission Report
D) Mackey Commission Report
E) Rogers Commission Report

Question 42

In the ________, one survey found that 50 percent of physical anthropologists and 73 percent of animal behaviorists believed there were biologically differentiated "races" within the species Homo sapiens.

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s
E) 1990s

Question 43

Though the authors of this 1990s book had no training in genetics, they wrote about racial differences in IQ scores.

A) The Bell Curve
B) Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980
C) The G Factor: The Science of Mental Ability
D) A Question of Intelligence: The IQ Debate in America
E) Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science

Question 44

___________ is the view that black Americans have done less well than white Americans because of an allegedly deficient culture with its weak work ethic and family values.

A) the racialization of civilization
B) the racialization of culture
C) the racialization of discernment
D) the racialization of principles
E) the racialization of values

Question 45

___________ is a phrase coined by Joe Feagin to describe the inability of a great many whites to understand where African Americans and other Americans of color are coming from and what their racialized experiences are like.

A) social alexithymia
B) social antagonism
C) social animosity
D) social disaffectation

Question 46

This sociologist coined the phrase white fragility to describe that which prevents white Americans from confronting racism.

A) Robin DiAngelo
B) Kimberley Ducey
C) Joe R. Feagin
D) Paul Kivel

Question 47

_______________ can be seen in the images of Hollywood movies including Birth of a Nation (1915) and Gone With the Wind (1939). In such movies, there is a persistence across time in representations of the ideal white American self, which is constructed as dominant, courageous, genial, sympathetic, strong, and generous.

A) Authentic representations
B) Genuine narratives
C) Sincere fictions
D) Unaffected illusions

Question 48

Thomas Jefferson played a central role in the early development of racial rationalizations for the enslavement of black Americans.

Question 49

Prior to English colonization of North America and much of the globe, negative ideas about non-English peoples overseas had NOT previously spread across England.

Question 50

In the early seventeenth century English American colonists first used terms like "Christians" for themselves and "negroes" for Africans and African Americans.

Question 51

Darker skin color was later on taken by whites as the visible badge of enslavement.

Question 52

From the 1600s to the 1800s, many court decisions revealed the centrality of slavery to the newly created U.S.

Question 53

The U.S. Constitution assertively recognized the slavery economy and implicitly incorporated strong white-supremacist ideas in such provisions, including the one that counted an African American as only three-fifths of a person.

Question 54

Writing of mixed-ancestry Americans, Thomas Jefferson remarked that white "amalgamation with the other color produces a degradation to which no lover of his country … can innocently consent."

Question 55

A slaveholder for several decades, then an abolitionist later in life, Thomas Jefferson appeared to oppose slavery not so much because of its inhumanity, but because of its negative impact on whites.

Question 56

A fully developed concept of "race" as a pseudo-biological category was developed by Europeans and European Americans in the late 1600s and 1700s.

Question 57

A fully developed concept of "race" as a pseudo-biological category was codified in the work of leading European and American intellectuals around the time of the American Revolution.

Question 58

By the late 1700s, hierarchical racial relations were increasingly explained in overtly bio-racial terms.

Question 59

In his book, The History of Jamaica (1774), prominent judge Edward Long, a slaveholder, argued that Africans were a "truly bestial" species.

Question 60

Benjamin Franklin contended that black Americans were an inferior "race," a word he helped to make central to the racialized framing of his day.

Question 61

In his 1830 lectures, the leading German philosopher G. W.F. Hegel spoke about the "Negro" as "natural man in his wild and untamed nature" and argued that there is "nothing remotely humanized in the Negro's character."

Question 62

In the nineteenth century, the leading French anatomist Paul Broca broke new ground in understanding how the brain works, yet he was also a leading racist thinker.

Question 63

The Dred Scott decision revealed that all black Americans, whether slave or technically "free," were inferior racialized beings with no rights, and white supremacy was asserted to be part of the law of the land.

Question 64

Before he became president, Abraham Lincoln had argued that the physical difference between racial groups was insurmountable.

Question 65

Abraham Lincoln, soon called the "Great Emancipator," had made his white- supremacist views very clear, views later cited by southern officials in their 1960s struggle to protect legal segregation.

Question 66

Nowadays, Abraham Lincoln's racist views are overlooked, even by white-supremacist groups.

Question 67

In his extraordinarily influential writings, the English scientist Charles Darwin applied the important evolutionary idea of "natural selection" ONLY to animal development, NOT to the development of human "races."

Question 68

President Theodore Roosevelt opposed scientific racism.

Question 69

In the twenty-first century fewer than two dozen corporations control much of the U.S. mainstream media.

Question 70

Television viewing has an important effect on white viewers' negative stereotypes of U.S. Latinos, especially when these viewers feel that they had learned important information about Latinos from watching television.

Question 71

By the 1940s and 1950s African American protests against Jim Crow segregation were growing and having a very negative impact on the U.S. image abroad.

Question 72

W.E.B. Du Bois forwarded the theory of interest convergence, arguing that white people will support racial justice only when they believe there is something in it for them, when there is a "convergence" between their interests and racial justice.

Question 73

With the demise of legal segregation from the 1950s to the 1970s, the dominant version of the white racial frame was altered in certain significant ways, especially by softening some racist imagery.

Question 74

Since the 1960s, white conservative organizations have worked tirelessly in pressing Congress, the courts, and the private sector to weaken or eliminate antidiscrimination programs such as affirmative action.

Question 75

In the decades from the 1970s to the present, numerous conservative, mostly white, judges have ruled that group-remedy programs for racial discrimination violate the U.S. Constitution, which they assert only recognizes the rights of individuals, not groups.

Question 76

City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 was a Supreme Court case that held that the city of Richmond's minority set-aside program, which gave preference to minority business enterprises in the awarding of municipal contracts, was unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.

Question 77

Occasionally, the U.S. Supreme Court has pursued aggressive and comprehensive enforcement of civil rights laws in numerous major areas, including housing and employment.

Question 78

In 2007, a Nobel prize winner in science argued that "IQ" test data indicate that black people are less intelligent than whites.

Question 79

In a 2017 book, Is Science Racist? the biological anthropologist Jonathan Marks noted that there is too much toleration for racist framing in science: "If you espouse racist ideas in science, that's not quite so bad. People might look at you a little askance, but as a racist you can coexist in science alongside them."

Question 80

A recent study showed that the level of public anti-black views in a state - and especially in white Republican-controlled states - was related to state legislators' efforts to force recipients of public assistance to undergo drug testing.