Deck 4: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield

Question 1

Damage to Wernicke's area produces

A) inability to understand the spoken words of others or oneself and mispronunciation in one's own speech.
B) inability to understand the spoken words of others or oneself and inability to utter declarative sentences.
C) inability to repeat aloud things that are said to oneself and mispronunciation in one's own speech.
D) inability to repeat aloud things that are said to oneself and inability to utter declarative sentences.

Answer 1

inability to understand the spoken words of others or oneself and mispronunciation in one's own speech.

Question 2

Paul Broca effectively challenged Flourens's idea of a unified cerebral cortex,providing evidence for the localization of function in the brain.The individuals who studied localization of function in the years following Broca's work were sometimes referred to as

A) new phrenologists.
B) Broca's group.
C) new physiognomists.
D) localizationists.

Answer 2

new phrenologists.

Question 3

David Ferrier discovered he could produce fast movements in the eyes of monkeys,as if they were looking at something,when he stimulated the

A) sensory strip, immediately behind the motor strip.
B) visual area, in the occipital (rear) lobe of the cortex.
C) visual area, in the frontal lobe of the cortex.
D) sensory strip, immediately in front of the motor strip.

Answer 3

visual area, in the occipital (rear) lobe of the cortex.

Question 4

Fritsch and Hitzig inaugurated the new era in brain research when they electrically stimulated the cortex of a dog in 1870.The functional area they discovered when they did so was the

A) auditory area.
B) visual area.
C) motor strip.
D) sensory strip.

Question 5

Which of the following assumptions was an error of Gall's in his phrenological theory?

A) Specific psychological functions may be localized in specific brain parts.
B) The shape of the skull accurately reflects the shape of the brain lying beneath.
C) The language function is localized near the front of the cortex.
D) The cerebellum is the center for a specific function.

Question 6

Ablation of the __________ strip results in a loss of sensitivity in specific parts of the body,while ablation of the __________ strip results in paralysis.

A) motor; sensory
B) sensory; motor
C) visual; motor
D) motor; visual

Question 7

Which of the following physicians published the first accurate description of the brain's complex physical shape and emphasized the substance of the brain's various structures rather than the spaces and fluids of the brain? He also observed that brain tissue was of different forms-gray matter and white matter-and described the blood vessels of the brain.

A) Franz Gall
B) Thomas Willis
C) Pierre Flourens
D) David Ferrier

Question 8

A patient who can make vocal sounds and exclamations,can understand spoken speech,but cannot utter ordinary declarative sentences is said to suffer from

A) motor aphasia.
B) sensory aphasia.
C) conduction aphasia.
D) paraphasia.

Question 9

A rare condition in which patients' only linguistic symptoms are frequent mispronunciations and an inability to repeat back what has been said to them is called

A) Broca's aphasia.
B) sensory aphasia.
C) conduction aphasia.
D) oral aphasia.

Question 10

Wernicke called errors of speech that include numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations

A) ablations.
B) paraphasias.
C) oral aphasias.
D) amativeness.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the contributions made by Franz Gall?

A) He made a good case that the brain is the organ of the mind.
B) He made several fundamental anatomical discoveries about the brain.
C) He founded the movement that came to be known as phrenology.
D) He observed that the brain responded to direct electrical stimulation.

Question 12

In the famous case of Tan,the lesion responsible for his aphasia apparently began in the

A) right temporal lobe, near Gall's organ of acquisitiveness.
B) right occipital (rear) lobe, near Gall's organ of language.
C) left frontal lobe, near Gall's organ of verbal memory.
D) cerebellum, Gall's organ of amativeness.

Question 13

Flourens's conception of the brain emphasized all of the following EXCEPT

A) specific actions propres in large subdivisions of the brain.
B) cooperative action commune among the different brain parts.
C) the brain as the site of an integrated and harmonious soul.
D) the localization of several different sensory functions in specific parts of the brain.

Question 14

__________ is the doctrine that holds that particular psychological faculties are localized in specific parts of the brain,while __________ refers to the belief that facial characteristics are associated with specific psychological qualities.

A) Aphasia; ablation
B) Ablation; aphasia
C) Phrenology; physiognomy
D) Physiognomy; phrenology

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT true of Paul Broca?

A) He founded the Paris Anthropological Society in 1859.
B) He autopsied Tan's brain and found damage to the left frontal hemisphere.
C) He promoted the idea that brain size correlates positively with intelligence.
D) He discovered the sensory strip running down the side of the cortex.

