Deck 3: Ethics and Behavior in Organizations

Question 1

Which of the following statements is false about ethics, management decisions, and management behavior?

A) Ethical dilemmas appear in many areas of management decision.
B) Managers usually have clear ethical guidelines for their decisions.
C) Some research shows that managers use a form of situational ethics to guide their decisions.
D) It is often hard to define right and wrong, especially in our increasingly global environment.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Gallup polls on ethics perceptions, the public views which of the following occupations as having the highest ethics?

A) Journalists.
B) Business executives.
C) Car salespeople.
D) Nurses, pharmacists, and other medical occupations.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Gallup polls on ethics perceptions, the public views which of the following occupations as having the lowest ethics?

A) Journalists.
B) Business executives.
C) Car salespeople.
D) Druggists/pharmacists.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Gallup polls on ethics perceptions, business executives were ranked ______________ in a list of occupations.

A) At the top of the list.
B) Near the top of the list.
C) Among the lowest on the list.
D) At the bottom of the list.

Question 5

Which of the following statements correctly describes ethical and unethical behavior?

A) Ethical behavior is good, right, just, and honorable.
B) Unethical behavior is wrong, unjust, and dishonorable.
C) One uses principles, rules, or guides from a specific ethics theory to judge right and wrong.
D) Each answer correctly describes ethical and unethical behavior.

Question 6

The position that it is good for business to do business ethically has all but one of the following characteristics.

A) It has a short-term view of ethical management.
B) It is the keystone of efficient operation of business organizations.
C) Customers who feel cheated will not return.
D) Ethical businesses develop a reputation for fair dealings.

Question 7

Which of the following is an ethical issue in organizational behavior?

A) Stress in organizations raises ethical issues about a manager's duty to reduce dysfunctional stress.
B) Ethical questions about behavior shaping center on having a person's consent to use the shaping process to affect the person's behavior.
C) People who have knowledge of organizational behavioral processes can strongly affect other people's behavior, raising questions about whether it is ethical to affect the behavior of others without their consent.
D) Each answer is an ethical issue in organizational behavior.

Question 8

Ethics is a branch of

A) Psychology.
B) Sociology.
C) Philosophy.
D) Organizational behavior.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Societies can change ethical systems viewed as unrewarding.
B) Changes in ethical systems typically occur quickly.
C) Ethical systems have standards for reward allocation.
D) A society's exposure to other cultures can change its ethical system.

Question 10

Which of the following is a stage of moral development attributed mainly to women?

A) Concerned with survival.
B) Universal.
C) Societal.
D) Individual.

Question 11

Which of the following is a stage of moral development attributed mainly to women?

A) Principled.
B) Focused on others.
C) Conventional.
D) Preconventional.

Question 12

The stage of moral development that features a self-centered view with no consideration of others' viewpoints is

A) Reflective.
B) Conventional.
C) Preconventional.
D) Principled.

Question 13

The stage of moral development where behavior is a function of avoiding punishment is

A) Principled.
B) Conventional.
C) Institutional.
D) Preconventional.

Question 14

A child who steals candy from another because the child wants the candy is probably operating in the ______________ stage of moral development.

A) Principled.
B) Preconventional.
C) Conventional.
D) Reflective.

Question 15

The stage of moral development at which people become aware of society's expectations is the ______________ stage.

A) Self-focused.
B) Preconventional.
C) Conventional.
D) Principled.

Question 16

A student who decides not to cheat on an examination because others frown upon it is probably in the ______________ stage of moral development.

A) Preconventional.
B) Conventional.
C) Principled.
D) Universal.

Question 17

The stage of moral development in which people assume that universal moral principles exist is

A) Preconventional.
B) Conventional.
C) Societal.
D) Principled.

Question 18

A doctor who breaks the law by helping a chronically ill patient commit suicide because he or she believes everyone has the right to choose how to die is probably in the ______________ stage of moral development.

A) Preconventional.
B) Conventional.
C) Self-focused.
D) Principled.

Question 19

The stage of moral development in which people focus on others and relationships with them is the ______________ stage.

A) Concerned with survival.
B) Self-sacrificing.
C) Reflective understanding.
D) Principled.

Question 20

According to an ethic of care, the most advanced stage of moral development is

A) Principled.
B) Self-sacrificing.
C) Reflective understanding.
D) Self-focused.

