Deck 5: Perception, Attitudes, and Personality

Question 1

The point at which a person notices that something has changed in the environment is the

A) Target threshold.
B) Recognition threshold.
C) Detection threshold.
D) Threshold.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When a supervisor notices that an employee's tone of voice has changed, the supervisor's _____________ has been reached.

A) Threshold.
B) Target threshold.
C) Detection threshold.
D) Recognition threshold.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements is not true about the perceptual process?

A) Ambiguous targets are more slowly perceived than high-contrast targets.
B) People more quickly attend to negatively valued stimuli.
C) A person's motivation can affect the perceptual process.
D) People more readily perceive a brightly colored stimulus than a stimulus of neutral hue.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An employee only listens to a supervisor's positive feedback and not the negative feedback. This is an example of

A) Perceptual set.
B) Perceptual defense.
C) Stereotyping.
D) Detection threshold.

Question 5

Which of the following factors does not affect one's self-concept?

A) Self-consciousness.
B) Recall of past events.
C) Observations of own behavior.
D) Social context.

Question 6

Which of the following is not part of self-perception?

A) Self-concept.
B) Self-presentation.
C) Self-consciousness.
D) Self-esteem.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is false?

A) People's self-awareness can include either a private or a public self-consciousness.
B) People usually underestimate their role in past events.
C) People learn about themselves by comparing to other people with similar qualities.
D) Self-esteem holds the positive and negative evaluations we have of ourselves.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Self-perception includes self-presentation, self-esteem, and self-concept.
B) Self-concept holds a person's beliefs about his or her personal qualities.
C) Self-consciousness affects a person's self-concept.
D) Self-presentations are strategies people use to affect how others see them.

Question 9

Which of the following information sources do people use when forming impressions of another person?

A) The person
B) The situation
C) Observed behavior of the person
D) People use what each answer describes when forming impressions of another person.

Question 10

Which of the following is not information used by perceivers to form attributions?

A) Situational information.
B) Distinctiveness information.
C) Consensus information.
D) Consistency information.

Question 11

A manager tries to explain why an employee is late for work and uses information about whether other employees are late. She is using which type of information in making her attribution?

A) Distinctiveness.
B) Situational.
C) Consensus.
D) Consistency.

Question 12

Perceivers who try to explain the causes of behavior use ______________ information when they observe other people in similar situations.

A) Distinctiveness.
B) Consensus.
C) Situational.
D) Consistency.

Question 13

A manager has noticed that a subordinate is not friendly to coworkers and is not friendly in social situations outside work. The manager is using ______________ information when explaining the cause of the unfriendliness.

A) Consistency.
B) Consensus.
C) Distinctiveness.
D) Personal.

Question 14

Managers who try to explain causes for an employee's behavior use ______________ information when they observe the employee in several different situations.

A) Consistency.
B) Distinctiveness.
C) Consensus.
D) Personal.

Question 15

Perceivers who try to explain the causes of behavior by observing a person in similar situations at different times are using ______________ information.

A) Consensus.
B) Personal.
C) Distinctiveness.
D) Consistency.

Question 16

A professor has noticed that a student is late for class on many occasions throughout the semester. This professor will use ______________ information when explaining the cause of the student's lateness.

A) Consensus.
B) Situational.
C) Consistency.
D) Distinctiveness.

Question 17

An executive tries to explain why her vice-president of finance has performed poorly on the current project. The executive noticed that the vice-president had performed well on similar projects in the past. The executive is using ______________ information in forming her situational attribution for the vice-president's poor performance on the current project.

A) High distinctiveness.
B) Low distinctiveness.
C) High consistency.
D) Low consistency.

Question 18

Susan's coworker Mary has been late to work on several recent occasions. Susan has also noticed that Mary is late to their after-work social engagements and their weekend shopping trips. Susan is using ______________ information in forming a personal attribution for Mary's lateness.

A) Low consistency.
B) High distinctiveness.
C) High consensus.
D) Low distinctiveness.

Question 19

Which of the following patterns of attribution information likely leads perceivers to make a situational attribution?

A) High consensus, low consistency, high distinctiveness.
B) High consensus, low consistency, low distinctiveness.
C) Low consensus, high consistency, high distinctiveness.
D) Low consensus, low consistency, high distinctiveness.

Question 20

Which of the following patterns of attribution information likely leads perceivers to make a personal attribution?

A) High consistency, high consensus, low distinctiveness.
B) Low consistency, low consensus, high distinctiveness.
C) High consistency, low consensus, low distinctiveness.
D) Low consistency, high consensus, high distinctiveness.

Question 21

Attribution processes have all but which of the following characteristics?

A) False consensus means that people tend to overestimate the degree to which other people agree with their view of another person.
B) The fundamental attribution error refers to overestimating the situation as a cause of another person's behavior and underestimating the characteristics of the person as the cause.
C) Perceivers use consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus information when making attributions.
D) The attribution process begins with a quick personal attribution followed by some adjustment based on the situation's characteristics.

