Deck 2: Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice: Origins and Transformation

Question 1

Contemporary state statutes that define juvenile delinquency typically include four legal categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these categories?

A) Dependent and neglected youth
B) Youth in need of supervision
C) Serious delinquent youth
D) Habitual offender

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following first recommended handling minor offenders in the community instead of juvenile courts?

A) The National Council on Crime and Delinquency
B) The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
C) The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
D) The National Advisory Council on Juvenile Reform

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following was established in 1965 during the Johnson administration?

A) The National Council on Crime and Delinquency
B) The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
C) The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
D) The National Advisory Council on Juvenile Reform

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following Supreme Court cases dealt with the issue of double jeopardy?

A) in re Winship (1970)
B) in re Gault (1967)
C) Breed v. Jones (1975)
D) Kent v. United States (1966)

Question 5

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the "proof beyond a reasonable doubt" standard should be required during the adjudicatory stage of the juvenile court process?

A) in re Winship (1970)
B) in re Gault (1967)
C) Breed v. Jones (1975)
D) Kent v. United States (1966)

Question 6

In McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971), what Constitutional right was in question?

A) Trial by jury
B) Privacy
C) Self-incrimination
D) Legal representation

Question 7

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the juvenile court must provide a written statement of the reasons for waiver to adult court?

A) in re Winship (1970)
B) in re Gault (1967)
C) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
D) Kent v. United States (1966)

Question 8

The presumption of __________ acknowledged that young people could not be held legally responsible for their offenses because they lacked physical and mental maturity.

A) innocence
B) incapacity
C) rehabilitation
D) justice

Question 9

The distinctive legal philosophy of the original juvenile court has been called the __________ ideal because of its emphasis on assessment and reform, rather than the determination of guilt and punishment as in adult criminal courts.

A) reformative
B) progressive
C) rehabilitative
D) deterrence

Question 10

The early juvenile court assumed jurisdiction over what types of cases?

A) Dependency and neglect
B) Juvenile delinquency (violations of criminal law by children)
C) Property offenses, but not violent offenses
D) Both A and B

Question 11

The creation of the juvenile court was largely a product of:

A) Supreme Court decisions requiring a separate juvenile justice system.
B) efforts of the child-saving movement to create a separate juvenile justice system.
C) an overburdened adult court, necessitating the creation of a separate juvenile justice
D) system.
E) radical Marxist ideas.

Question 12

Which of the following first recommended that non-criminal youth should NOT be placed in detention facilities or committed to institutions with delinquent offenders?

A) The National Council on Crime and Delinquency
B) The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
C) The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
D) The National Advisory Council on Juvenile Reform

Question 13

Which of the following stated that first priority should be given to preventing juvenile delinquency?

A) The National Council on Crime and Delinquency
B) The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
C) The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
D) The National Advisory Council on Juvenile Reform

Question 14

Offenses that are considered illegal only for youth under the legal age of majority are known as:

A) misconduct.
B) status offenses.
C) criminal offenses.
D) non-punishable offenses.

Question 15

Evaluation research on the effectiveness of delinquency intervention programs is the basis of a contemporary juvenile justice reform movement called:

A) writ of habeas corpus
B) biosocial engineering
C) evidence-based practice
D) institutionalization

Question 16

Research evidence on adolescent development and effective responses to adolescent offending has led to the contemporary juvenile justice reform emphasizing:

A) positive adolescent social development
B) getting tough with juveniles
C) logical consequences for adolescent misconduct
D) reality therapy for juveniles

Question 17

In recent years, what aspect of balanced and restorative justice has been most emphasized?

A) Individualized treatment
B) Offender accountability
C) Public safety
D) Offender competency development

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential elements associated with the balanced and restorative justice model?

A) Individualized treatment
B) Offender accountability
C) Public safety
D) Offender competency development

Question 19

In which transfer provision do state statutes exclude certain juvenile offenders and offenses from juvenile court jurisdiction, and specify that these cases originate in criminal rather than juvenile court?

A) Statutory exclusion
B) Judicial waiver
C) Concurrent jurisdiction
D) Clemency exclusion

Question 20

Which transfer provision gives prosecutors the authority to file certain types of cases in either juvenile court or adult criminal court?

A) Statutory exclusion
B) Judicial waiver
C) Concurrent jurisdiction
D) Clemency exclusion

Question 21

The ""get tough"" approach whereby some states have allowed for punishment of violent delinquents through the use of mandatory secure confinement has been implemented by changes in:

A) public opinion.
B) case law.
C) parens patriae.
D) statutory law.