Question 21

According to an ethic of justice, the first stage of moral development is

A) Self-focused.
B) Preconventional.
C) Conventional.
D) Reflective understanding.

Question 22

All the following are features of the utilitarianism theory of ethics except

A) It asks a person to examine the effects of the person's actions to decide whether the action is morally correct.
B) An action is morally right if the total net benefit of the action exceeds the total net benefit of any other action a person could have taken.
C) Utilitarianism fully considers matters of justice and rights.
D) Utilitarianism assumes a person can know and assess all costs and benefits of his or her actions.

Question 23

Which of the following theories of ethics holds that lying is right if more good than harm results?

A) Rule utilitarianism.
B) Act utilitarianism.
C) Individual ethical egoism.
D) Universal ethical egoism.

Question 24

An executive decides to meet Environmental Protection Agency emissions requirements although it reduces company profit. The executive believes that, if all companies followed the laws, we would share a cleaner environment. This executive is using which ethics theory?

A) Individual ethical egoism.
B) Universal ethical egoism.
C) Act utilitarianism.
D) Rule utilitarianism.

Question 25

The argument that it is not possible to objectively measure costs and benefits for all people affected by an action is an argument against the ______________ theory of ethics.

A) Rights.
B) Justice.
C) Utilitarianism.
D) Egoism.

Question 26

Which ethics theory is limited in its applicability because some costs and benefits are hard to quantify, such as life or death?

A) Utilitarianism.
B) Rights.
C) Egoism.
D) Justice.

Question 27

The view that says people should not interfere with another person's rights is the ______________ view.

A) Negative rights.
B) Positive rights.
C) Liberal rights.
D) Moral rights.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is false about the rights-based view of ethics?

A) Moral rights apply to all people under any legal system.
B) Moral rights are expressed from society's view.
C) Individual rights exist even if restricting them might benefit society.
D) Sometimes utilitarian concerns can take precedence over the rights view.

Question 29

The belief that everyone has freedom of speech, even if some people find the speech offensive, is consistent with which of the following theories of ethics?

A) Utilitarianism.
B) Egoism.
C) Rights.
D) Justice.

Question 30

An organization that fosters the view that it should help the disabled with their right to a job accepts the ______________ view of rights.

A) Positive.
B) Utilitarianism.
C) Negative.
D) No answers are correct.

Question 31

The theory of distributive justice has all but which of the following principles?

A) Equal liberty, in which each person's basic liberties must equal those of others.
B) Difference, in which societies will have inequalities but also must help the disadvantaged.
C) Transactions, in which the acquisition and transfer of goods in a society are just only if done by free choice of its people.
D) Fair equality of opportunity, in which everyone must have the same chance to gain the best positions that society offers.

Question 32

In the theory of distributive justice, which of the following principles states that the most needy in a society should receive society's care?

A) Principle of equal liberty.
B) The difference principle.
C) The entitlement principle.
D) Principle of fair equality of opportunity.

Question 33

A manager who promotes employees based on their ability to do the job is using which of the following principles of distributive justice?

A) Principle of equal liberty.
B) The difference principle.
C) The entitlement principle.
D) Principle of fair equality of opportunity.

Question 34

An organization that reads employees' e-mail without their knowledge violates which of the following principles of distributive justice?

A) The principle of equal liberty.
B) The difference principle.
C) The entitlement principle.
D) The principle of fair equality of opportunity.

Question 35

Which of the following is not a feature of universal ethical egoism?

A) It asks a person to weigh the effects of one's actions on one's interests.
B) The assessment of those effects is based on pursuing pleasure and avoiding pain.
C) Although an ethical egoist pursues self-interest, he or she cannot consider the interests of others.
D) Some egoists consider others' interests if it is a way of reaching their own ends.

Question 36

A manager knows that, if she monitors her employees' e-mail transmissions, she can identify those employees who are less productive. However, she decides not to monitor the e-mail, because employees will see it as an invasion of privacy. This manager is likely subscribing to the ______________ view of moral decision making.

A) Rule utilitarianism.
B) Individual ethical egoism.
C) Act utilitarianism.
D) Universal ethical egoism.

Question 37

Which theory of ethics is criticized because it cannot resolve conflicts between one person's self-interests and the interests of another?

A) Utilitarianism.
B) Rights.
C) Justice.
D) Egoism.

Question 38

An organization that recalls an automobile model because it has an unsafe feature is using which of the following theories of ethics?

A) Utilitarianism.
B) Justice.
C) Rights.
D) Egoism.

