Deck 19: Practicing and Applying Anthropology

Question 1

Which Native American community has initiated a program to train and employ tribal members in cultural resource management?

A) Zuni
B) Hopi
C) Pima
D) Comanche

Answer 1

Zuni

Question 2

After working with shamans in Africa,E.Fuller Torrey concluded that they use the same mechanisms and techniques to cure patients as __________ and achieve about the same results.

A) psychiatrists
B) massage therapists
C) physicians
D) acupuncturists

Answer 2

psychiatrists

Question 3

Before germ theory became dominant in Western medicine during the 1900s,medical systems in ancient Greece,Europe,and India believed that illness was caused by __________.

A) humors being out of balance
B) insect bites
C) angry ancestor spirits
D) witchcraft

Answer 3

humors being out of balance

Question 4

Which field of anthropology is devoted to solving crimes,helping to locate mass graves,and identifying victims of war and state-sponsored brutality?

A) forensic anthropology
B) archaeology
C) biological anthropology
D) ethnology

Question 5

What example of cultural misunderstanding did anthropologist Jill Kleinberg find in her study of Japanese-owned firms in the United States?

A) The American employees were frustrated by the lack of opportunities to advance, and the Japanese managers felt the Americans were too hard to manage.
B) The American employees were very time-oriented, while the Japanese managers were frequently late to meetings.
C) The American employees were very formal when speaking with their co-workers or supervisors, but the Japanese managers had a relaxed, informal style.
D) The American employees felt the workday was too long, while the Japanese managers complained about the laziness of the workers.

Question 6

In societies with occupational specialization,__________ may be asked to convey messages or requests for healing to higher powers.

A) priests
B) shamans
C) physicians
D) sorcerers

Question 7

How long does it take,on average,after exposure to the HIV virus for symptoms to appear?

A) four years
B) six months
C) three weeks
D) 10 years

Question 8

In their study of Maya ethnomedicine,Elois Ann Berlin and Brent Berlin have shown that __________.

A) their remedies have properties not that different from biomedical treatments
B) their treatment of disease is based entirely on the concept of balance
C) Western treatments fail to work in the Maya culture and environment
D) Maya women have among the most comprehensive knowledge of medicinal plants

Question 9

CRM archaeologists use a(n)__________ to determine how to protect or salvage as much of the archaeological record as possible before a major building project.

A) mitigation plan
B) improvement scheme
C) salvage arrangement
D) alleviation program

Question 10

Which of the following was one of the strategies used by Gerald Murray's successful reforestation project in Haiti?

A) providing tree species that could be interspersed with other crops
B) giving farmers seedlings for big, slow-to-mature tree species
C) having farmers plant seedlings in a large communal lot
D) telling farmers that the government owned the trees

Question 11

The Aswan dam projects were successful due to the work of __________.

A) archaeologists
B) environmental anthropologists
C) forensic anthropologists
D) business anthropologists

Question 12

Why did early archaeological artifacts usually end up in natural history museums?

A) At the time, non-Western artifacts were not considered art, nor were the cultures of non-Western peoples considered part of history.
B) Art and history museums were not separated from natural history museums until the late 19th century.
C) Archaeological relics were usually provided by treasure-hunters, who did not have the necessary information to identify the pieces accurately.
D) Natural history museums had the lowest attendance in the 18th century, so they served as the repositories for miscellaneous items.

Question 13

Which humoral medical system contained six humors,in addition to a balance between yin and yang?

A) Chinese
B) Japanese
C) Ayurvedic
D) Greek

Question 14

According to the code of ethics adopted by the Society for Applied Anthropology in 1948,__________.

A) the target community should be included as much as possible in the formulation of policy
B) anthropologists should not do research on applied questions unless specifically asked to do so by the people affected
C) the first responsibility of the anthropologist in the field is to his sponsors, second to himself or herself, and third to the people being studied
D) there is no need to include the target community in planning a study

Question 15

How has General Motors been impacted by its efforts to improve its organizational culture?

A) It has improved substantially over many objective measures since beginning its research.
B) The research was ineffective, and organizational culture and business output remain about the same.
C) It implemented the changes suggested by anthropologists, but has suffered poor business outcomes ever since.
D) It has seen moderate improvements, but there is no way to know if this was related to the change in its organizational culture.

Question 16

Which groups that seem to be the key to effective development are increasingly seeking the help of applied anthropologists?

A) indigenous grassroots movements
B) government organizations
C) nongovernment organizations
D) private companies

Question 17

Why have the Kayapo been so successful in gaining international attention for their interests?