Question 16

The discovery of several different sensory and motor regions of the brain in the 1870s proved that

A) there was more localization of function than Flourens had believed, but it was of a different kind from that hypothesized by phrenologists.
B) the brain acts as a unit, as postulated by Flourens's theory of action commune.
C) many phrenological localizations had been surprisingly accurate.
D) it was futile to expect to learn anything from ablation studies.

Question 17

Pierre Flourens showed that the brain center for the coordination of movement was the

A) cortex, which phrenologists thought was the center for "will."
B) cortex, which phrenologists thought was the center for all higher faculties.
C) cerebellum, which phrenologists thought was the center for "amativeness."
D) cerebellum, which phrenologists thought was the center for "verbal memory."

Question 18

Which of the following was the major technique used by Pierre Flourens in his attempts to refute phrenological theory?

A) experimental ablations from the brains of animals
B) careful observation of brain-injured human patients
C) observation of human patients recovering from brain surgery
D) electrical stimulation of different parts of animals' brains

Question 19

Sensory aphasia is also known as __________,while motor aphasia is also known as __________.

A) Wernicke's aphasia; conduction aphasia
B) Wernicke's aphasia; Broca's aphasia
C) Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia
D) Conduction aphasia; Broca's aphasia

Question 20

The technique used by Fritsch and Hitzig in their discovery of an area of the brain known as the motor strip was

A) experimental ablations from the brains of animals.
B) careful observation of brain-injured human patients.
C) observation of human patients recovering from brain surgery.
D) electrical stimulation of different parts of animals' brains.

Question 21

Penfield referred to responses such as a sense of déjà vu,unfamiliarity,guilt,or euphoria as __________ responses and found that they could be produced by stimulation in the __________.

A) experimental; secondary visual area
B) interpretive; temporal lobe
C) emotional; experiential cortex
D) conditioned; cerebellum

Question 22

If the brain's language areas are damaged in early infancy,

A) language functions may develop normally, nonetheless.
B) language functions are unlikely to ever develop.
C) there may be partial recovery but less than for similar injuries in adults.
D) specialized deficits such as stuttering may result.

Question 23

In his later life Wilder Penfield came to believe that

A) mental functions would soon be completely explained in terms of brain mechanisms.
B) the most important mental functions were largely confined to the temporal lobe of the brain.
C) mental functions were localized evenly and randomly throughout the brain's cortex.
D) "mind" and "brain" were probably two independent although interacting entities.

Question 24

Lashley's principle that "the efficiency of performance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of the brain injury" is known as

A) the principle of constancy.
B) the principle of equipotentiality.
C) Lashley's law.
D) the law of mass action.

Question 25

Which of the following was a new feature of Shepherd Ivory Franz's studies on the localization of memory?

A) They combined ablation with animal training.
B) They used nonhuman primates as subjects.
C) They involved brain surgery performed on conscious human subjects.
D) They applied electrical stimulation to the brain for the first time.

Question 26

The notion that a single memory may be "stored" in several different specific locations scattered throughout the brain is known as

A) Pribram's hologram theory.
B) the redundancy hypothesis.
C) the cerebellar theory.
D) the multiple-memory theory.

Question 27

__________ was an earlier proponent of the plasticity and equipotentiality of the brain who directly influenced Karl Lashley's research on the subject.

A) John B. Watson
B) Shepherd Ivory Franz
C) Wilder Penfield
D) Donald Hebb

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT true of Bartholow's 1874 study of electrical stimulation of a conscious human brain?

A) It was performed on a mentally disabled patient who did not understand what was happening to her.
B) It produced painful sensations and convulsions in the patient.
C) It was terminated sooner than planned because of the death of the patient.
D) It was performed only after Bartholow first conducted the same experiment with monkeys.

Question 29

What is a term used to describe the brain's neural plasticity,in which healthy areas have the ability to take over the functions of damaged areas?

A) experientiality
B) equipotentiality
C) physiognomy
D) ablation

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons one should be cautious in interpreting Penfield's "experiential responses" as evidence for the specific localization of individual memories?

A) Experiential responses are more vivid and lifelike than ordinary memories.
B) The effect of electrical stimulation is most likely to inhibit rather than to excite the normal functioning of cortical neurons.
C) Experiential responses are much more like moving pictures than still images.
D) The electrical stimulation was not applied to precisely identifiable locations on the cortex.