Question 39

A manager who believes that all employees should be treated fairly is using which of the following theories of ethics?

A) Utilitarianism.
B) Rights.
C) Justice.
D) Egoism.

Question 40

Managing for ethical behavior includes which of the following methods?

A) Codes of ethics.
B) Ethics training.
C) Policy guidelines.
D) All answers list methods of managing for ethical behavior.

Question 41

Methods of managing for ethical behavior include which of the following?

A) Decision procedures.
B) Ethics performance standards.
C) Peer reporting (whistle blowing).
D) All answers list methods of managing for ethical behavior.

Question 42

Which of the following countries has the highest frequency of reporting ethical violations?

A) United States.
B) Japan.
C) Britain.
D) Germany.

Question 43

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act prohibits bribes to all the following except

A) Foreign business leaders.
B) Foreign officials.
C) Foreign political parties.
D) Foreign political candidates.

Question 44

A manager who behaves according to the ethical system of the country in which he or she does business is consistent with which of the following views?

A) Ethical realism.
B) International rights.
C) Cultural rights.
D) Cultural relativism.

Question 45

Firms from several countries have signed an agreement to limit emissions from chemical manufacturing plants. One firm does not sign this agreement and does not feel bound to comply with the agreement's terms. This firm is behaving according to which of the following ethical views?

A) Cultural relativism.
B) Ethical realism.
C) International rights.
D) Cultural realism.

Question 46

Right and wrong have different meanings to different people.

Question 47

Global business opportunities will not complicate ethical decision making.

Question 48

Ethical dilemmas usually have clear choices between right and wrong.

Question 49

Ethical dilemmas are common in management decision-making processes.

Question 50

According to Gallup polls, business executives have a high ethics ranking among occupations.

Question 51

A person's action is subjectively ethical if the person acted according to law.

Question 52

A person's action is subjectively ethical if the person believes he or she behaved ethically.

Question 53

The public may positively view organizations that do business in an ethical manner, but acting ethically has no effect on business performance.

Question 54

According to the "It's good business" view, ethics is the keystone for smooth, effective, and efficient business operations.

Question 55

Behaving ethically often has more short-term costs than behaving unethically.

Question 56

The long-term effects of ethical behavior are usually positive for an organization.

Question 57

A person's knowledge of organizational behavior processes presents the person with few ethical issues.

Question 58

The ethical issues about behavior shaping center on having a person's free consent to use the shaping process.

Question 59

Ethical relativism holds that a system of ethics applies to all people at all times.

Question 60

Ethical relativism holds that whatever a person or society says is ethical is ethical.

Question 61

The view that it is ethical to accept bribes when doing business in foreign countries, even though this practice is frowned upon in the United States, reflects an ethical absolutism view.

Question 62

Ethical systems of societies are static.

Question 63

Men and women have the same patterns of moral development.

Question 64

The preconventional stage of moral development characterizes most young children, typically male children.

Question 65

The stage of moral development in which one's behavior focuses on meeting one's own interests is the conventional stage.

Question 66

A person in the principled stage of moral development believes that moral behavior strengthens the social system.

Question 67

A person in the principled stage of moral development believes that a person's actions must be guided by freely chosen moral standards.

Question 68

The stage of moral development where women react with self-criticism for being selfish is the preconventional stage.

Question 69

An ethic of justice focuses on the notion that self is interdependent with others.

Question 70

Both men and women use an ethic of care or an ethic of justice in their moral views, although they can prefer one to another.

Question 71

Utilitarianism assumes a person cannot know all costs and benefits of his or her actions.

Question 72

According to act utilitarianism, lying is acceptable if more good than harm results.

Question 73

Act utilitarianism rejects the view that actions are right or wrong in themselves.

Question 74

The view of negative rights-based ethics holds that one has a duty to help another person pursue his or her rights.

Question 75

The principle of equal liberty is a principle in the justice theory of ethics.

Question 76

Individual ethical egoists always consider other people's interests when making moral decisions.

Question 77

Universal ethical egoists never consider other people's interests when making moral decisions.

Question 78

Some methods of managing for ethical behavior include codes of ethics and policy guidelines.

Question 79

Some methods of managing for ethical behavior include ethics training, and peer reporting of unethical behavior (whistle blowing).

Question 80

Some methods of managing for ethical behavior include standards of ethical performance and disciplinary procedures for unethical behavior.