A) They have been able to present themselves as guardians of the rain forest.
B) They are far more assimilated into Western culture than other indigenous groups.
C) They have a large and ethnically diverse population.
D) They are able to communicate in Spanish and English, unlike other Amazonian groups.

Question 18

What research methods do most environmental anthropologists use at the local level?

A) ethnographic
B) archaeological
C) genetic
D) historical

Question 19

If an employer expects an anthropologist to conduct work that violates the professional code of ethics,and the anthropologist cannot convince the employer to change the practices,what does the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology recommend?

A) withdraw from the work
B) complete the current contract
C) write a letter of complaint
D) file a lawsuit against the employer

Question 20

What is the central role of museum anthropologists,regardless of their positions?

A) public education
B) fund-raising
C) scholarship
D) policy making

Question 21

Which of the following is a museum position typically filled by anthropologists?

A) collection manager
B) marketing director
C) financial manager
D) volunteer director

Question 22

Which of these would be an example of a personalistic practitioner within the biomedical model?

A) psychiatrist
B) surgeon
C) cardiologist
D) dentist

Question 23

Which of these is an example of a subjective stressor that could contribute to depression?

A) feeling like you should have a higher-status job
B) not having health insurance
C) poor overall health and nutrition
D) a family history of depression

Question 24

What role have forensic anthropologists played in recent human rights investigations?

A) They locate and identify victims of state-sanctioned killings.
B) They provide a voice for underrepresented cultures in legal matters.
C) They connect indigenous communities with Western medical treatments.
D) They investigate and preserve the lifeways of dying cultures.

Question 25

Which illness is thought of as a "culture-bound syndrome"?

A) anorexia nervosa
B) diabetes mellitus
C) depression
D) hypertension

Question 26

Lack of adequate nutrition usually results in what conditions for children?

A) retarded weight and height
B) tooth deformity
C) cognitive difficulties
D) lower social and economic standing in their society

Question 27

When incorporated into colonial territories or into countries,indigenous peoples usually become __________ and they are almost always __________.

A) minorities; very poor
B) dominant; wealthy
C) more educated; middle class
D) a social class; poor

Question 28

Which is an example of a major cultural shift in a U.S.medical practice over time?

A) Fathers used to be excluded from birth, and mothers were only allowed to hold newborns infrequently.
B) We used to treat diseases such as polio and measles as viruses, but we now know that they are bacteria.
C) Vegetarianism used to be viewed as a healthy option, but is now linked to anemia and fatigue.
D) Doctors in the past were trained in sociology and psychology, but today their focus is strictly on the body.

Question 29

There is increasing evidence that the __________ of treatment may be as important as the __________ of treatment.

A) form; content
B) delivery; form
C) evidence; delivery
D) content; evidence

Question 30

Consistent with the biomedical paradigm,physicians tend to treat patients __________.

A) as having conditions, rather than as complete people
B) with a consideration of the mind-body balance
C) for humoral and dietary imbalance
D) for underlying causes rather than for obvious symptoms

Question 31

Which of the following situations is least likely to put the anthropologist into an ethical dilemma?

A) being invited to work on a project initiated by the affected party
B) getting involved with a change program after problems have arisen
C) being approached by a company after a decision has already been made
D) being assigned to a task force with which the anthropologist fundamentally disagrees

Question 32

What specialized research method could Murray-as an anthropologist-bring to the Haiti reforestation evaluation?

A) participant observation
B) translation
C) interviews
D) focal groups

Question 33

Which of these is a goal of ethnomedicine?

A) discovering the health-related beliefs, knowledge, and practices of a cultural group
B) reducing the cost of health care to minority populations
C) understanding the risk factors and treatment strategies for infectious disease
D) developing new vaccines and medical strategies based on tribal medicine

Question 34

Which of these cannot be detected by forensic anthropologists?

A) skin color
B) age
C) sex
D) size

Question 35

What may have an overall harmful effect on nutrition?

A) commercial or cash crops
B) foraging
C) intensive agriculture
D) small village horticulture

Question 36

What has happened to the disparity in infant mortality between African Americans and European Americans in recent years?

A) The disparity between the two groups has widened.
B) Infant mortality is now higher in European Americans than in African Americans.
C) The disparity between the two groups has narrowed a little bit.
D) The two groups have relatively equal infant mortality rates today.

Question 37

Which of the following must be balanced in the ethnomedicine of many Latin American and Caribbean cultures?

A) hot and cold
B) good and evil
C) male and female
D) light and dark

Question 38

Which of these is an example of the placebo effect?

A) Patients report better effects from colored pills than from white ones, even though they contain the exact same medicine.
B) Medication taken at the same time each day is more effective than medicine taken as needed.
C) Women have a lower tolerance for medication than men, and therefore experience more side effects.
D) Patients ask their doctors for specific drugs after they have seen them advertised on television.