Question 31

Penfield showed that auditory hallucinations such as Beethoven symphonies or complete conversations could be produced by stimulating the

A) interpretive cortex.
B) sensory strip.
C) primary auditory area.
D) secondary auditory area.

Question 32

Which of the following was NOT true about Milner's patient H.M.?

A) His declarative memory remained relatively intact.
B) His procedural memory remained relatively intact.
C) He could remember events from his distant past but not those from ten minutes previously.
D) His memory deficits did not allow him to transfer information to long-term memory.

Question 33

In Lashley's experiments,the two most important determinants of learning loss were the

A) amount of brain tissue destroyed and the difficulty of the previously learned tasks.
B) location of the destroyed tissue and the age at which the learning had occurred.
C) amount of brain tissue destroyed and the location of the lesion.
D) difficulty of the task and the age at which it was first learned.

Question 34

In general,which kinds of memories are most affected by head injuries?

A) visual memories
B) early memories
C) recent memories
D) memories of the type corresponding to the area of the brain that is injured

Question 35

Karl Lashley tried to test the localization of memory hypothesis by observing the effects of ablations on

A) the natural behavior of birds.
B) human beings suffering from incurable diseases.
C) rats who had previously learned to run mazes.
D) H. M., who underwent an experimental brain operation to relieve him of his debilitating seizures.

Question 36

The major deficit of Milner's patient H.M.was that he

A) could understand language but could not speak coherently.
B) could not transfer information from working memory to long-term storage.
C) could not access his procedural memory.
D) could access his declarative memory much faster than normal people.

Question 37

In their work together Brenda Milner and Wilder Penfield became particularly interested in the functioning of which area of the brain?

A) cortex
B) cerebellum
C) hippocampus
D) motor strip

Question 38

Milner's work with H.M.led her to contribute which major new idea to memory research?

A) There were multiple but integrated memory systems.
B) Short-term memory lasted longer than previously thought.
C) Working memory and long-term memory were really the same thing.
D) Information cannot be transferred from long-term to short-term memory.

Question 39

Wilder Penfield showed that the nature of an epileptic patient's aura is a function of the

A) location of the diseased focus at which the seizure begins.
B) mental state of the patient when the seizure begins.
C) personality of the patient.
D) extent of the brain injury causing the epilepsy.

Question 40

Why was Donald O.Hebb's seminal work,entitled The Organization of Behavior (1949),important?

A) It related learning and other behavior to the hypothetical functioning of "neurological networks."
B) It confirmed many of the localization theories previously put forth by Broca and Wernicke.
C) It confirmed Penfield's epilepsy theories.
D) It created renewed interest in Gall's phrenology.

Question 41

Match the definition with the term.
sensory aphasia

A)Speech includes numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations because of loss of self-monitoring.Comprehension and general fluency are unimpaired.
B)Speech includes numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations.
C)Speech is fluent,with correct grammar,but includes peculiar words and mispro-nunciations.Understanding of spoken language is severely impaired.
D)Speech is severely impaired,but comprehension of spoken language is unim-paired.

Question 42

Match the book with its author.
Donald O.Hebb

A)Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence
B)Permanent Present Tense
C)The Organization of Behavior

Question 43

Match the individual with the term he coined.
interpretive cortex

A)Carl Wernicke
B)Donald O.Hebb
C)Karl Lashley
D)Wilder Penfield

Question 44

Today efforts to study the brain often involve using various kinds of penetrating waves to take a series of images of the brain in sections or slices.These kinds of techniques are referred to as

A) tomography.
B) equipotentiality.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) cell assemblies.

Question 45

Researchers who use brain imaging to investigate how the brain processes social information work in the field known as

A) social information processing.
B) social neuroscience.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) social psychology.

Question 46

Following his death H.M.'s death his brain was

A) lost for several decades.
B) put on display in a museum.
C) preserved for future study.
D) cremated with the rest of his body.

Question 47

Match the individual with the term he coined.
paraphasias

A)Carl Wernicke
B)Donald O.Hebb
C)Karl Lashley
D)Wilder Penfield

Question 48

Match the definition with the term.
conduction aphasia

A)Speech includes numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations because of loss of self-monitoring.Comprehension and general fluency are unimpaired.
B)Speech includes numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations.
C)Speech is fluent,with correct grammar,but includes peculiar words and mispro-nunciations.Understanding of spoken language is severely impaired.
D)Speech is severely impaired,but comprehension of spoken language is unim-paired.

