Deck 7: Biosocial Criminology

Question 1

Which of the following statements is/are false?

A) Research shows that low intelligence has a direct effect on delinquency.
B) There is much debate about the degree to which intelligence is inherited.
C) Intelligence is influenced in significant ways by environment.
D) All of the above statements are false.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Adoption studies of crime try to determine if:

A) adopted sons commit more crime than adopted daughters.
B) the criminal behavior of adopted children is similar to biological children in the same family.
C) the criminal behavior of adopted children is more like that of their adoptive parents or their biological parents.
D) None of the above.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which hormone has received the vast majority of attention with regard to antisocial behavior?

A) Progesterone
B) Testosterone
C) Dopamine
D) Monoamine

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Abnormally low levels of which neurotransmitter have been connected with impulsive and aggressive behavior in both juveniles and adults?

A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) Norepinephrine
D) Monoamine

Question 5

Individuals with low _____________ condition poorly because they do not anticipate punishment, and therefore are slow to learn limits to behavior and self-control.

A) anticipatory reinforcement
B) levels of autonomic arousal
C) anticipatory socialization
D) cognitive accentuation

Question 6

The autonomic nervous system controls which of the following bodily functions?

A) Blood pressure
B) Heart activity
C) Hormone levels
D) All of the above.

Question 7

The ability to plan and reflect on one's actions is referred to as:

A) executive functioning.
B) somatotyping.
C) heritability.
D) extroversion.

Question 8

Biosocial scientists interested in antisocial behavior focus on the region of the brain most
Responsible for impulses, emotions, and goal-directed actions. What part of the brain is this?

A) Cerebellum
B) Hypothalamus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Reticular formation

Question 9

Studies in __________ __________ attempt to measure genetic influences on behavior and individual traits.

A) reaction formation
B) evolutionary theory
C) negative emotionality
D) molecular genetics

Question 10

Complex individual personality traits (e.g. self-control) and behavioral tendencies (e.g. aggression) are products of multiple genes, in combination producing a:

A) polynomial equation.
B) polygenic effect.
C) subliminal suggestion.
D) supplication evocation.

Question 11

Hirschi and Hindelang contended that low intelligence, as measured by IQ, is an important causal factor in delinquent behavior, independent of social class and race, although its influence is primarily:

A) direct.
B) indirect.
C) reciprocal.
D) spurious.

Question 12

Hirschi and Hindelang argued that low intelligence influences delinquency indirectly through:

A) school performance.
B) peer associations.
C) family relations.
D) All of the above.

Question 13

Miller and Lynam's research indicated that antisocial individuals tend to be hostile, self-centered, spiteful, jealous, and indifferent to others. What is their label for this set of personality traits?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Neuroticism
D) ADHD

Question 14

Miller and Lynam's research indicated that antisocial individuals tend to lack ambition, motivation, and perseverance, have difficulty controlling their impulses, and hold non-traditional values and beliefs? What is their label for this set of personality traits?

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Neuroticism
D) ADHD

Question 15

The five-factor model identifies five basic personality factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A) Extroversion
B) Agreeableness
C) Psychoticism
D) Conscientiousness

Question 16

Eysenck's PEN model associates three personality dimensions with crime and delinquency. Which of the following is NOT part of Eysenck's model?

A) Extraversion
B) Psychoticism
C) Introversion
D) Neuroticism

Question 17

What term is used to refer to reasonably stable patterns of perceiving, thinking, feeling, and responding to the environment?

A) Extroversion
B) Personality
C) Sensory affectation
D) Brain imaging

Question 18

Burt and Simmons (2014) argue that behavioral genetic studies are fundamentally flawed because they try to partition genetic and environmental influences when, in fact, genes and environment ___________ to influence behavior.

A) hypothesize
B) stagnate
C) interact
D) pontificate

Question 19

Key biological influences on antisocial behavior can be categorized into three areas of study. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas?

A) Biochemical factors
B) The nervous system
C) Heredity or behavioral genetics
D) Sensory factors

Question 20

Contemporary biosocial criminology describes a biosocial process in which biological and environmental factors influence each other, and together affect the likelihood of delinquency. This process is called:

A) nature-nurture interaction.
B) reaction formation.
C) reaffirmation.
D) complex integration.

Question 21

Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck found that delinquent boys were disproportionately:

A) ectomorphic.
B) endomorphic.
C) macromorphic.
D) mesomorphic.

Question 22

Research on humans shows a clear link between testosterone and aggressive and violent behavior.

Question 23

Abnormally low levels of serotonin have been connected with impulsive and aggressive behavior in both juveniles and adults.

Question 24

Dopamine affects an individual's ability to associate cues (events or objects) in the environment with rewards and punishments.

Question 25

In general, research has found that antisocial individuals have higher resting heart rates than individuals who are not antisocial.

Question 26

The somatic nervous system controls bodily functions that are usually beyond conscious control, including blood pressure, heart activity, breathing, and hormone levels.

Question 27

Biosocial criminology contends that delinquency and other forms of antisocial behavior result from a combination of social, psychological, and biological causes.

Question 28

The Gluecks found that delinquent boys were disproportionately endomorphic.

Question 29

William Sheldon believed that body physique was an accurate and reliable indicator of personality, and consequently, a predictor of behavior.

Question 30

Shared environmental factors are conditions and experiences shared by family members.

Question 31

Gene-based evolutionary theories claim that there is a "crime gene."

Question 32

Biosocial criminologists argue that biological factors lead directly to crime and delinquency.

Question 33

William Sheldon identified three structures of human physique which he then connected to what?

A) Geographic location of birth
B) Race
C) Personality temperaments
D) All of the above.

Question 34

William Sheldon identified three primary structures of human physique. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) Mesomorphy
B) Macromorphy
C) Endomorphy
D) Ectomorphy

Question 35

Which student of Lombroso considered the importance of physical and social environments in explaining crime?

A) Enrico Ferri
B) Charles Goring
C) Earnest Hooton
D) Raffaele Garofalo

Question 36

Which student of Lombroso argued that criminals lacked basic moral sentiments because they did not fear punishment and they lacked self-control?

A) Enrico Ferri
B) Charles Goring
C) Earnest Hooton
D) Raffaele Garofalo

Question 37

Lombroso developed four major categories of criminals. Which of the following is NOT one of his categories?

A) Occasional criminals
B) Career criminals
C) Born criminals
D) Criminals by passion

Question 38

Lombroso used the term _____________ to refer to the distinctive physical characteristics observed in criminals that identify atavism.

A) stigmata
B) neurophysiology
C) somatotypes
D) testosterone

Question 39

This man is often called the "father of modern criminology."

A) Enrico Ferri
B) Sheldon Glueck
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Charles Goring

Question 40

On average, delinquents score slightly higher on IQ tests than do non-delinquents.

Question 41

Lombroso's thesis was that criminals are physically distinct from non-criminals.