Question 39

In socially stratified societies,the relative frequency of many diseases,health problems,and death rates varies directly with what factor?

A) social class
B) ethnicity
C) level of education
D) religious beliefs

Question 40

Because of U.S.federal laws on historic preservation,which of these is a likely place to find CRM archaeologists at work?

A) highway construction projects
B) coal mine operations
C) development of a shopping center
D) preparing farmland for planting

Question 41

What is the most important contribution of anthropology to international business?

A) explaining cultural variation in communication
B) helping with the adjustment in time zones and business hours
C) understanding the relative value of different economic systems
D) knowing what to wear to a business meeting

Question 42

Outline the various reasons why poor societies,and poor individuals within societies,have higher incidence of illness.

Question 43

Forensic anthropology is relatively well-known to the general public.Explain why this field exemplifies applied anthropology.

Question 44

How do "thrifty genes" serve people in famine-prone areas once conditions improve?

A) They become maladaptive, and lead to increased risk of diabetes and obesity.
B) They become maladaptive, leading to nutritional and caloric deficiency.
C) They become adaptive, helping people burn off excess fat quickly and easily.
D) They become adaptive, allowing for fast digestion of key nutrients.

Question 45

Imagine that you are an anthropologist hired to liaise between a tungsten mining operation (which provides materials for cell phones)and the local people in the Congo basin.Discuss the ethical considerations of your involvement in this situation.To whom are you most responsible?

Question 46

How is environmental anthropology a response to existing environmental policies?

A) There is increasing recognition that environmental policies imposed from the top down are unlikely to work.
B) There are few environmental policies in the developing world, so anthropologists are needed to apply Western policies to new communities.
C) Existing environmental policies are culturally discriminatory, and anthropologists are involved to reduce this bias.
D) There is evidence that environmental change is more likely to be successful if it is initiated by an outsider.

Question 47

How do medical anthropologists approach mental health in other cultures?

A) They believe that each society's concepts of metal health must be viewed in its own terms.
B) They apply biomedical models of brain chemistry to mental health cross-culturally.
C) They argue that there is no such thing as mental health disorder outside the West.
D) They suggest that mental health issues are directly caused by globalization.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true regarding implementing planned change in a community?

A) The benefits of programs are often obvious, but figuring out how to bring about the change is more difficult.
B) It is often obvious how to bring about change, but determining what type of change is needed is more difficult.
C) The local people are generally far more involved in implementing change than anthropologists or other interest groups.
D) Anthropologists and other interest groups are generally far more involved in implementing change than the local people.

Question 49

Which of these statements is true of the relationship between biomedicine and ethnomedicine?

A) Biomedicine it is embedded in Western culture, and therefore is a form of ethnomedicine.
B) Biomedicine has been clinically proven to work, but ethnomedicine is based in superstition and folklore.
C) Biomedicine has replaced ethnomedicine in all but the most remote communities.
D) Biomedicine is relatively rare, and is found only in European and North American societies.

Question 50

What criticism has been aimed at anthropologists acting as advocates for people who have been relocated?

A) Critics are concerned that the advocates only represent one point of view.
B) Some argue that the anthropologists are romanticizing indigenous lifestyles.
C) Critics believe that the anthropologists have unreasonable expectations.
D) Some feel that the advocates are too politicized to be effective.

Question 51

Why is the ritual aspect of many ethnomedical traditions so perplexing to Westerners?

A) There is an assumption in biomedicine that the mind is fundamentally different from the body.
B) We have no such rituals in our culture, and so do not understand why they are important.
C) There is evidence that ritual actually worsens the outcome of treatment.
D) Western cultures believe that the less fuss you make over an illness, the faster it will go away.

Question 52

What is a culture-bound syndrome? Identify three illnesses common to your own culture that may be viewed as a culture-bound syndrome.Explain why other cultures may not recognize these illnesses.

Question 53

Distinguish between medicine's biomedical paradigm and medical anthropology's emphasis on a biocultural synthesis.

Question 54

Why is health generally not the focus of the biomedical paradigm?

A) Health is thought to be the absence of disease.
B) Health is an abstract concept that cannot be measured.
C) Doctors are more concerned with longevity than with feeling well.
D) Health is an idea borrowed from Eastern cultures.

Question 55

What did the Field Museum bring to Chicago school students with its Maori meeting house display?

A) a space to discuss difficult issues in a context of mutual respect
B) a performance space to present issues of importance to the students
C) an area to learn about Pacific health care practices
D) a place to express themselves through traditional Maori artistic means