Question 49

Match the research subject with the investigator.
Brenda Milner

A)a developmentally disabled young woman with a cancerous lesion of the scalp and skull
B)H.M.(Henry Gustav Molaison)
C)"Tan" (Louis Victor Leborgne)

Question 50

Match the research subject with the investigator.
Paul Broca

A)a developmentally disabled young woman with a cancerous lesion of the scalp and skull
B)H.M.(Henry Gustav Molaison)
C)"Tan" (Louis Victor Leborgne)

Question 51

Match the individual with the term he coined.
equipotentiality

A)Carl Wernicke
B)Donald O.Hebb
C)Karl Lashley
D)Wilder Penfield

Question 52

Milner's discoveries about differing memory systems represented part of the development of which emerging field of psychology?

A) clinical psychology
B) cognitive psychology
C) developmental psychology
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 53

Match the book with its author.
Suzanne Corkin

A)Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence
B)Permanent Present Tense
C)The Organization of Behavior

Question 54

The interdisciplinary field in which investigators use neuroimaging techniques to see what is going on in the brain when various cognitive activities are performed is called

A) social neuroscience.
B) neuroscience.
C) mental biology.
D) cognitive neuroscience.

Question 55

Match the individual with the term he coined.
cell assemblies

A)Carl Wernicke
B)Donald O.Hebb
C)Karl Lashley
D)Wilder Penfield

Question 56

Match the research subject with the investigator.
Roberts Bartholow

A)a developmentally disabled young woman with a cancerous lesion of the scalp and skull
B)H.M.(Henry Gustav Molaison)
C)"Tan" (Louis Victor Leborgne)

Question 57

Match the definition with the term.
commissures

A)fibrous substance of many regions of the brain
B)nerve cells composing the brain and spinal cord,each with an active cell body,or nucleus
C)pulpy substance forming the outer surface of the brain,inner part of the spinal cord,and several other centers in the brain
D)stalks of nerve tissue that connect the two halves of the brain

Question 58

Match the definition with the term.
motor aphasia

A)Speech includes numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations because of loss of self-monitoring.Comprehension and general fluency are unimpaired.
B)Speech includes numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations.
C)Speech is fluent,with correct grammar,but includes peculiar words and mispro-nunciations.Understanding of spoken language is severely impaired.
D)Speech is severely impaired,but comprehension of spoken language is unim-paired.

Question 59

Match the book with its author.
Karl Lashley

A)Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence
B)Permanent Present Tense
C)The Organization of Behavior

Question 60

Match the definition with the term.
paraphasias

A)Speech includes numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations because of loss of self-monitoring.Comprehension and general fluency are unimpaired.
B)Speech includes numerous peculiar words and mispronunciations.
C)Speech is fluent,with correct grammar,but includes peculiar words and mispro-nunciations.Understanding of spoken language is severely impaired.
D)Speech is severely impaired,but comprehension of spoken language is unim-paired.

Question 61

Match the research practice with the individual.
Pierre Flourens

A)conducted early ablation studies with animal subjects
B)observation of human patient following recovery from epilepsy surgery
C)trained white rats on a maze followed by selective brain ablation

Question 62

Match the definition with the term.
phrenology

A)belief that people's character is indicated by their physical characteristics,particu-larly their facial features
B)belief that bumps and indentations on the surface of the skull are indicative of the size of underlying brain parts,each associated with different psychological facul-ties
C)explores the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive activities
D)explores the neural mechanisms underlying social thought and behavior

Question 63

Match the definition with the term.
physiognomy

A)belief that people's character is indicated by their physical characteristics,particu-larly their facial features
B)belief that bumps and indentations on the surface of the skull are indicative of the size of underlying brain parts,each associated with different psychological facul-ties
C)explores the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive activities
D)explores the neural mechanisms underlying social thought and behavior

Question 64

Match the definition with the term.
social neuroscience

A)belief that people's character is indicated by their physical characteristics,particu-larly their facial features
B)belief that bumps and indentations on the surface of the skull are indicative of the size of underlying brain parts,each associated with different psychological facul-ties
C)explores the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive activities
D)explores the neural mechanisms underlying social thought and behavior

Question 65

Match the definition with the term.
neurons

A)fibrous substance of many regions of the brain
B)nerve cells composing the brain and spinal cord,each with an active cell body,or nucleus
C)pulpy substance forming the outer surface of the brain,inner part of the spinal cord,and several other centers in the brain
D)stalks of nerve tissue that connect the two halves of the brain