Question 22

A manager tends to focus on an employee's personal characteristics while disregarding situational effects on the employee's behavior. This is an example of

A) False consensus.
B) Confirmation bias.
C) Fundamental attribution error.
D) Belief perseverance.

Question 23

An employee who makes false claims on an expense report thinks that most other employees are also likely to make false claims on their expense reports. This may be an example of

A) False consensus.
B) Confirmation bias.
C) Fundamental attribution error.
D) Self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 24

People tend to overestimate the degree to which others agree with their view. This is the

A) Self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) Confirmation bias.
C) Belief perseverance.
D) False consensus.

Question 25

Which of the following does not affect one's impressions of another person?

A) The number of traits that are perceived.
B) The mood of the perceiver.
C) Recent experiences of the perceiver.
D) The way traits are weighted.

Question 26

Which of the following is not part of an attitude?

A) Behavioral intentions
B) Behaviors
C) Cognition
D) Affect

Question 27

A person's feelings of like or dislike about a certain object reflect the _______________ part of an attitude.

A) Cognitive.
B) Behavioral.
C) Affective.
D) Behavioral intentions.

Question 28

A manager has a positive attitude about an employee. The manager will likely give this employee desired work assignments and added responsibility. This reflects the ______________ part of the manager's attitude.

A) Behavioral intentions.
B) Affective.
C) Cognitive.
D) Behavioral.

Question 29

Which of the following is not a way attitudes can change?

A) Persuasive communication.
B) Dissatisfaction with the attitude object.
C) Social influence.
D) Cognitive dissonance.

Question 30

Persuasive communication tries to change the ______________ part of an attitude.

A) Affective.
B) Behavioral intentions.
C) Cognitive.
D) Behavioral.

Question 31

Which of the following is not necessary for effective persuasive communication?

A) Retention.
B) Comprehension.
C) Dissonance.
D) Attention.

Question 32

A new employee strongly values his group of coworkers, who routinely take long lunches. This employee believes that workers should only take the time allotted for lunch, but over time he begins to accept the attitude of his coworkers toward long lunches. This is an example of which source of attitude change?

A) Dissonance.
B) Persuasion.
C) Dissatisfaction.
D) Social influence.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is not true about cognitive dissonance?

A) A person can reduce dissonance by changing one or more cognitions.
B) Change in the cognitive part of an attitude will not lead to change in the attitude itself.
C) If a person experiences dissonance, he or she feels an internal tension and tries to reduce that tension.
D) Multiple beliefs about an attitude object can result from persuasion or social influence.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true about cognitive dissonance?

A) A person can reduce dissonance by changing one or more cognitions.
B) If a person experiences dissonance, he or she feels an internal tension and tries to reduce that tension.
C) Multiple beliefs about an attitude object can result from persuasion or social influence.
D) Each answer is true about cognitive dissonance.

Question 35

Efforts to reduce cognitive dissonance operate by changing the ________________ part of an attitude.

A) Affective.
B) Behavior intentions.
C) Behavior.
D) Cognitive.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is false about attitudes and behavior?

A) The strength of an attitude determines whether attitude affects behavior.
B) There is a strong relationship between attitudes and behavior.
C) Many aspects of organizations and people in them affect behavior.
D) Ardent followers of Jesse Jackson will likely vote for him when he is a political candidate.

Question 37

A person's personality typically stabilizes by the time the person reaches age

A) 16.
B) 23.
C) 30.
D) 35.

Question 38

Which of the following is not a major class of personality theory?

A) Cognitive theory.
B) Learning theory.
C) Ethological theory.
D) Biological theory.

Question 39

The class of personality theory that views a child as neither driven by instincts nor shaped by the environment is

A) Cognitive theory.
B) Biological theory.
C) Learning theory.
D) Ethological theory.

Question 40

The class of personality theory that views people as having patterns of thinking which affect how they interpret events is

A) Biological theory.
B) Operant-learning theory.
C) Social-learning theory.
D) Cognitive theory.

Question 41

The personality theory that suggests personality is formed by the application of reinforcers which develop behavior patterns is

A) Cognitive theory.
B) Operant-learning theory.
C) Social-learning theory.
D) Biological theory.

Question 42

The personality theory that suggests people learn by observing others is

A) Operant-learning theory.
B) Biological theory.
C) Cognitive theory.
D) Social-learning theory.

Question 43

The theory that says personality forms from inherited personality characteristics is

A) Operant-learning theory.
B) Cognitive theory.
C) Biological theory.
D) Social-learning theory.

Question 44

An adult is viewed as polite because as a child she watched other children get rewarded for saying "please" and "thank you," and adopted the same behaviors. This is an example of the ______________ theory of personality.

A) Operant-learning
B) Biological
C) Cognitive
D) Social-learning

Question 45

Which of the following statements is not true about emotions in human personality?

A) Emotion is a feeling, psychological state, and biological state that inclines a person to act in a certain way.
B) A person's collection of emotions defines the individual's temperament, a key part of personality.
C) One's emotions quickly start behavior aimed at the emotion's stimulus.
D) Each answer is true about emotions in human personality.

