Deck 12: Labeling and Critical Criminologies

Question 1

The labeling perspective tries to explain individuals' involvement in delinquency.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

What is Lemert's term for deviance that occurs in response to problems created by societal reactions to primary deviance?"

A) Stigmatized deviance
B) Secondary deviance
C) Secondary definition
D) Preliminary reorientation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The fundamental distinction between primary and secondary deviance lies in:

A) the seriousness of the deviant act.
B) the acceptance of a deviant identity.
C) the severity of the sentence received in court.
D) the age of the juvenile delinquent.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following was NOT a reform of the juvenile justice system in the 1960s and 1970s, based on the labeling perspective?

A) Disinvestment of funds in the juvenile justice system.
B) Diversion from the juvenile justice system.
C) Due process protections in the juvenile justice system.
D) Deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders.

Question 5

The labeling perspective has significantly influenced juvenile justice policy and practice by encouraging:

A) decriminalization of status offenses.
B) diversion from the juvenile justice system.
C) deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders.
D) All of the above.

Question 6

Howard Becker refers to rule creators as:

A) overzealous legislators.
B) deviants.
C) moral crusaders.
D) None of the above.

Question 7

What term did Matsueda use to refer to the view of self that one develops by taking the role of others and appraising oneself from the perspective of those others?

A) Looking-glass self
B) The id
C) Reflected appraisals of self
D) Self-reflections

Question 8

John Braithwaite contends that stigmatization increases subsequent offending, while _____________ decreases subsequent offending.

A) labeling
B) reintegrative shaming
C) conceptual shaming
D) conceptual reorientation

Question 9

Research that examines the consequences of labeling shows which of the following?

A) Labeling theory receives almost no research support as an explanation for delinquency.
B) Formal labels by the juvenile justice system influence subsequent offending, but informal labels do not.
C) Informal labels influence subsequent offending, but formal labels do not.
D) Both formal and informal labels influence subsequent offending.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of the themes of critical criminologies?

A) The solution to crime is the creation of a more equitable society.
B) Crime and delinquency are politically defined.
C) Both law and the criminal justice system protect the interests of most members of society.
D) Capitalism is the root cause of criminal behavior.

Question 11

In Colvin and Pauly's integrated structural-Marxist theory, what influences mechanisms of control within the family?

A) Social institutions such as schools and churches.
B) The forms of control that parents experience within the workplace.
C) The characteristics of communities in which families reside.
D) All of the above.

Question 12

According to Colvin and Pauly, which type of workers tend to use coercive, arbitrary, and inconsistent discipline that is sometimes lax and at other times highly punitive?

A) Fraction I workers
B) Fraction II workers
C) Fraction III workers
D) None of the above.

Question 13

In their integrated structural-Marxist theory, Colvin and Pauly examine control structures in which of the following contexts?

A) Schools
B) Workplaces
C) Families
D) All of the above.

Question 14

Power-control theory offers a structural explanation for common delinquency that focuses on the intersection of:

A) age and race.
B) gender and race.
C) social class and gender.
D) social class and race.

Question 15

According to Hagan and his colleagues, in which type of families do parents teach daughters to avoid risk?

A) Egalitarian families
B) Patriarchal families
C) Matriarchal families
D) Authoritative families

Question 16

Which theorist argues that the disproportionate involvement of adolescents in crime is based on their precarious status position in capitalist societies?

A) John Hagan
B) Richard Quinney
C) David Greenberg
D) Willem Bonger

Question 17

In Greenberg's Marxist interpretation of delinquency, he explains crimes that are exaggerated displays of toughness (e.g. rape, assault) as attempts to reduce _____________.

A) masculine stigmatization
B) status shaming
C) status inconsistency
D) masculine status anxiety

Question 18

Whose view of female offending has been called the "liberation hypothesis"?

A) Freda Adler and Rita Simon
B) Meda Chesney-Lind
C) Catherine MacKinnon
D) James Messerschmidt

Question 19

The most important aspect of primary deviance is that:

A) it has no significant impact on self-concept or social status.
B) it is uncommon.
C) the juvenile justice system almost always detects primary deviance.
D) direct parental controls cannot affect primary deviance.

Question 20

What term is used to refer to initial acts of deviance, many of which go undetected?

A) Secondary deviance
B) Covert deviance
C) Primary deviance
D) Overt deviance

Question 21

Who introduced the concepts of primary and secondary deviance?

A) Howard Becker
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Edwin Lemert
D) Kai Erikson

Question 22

The labeling perspective focuses on social and societal reactions to delinquency.

Question 23

Labeling theorists focus on the social construction of deviance, rather than its causes.

Question 24

According to Lemert, primary deviance occurs without an effect on one's identity.

Question 25

According to Braithwaite's theory, reintegrative shaming reduces or controls crime.

Question 26

Karl Marx offered the first explanation of how capitalism generates crime.

Question 27

Critical criminologists focus on the distribution of power in society, and on inequalities among members of different groups, including social classes.

Question 28

Critical criminologists argue that laws reflect social consensus.

Question 29

Colvin and Pauly argue that workplace control structures shape the forms of control parents use to discipline and reward their children.

Question 30

Greenberg's Marxist interpretation of delinquency focuses on the intersection of social class and gender, and how it explains the gender gap in delinquency.

Question 31

Power-control theory argues that gender, not social class, creates the conditions of freedom that lead to common delinquency.

Question 32

For most of its history, the discipline of criminology ignored the issue of gender.

Question 33

Radical feminists believe that gender equality can be achieved through changes in socialization experiences and the provision of equal opportunities for women through legal reform, such as laws prohibiting discrimination based on gender.

Question 34

Radical feminist criminologists have examined the patriarchal biases of the criminal justice system.

Question 35

The main question labeling theorists ask is:

A) Why are people deviant or delinquent?
B) What social factors cause people to become deviant or delinquent?
C) How and why do certain behaviors and individuals get labeled "deviant" or "delinquent?"
D) How do we explain both deviance and conformity?

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The labeling perspective is concerned with how and why behavior is labeled "deviant."
B) The focus of the labeling perspective is on the causes of deviance or delinquency.
C) Labeling theorists view deviance as an inherent quality of particular acts.
D) The labeling perspective contends that definitions of deviance are universal.

Question 37

Labeling theory has its roots in:

A) symbolic interactionism.
B) structural functionalism.
C) the conflict perspective.
D) Both A and C

Question 38

Who is typically credited with providing the first statement of the principles of labeling theory?

A) Howard Becker
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Edwin Lemert
D) Kai Erikson

Question 39

Which feminist perspective focuses on patriarchy as the root of women's oppression?

A) Liberal feminism
B) Radical feminism
C) Socialist feminism
D) Marxist feminism