Question 22

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 specified four areas of reform regarding the use of secure detention of juveniles. Which of the following was NOT one of these areas of reform?

A) Separate juveniles from adult offenders in jails
B) Remove juveniles from adult jails
C) Increase the use of detention for status offenders
D) Reduce the disproportionate rate of minority confinement

Question 23

The Juvenile Court Act passed in 1899 established the first separate court system for juveniles in which state?

A) New York
B) Pennsylvania
C) Illinois
D) Massachusetts

Question 24

The __________ movement was comprised primarily of women from middle- and upper-class backgrounds across the U.S. who exercised considerable influence in mobilizing change in how government dealt with independent, neglected, and delinquent children.

A) juvenile reform
B) child-saving
C) "placing-out"
D) reform

Question 25

The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 created the first separate system of juvenile justice in the United States.

Question 26

The first juvenile court in the United States was created in 1859.

Question 27

Reform schools typically used a cottage or family system.

Question 28

Parens patriae doctrine was introduced into American law in an 1818 Virginia Supreme Court case.

Question 29

House of refuge reformers believed that children were victims rather than offenders and needed to be removed from the corrupting influences of urban poverty.

Question 30

Poor Laws gave authority to the government to separate poor children from their parents.

Question 31

Positivist criminology is based upon the assumption that the social world cannot be studied scientifically.

Question 32

Parens patriae established the king as protector and guardian of dependent classes.

Question 33

One historical development that led to the social construction of ""juvenile delinquency"" was the rise of positivist criminology.

Question 34

Parens patriae is the legal right of parents to discipline their children as they see fit.

Question 35

The Latin phrase parens patriae literally means ""parent of the country.""

Question 36

By 1925, all but two states had juvenile court laws.

Question 37

The National Council on Crime and Delinquency showed that detention facilities were being used to house juveniles accused of non-criminal conduct.

Question 38

The reform school provided the context for the first significant legal challenge to the parens patriae doctrine in the Illinois Supreme Court case:

A) O'Connell v. Turner (1870).
B) ex parte Crouse (1838).
C) in re Winship (1970).
D) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971).

Question 39

The parens patriae doctrine was introduced into American law in an 1838 Pennsylvania Supreme Court case called:

A) O'Connell v. Turner (1870).
B) ex parte Crouse (1838).
C) in re Winship (1970).
D) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971).

Question 40

During the 1800s, moral reform in houses of refuge involved four basic elements. Which of the following was NOT one of those elements?

A) Work
B) Education
C) Strict discipline
D) Love and guidance

Question 41

The first House of Refuge in the United States was established where in 1824?

A) New York
B) Illinois
C) Pennsylvania
D) Massachusetts

Question 42

What term refers to the belief, prominent in the 1800s, that children growing up in poverty, surrounded by depravity in their neighborhood and family, are destined to a life of crime and degradation?

A) Parens patriae
B) Original sin
C) In loco parentis
D) Pauperism

Question 43

What concept refers to the belief that the causes of delinquency can be identified using scientific methods?

A) Rationality
B) Classification
C) Positivism
D) Abstraction

Question 44

Which English legal doctrine was applied most extensively to cases in which the guardianship of young children was at issue?

A) The Magna Carta
B) Parens patriae
C) Mala in se
D) The Bill of Rights

Question 45

The development of which English legal doctrine coincided with the discovery of childhood and adolescence during the Renaissance?

A) The Magna Carta
B) Parens patriae
C) Mala in se
D) The Bill of Rights

Question 46

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile (1762) presented a clear departure from earlier depictions of children by advancing the concept of:

A) developmental stages across the life course.
B) emotional deprivation.
C) original sin.
D) parens patriae.

Question 47

The concept of "juvenile delinquency" is linked to three historical developments. Which of the following is NOT one of these historical developments?

A) The discovery of childhood and adolescence.
B) The English legal doctrine of parens patriae.
C) U.S. Supreme Court cases that defined delinquency.
D) The dominance of positivism in criminology.

Question 48

Balanced and restorative justice emphasizes offender accountability, community safety, and offender competency development.

Question 49

In Centuries of Childhood, Philippe Ariès argues that the idea of childhood, as a distinct developmental stage, did not emerge until the Renaissance.