Question 46

Each of the following is a basic human emotion except

A) Fear
B) Surprise
C) Extroversion.
D) Joy

Question 47

Which of the following is not a basic human emotion?

A) Anger.
B) Disgust.
C) Introversion.
D) Sadness.

Question 48

Which of the following is a basic human emotion?

A) Anger.
B) Surprise.
C) Shame.
D) All the answers are basic human emotions.

Question 49

Which of the following is true about behavior and thinking processes that emotions start?

A) Emotions quickly point a person in the right direction.
B) Behavior triggered by emotions happens fast, with little thought about why one behaves in a particular way.
C) The rational mind logically assesses a situation to arrive at a good decision.
D) All answers are true about emotions, behavior, and thinking processes.

Question 50

Which of the following is false about emotional intelligence?

A) It is a mental process that includes expressing and appraising emotions in self and others.
B) Four dimensions define emotional intelligence, including self-management and relationship management.
C) Emotional intelligence ignores emotions as behavioral guides.
D) Emotional intelligence manages emotion in self and others.

Question 51

Which of the following is true about emotional intelligence?

A) Accurate assessment of emotions contributes to their useful expression.
B) Managing emotions in self requires a high level of self-understanding to know why one's emotions come to life in the presence of certain stimuli.
C) Verbal and nonverbal communication play important roles in such emotional assessment.
D) Each answer is true about emotional intelligence.

Question 52

A person who is careless and inefficient is likely low in

A) Conscientiousness.
B) Extroversion.
C) Agreeableness.
D) Emotional stability.

Question 53

Someone who is curious and creative is high in

A) Agreeableness.
B) Openness to experience.
C) Emotional stability.
D) Extroversion.

Question 54

A person who is often worried and anxious is thought to be low in

A) Agreeableness.
B) Extroversion.
C) Openness to experience.
D) Emotional stability.

Question 55

A customer service representative who is rude and cold is likely low in

A) Extroversion.
B) Agreeableness.
C) Emotional stability.
D) Conscientiousness.

Question 56

People differ in whether they feel they can affect their actions or are controlled by external factors. This personality characteristic is

A) Extroversion/introversion.
B) Type A or
C) Locus of control.
D) Machiavellianism.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true about the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI)?

A) The MBTI is a personality assessment device based on Jung's personality theory.
B) It uses four bipolar dimensions to assign people to one of 16 types.
C) An ESTJ is an extroverted, sensing, thinking, and judging type.
D) All answers are true statements about the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI).

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Swedish managers believe that bypassing a manager to reach a subordinate is insubordination.
B) Decision making is less centralized in Austrian organizations than in Philippine organizations.
C) Individualistic countries do not have people with strong needs for autonomy.
D) U.S. managers believe a hierarchical organization lets people know the authority relationships in the organization.

Question 59

All but one of the following statements about ethical issues in perception, attitudes, and personality is true:

A) Some people can favorably manage other people's impressions of their ethical attitudes.
B) Many people have inaccurate stereotypes of other people's ethics, if they are from different social and ethnic backgrounds.
C) Because of attribution errors, a decision maker could conclude he or she was not responsible for an unethical act.
D) Attitudes about ethics in organizations are unvarying and not situational.

Question 60

Perception, attitudes, and personality are three unrelated aspects of human psychology that affect behavior in organizations.

Question 61

The recognition threshold is the point at which a person notices that something has changed in the environment.

Question 62

The recognition threshold is the point at which a person can identify the target or changes in the target.

Question 63

People more quickly attend to positively valued stimuli than to negatively valued stimuli.

Question 64

Ambiguous stimuli are more readily perceived than stimuli that stand out.

Question 65

Stereotyping is a perceptual set that holds beliefs about a target person because of the person's group membership.

Question 66

People underestimate their role in affecting past events.

Question 67

A supervisor who attributes an employee's lateness to bad weather is making a situational attribution for the lateness.

Question 68

When a supervisor attributes an employee's excellent performance to the employee's ability, the supervisor is making a situational attribution.

Question 69

If Joe misses a deadline for his term paper, but several other students also miss the deadline, the professor is more likely to make a situational attribution for Joe's behavior.

Question 70

If Jane is late for work, and it has been noticed that Jane is late for her other engagements outside work, the manager is using consistency information.

Question 71

The pattern of high consensus, high distinctiveness, and low consistency information typically leads perceivers to make personal attributions.

Question 72

Attribution processes begin with quick personal attributions followed by adjustments based on a situation's characteristics.

Question 73

The fundamental attribution error refers to underestimating the situation as a cause of another's behavior and overestimating the characteristics of the person as the cause.

Question 74

An interviewer's mood can affect his or her first impression of a job applicant.

Question 75

Attitudes are learned predispositions.

Question 76

An attitude is conceptually the same as a need, motive, or trait.

Question 77

Perceptions and beliefs about the object of an attitude are the affective part of an attitude.

Question 78

Attitudes tend to remain the same over time.

Question 79

Persuasive communication appeals only to emotional arguments.

Question 80

There is a direct relationship between attitudes and behavior.