Question 66

Match the research practice with the individual.
Brenda Milner

A)conducted early ablation studies with animal subjects
B)observation of human patient following recovery from epilepsy surgery
C)trained white rats on a maze followed by selective brain ablation

Question 67

Match the definition with the term.
white matter

A)fibrous substance of many regions of the brain
B)nerve cells composing the brain and spinal cord,each with an active cell body,or nucleus
C)pulpy substance forming the outer surface of the brain,inner part of the spinal cord,and several other centers in the brain
D)stalks of nerve tissue that connect the two halves of the brain

Question 68

Match the research practice with the individual.
Roberts Bartholow

A)electrical stimulation of a monkey's brain
B)electrical stimulation of the brain of a conscious,developmentally disabled patient
C)electrical stimulation of the brain of conscious epileptic patients
D)electrical stimulation of the cortex of a dog

Question 69

Match the definition with the term.
interpretive cortex

A)include experiences of déjà vu,unfamiliarity,guilt,or euphoria
B)include sensations of dreamlike hallucinations,or memory "flashbacks" with un-remarkable content
C)hypothetical neurological networks in the brain
D)a temporal brain region

Question 70

Match the research practice with the individual.
David Ferrier

A)electrical stimulation of a monkey's brain
B)electrical stimulation of the brain of a conscious,developmentally disabled patient
C)electrical stimulation of the brain of conscious epileptic patients
D)electrical stimulation of the cortex of a dog

Question 71

Match the definition with the term.
cognitive neuroscience

A)belief that people's character is indicated by their physical characteristics,particu-larly their facial features
B)belief that bumps and indentations on the surface of the skull are indicative of the size of underlying brain parts,each associated with different psychological facul-ties
C)explores the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive activities
D)explores the neural mechanisms underlying social thought and behavior

Question 72

Match the research practice with the individual.
Karl Spencer Lashley and Shepherd Ivory Franz

A)conducted early ablation studies with animal subjects
B)observation of human patient following recovery from epilepsy surgery
C)trained white rats on a maze followed by selective brain ablation

Question 73

Match the definition with the term.
cell assemblies

A)include experiences of déjà vu,unfamiliarity,guilt,or euphoria
B)include sensations of dreamlike hallucinations,or memory "flashbacks" with un-remarkable content
C)hypothetical neurological networks in the brain
D)a temporal brain region

Question 74

Match the definition with the term.
equipotentiality

A)Each individual memory is stored in several locations throughout the cortex,and this number increases as the memory becomes better established and further asso-ciated with other memories.
B)The brain's neural plasticity,in which healthy areas have the ability to take over the functions of damaged areas.
C)The efficiency of performance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of brain injury.

Question 75

Match the definition with the term.
redundancy hypothesis

A)Each individual memory is stored in several locations throughout the cortex,and this number increases as the memory becomes better established and further asso-ciated with other memories.
B)The brain's neural plasticity,in which healthy areas have the ability to take over the functions of damaged areas.
C)The efficiency of performance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of brain injury.

Question 76

Match the research practice with the individual.
Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

A)electrical stimulation of a monkey's brain
B)electrical stimulation of the brain of a conscious,developmentally disabled patient
C)electrical stimulation of the brain of conscious epileptic patients
D)electrical stimulation of the cortex of a dog

Question 77

Match the research practice with the individual.
Wilder Penfield

A)electrical stimulation of a monkey's brain
B)electrical stimulation of the brain of a conscious,developmentally disabled patient
C)electrical stimulation of the brain of conscious epileptic patients
D)electrical stimulation of the cortex of a dog

Question 78

Match the definition with the term.
grey matter

A)fibrous substance of many regions of the brain
B)nerve cells composing the brain and spinal cord,each with an active cell body,or nucleus
C)pulpy substance forming the outer surface of the brain,inner part of the spinal cord,and several other centers in the brain
D)stalks of nerve tissue that connect the two halves of the brain

Question 79

Match the definition with the term.
law of mass action

A)Each individual memory is stored in several locations throughout the cortex,and this number increases as the memory becomes better established and further asso-ciated with other memories.
B)The brain's neural plasticity,in which healthy areas have the ability to take over the functions of damaged areas.
C)The efficiency of performance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of brain injury.

Question 80

Match the definition with the term.
experiential responses

A)include experiences of déjà vu,unfamiliarity,guilt,or euphoria
B)include sensations of dreamlike hallucinations,or memory "flashbacks" with un-remarkable content
C)hypothetical neurological networks in the brain
D)a temporal brain region