Deck 10: Psychology as the Science of Behavior: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner

Question 1

How did Pavlov and his workers produce "experimental neurosis" in dogs?

A) forcing them to confront differentiation situations they could not solve
B) suddenly withholding the unconditioned stimuli after many previous regular pairings with the conditioned stimuli
C) using electric shocks as unconditioned stimuli
D) feeding them at irregular intervals

Answer 1

forcing them to confront differentiation situations they could not solve

Question 2

The primary conditioned stimulus employed in Watson and Rayner's production of a conditioned emotional reaction in Little Albert was

A) the sudden restriction of his movement.
B) a white rat.
C) the loud clanging of a steel bar.
D) a Santa Claus mask.

Answer 2

a white rat.

Question 3

Who was a famous professor of John B.Watson's at Chicago,whose childrearing theories he came to disagree with strongly?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Jacques Loeb
C) John Dewey
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 3

John Dewey

Question 4

An innovative and trend-setting book written by John B.Watson in 1928,suggesting many applications of his theory,was

A) Psychological Care of the Infant and Child.
B) Progressive Education.
C) Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes.
D) Practical Learning Theory.

Question 5

The "Little Peter" experiment,conducted by __________,demonstrated that __________.

A) John B. Watson; conditioned fear of spiders could be produced in the laboratory
B) Rosalie Rayner; affection could be used to overcome conditioned fear
C) Karl Lashley; unconditioned salivary responses could be eliminated
D) Mary Cover Jones; conditioned fear of rabbits could be deconditioned

Question 6

Why was Pavlov initially reluctant to study the "psychic secretions" of his laboratory dogs?

A) He lacked the proper kinds of laboratory apparatus.
B) He thought the variables could not be sufficiently well controlled.
C) He was more interested in active, instrumental behaviors than in passive responses such as salivation.
D) He was afraid of being associated with psychology, which he regarded as a scientifically disreputable subject.

Question 7

For what did Ivan Pavlov win the Nobel Prize?

A) systematic studies of the physiology of digestion
B) systematic studies of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes
C) application of conditioning principles to human psychiatric disorders
D) new discoveries about the anatomy of the brain

Question 8

In a typical Pavlovian experiment,the sound of a tone immediately precedes the feeding of the dog,for several feedings.Then the tone is sounded alone,and the dog salivates.In such an experiment,the food is called the __________.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned response

Question 9

When Watson wrote,"Give me a dozen healthy infants,well formed,and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee you to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select," he was expressing a viewpoint known as

A) pragmatism.
B) genetic determinism.
C) radical environmentalism.
D) neobehaviorism.

Question 10

According to John B.Watson,a properly "behavioristic" psychology would do all of the following EXCEPT

A) rule out subjective methods of investigation.
B) rely heavily on studies of reaction time and mental chronometry.
C) make no qualitative distinction between human and animal behaviors.
D) make the prediction and control of behavior its major goals.

Question 11

The three unconditioned emotional reactions that Watson was able to find in human infants were

A) fear, rage, and sorrow.
B) anger, love, and joy.
C) fear, rage, and love.
D) anger, fear, and joy.

Question 12

What did Watson say about unconscious thought in his textbook,Behaviorism?

A) It does not exist.
B) It is explainable as a sequence of nonverbal (kinesthetic or visceral) reactions.
C) It is explainable as a chain of low-level verbal or vocal responses.
D) It may exist, but it is incapable of being studied by a scientific psychology.

Question 13

In Pavlovian conditioning,if two different tones are randomly presented many times each but only one of the tones is reinforced each time by the presentation of food powder,a process called __________ gradually occurs so that only the reinforced tone retains the capacity to elicit a conditioned salivary response.

A) backwards conditioning
B) differentiation
C) extinction
D) generalization

Question 14

A conditioned reflex is established in a dog,where the conditioned stimulus is a tone of 400 cycles per second,and the unconditioned stimulus is a splash of dilute acid in its mouth.When,on a test trial,the dog is presented with a tone of 500 cycles per second,what is the most likely result?

A) a conditioned salivary response, somewhat reduced in magnitude
B) a conditioned salivary response somewhat enhanced in magnitude
C) little or no conditioned salivary response
D) frantic attempts by the dog to escape from the situation

Question 15

In Pavlovian conditioning,when a new stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus is presented and it elicits a weakened version of the conditioned response,the phenomenon is called

A) stimulus carry-over.
B) association by similarity.
C) response degeneration.
D) generalization.

Question 16

Pavlov's consideration of the phenomena of generalization,differentiation,and experimental neurosis led him to conclude what?

A) Learning is the result of excitatory processes in different specific locations in the brain.
B) Learning is the result of separate excitatory and inhibitory processes that may interact in specific locations in the brain.
C) Learning and memory must take place in just a very small part of the brain.
D) Physiological explanations of learned behavior would have to be supported by purely psychological explanations and interpretations as well.

Question 17

In Pavlov's theory,"irradiation" refers to

A) an ultraviolet light sometimes used as a conditioned stimulus.
B) a technique to ensure his surgical operations were performed antiseptically.
C) the neural mechanism causing muscular tremors in some experimental neuroses.
D) a wave spreading excitation or inhibition over the surface of the brain.

Question 18

What was Watson's major purpose in conducting the "Little Albert" experiment?

A) to demonstrate the instinctive fears of a human infant
B) to show that human beings are not as conditionable as animals
C) to show that behavioristic methods could be used on humans as well as animals
D) to prove that he could produce a conditioned emotional fear response

Question 19

Watson found Pavlov's conditioned reflex concept useful in his own work because it

A) was a properly objective general technique that he could apply to many other learning situations besides the salivary reflex.
B) explained a great deal about the nature of the brain.
C) showed the value of precise measurements in psychological experiments.
D) disproved the validity of Freudian concepts.

Question 20

Which of the following ideas was enthusiastically adopted by Pavlov?

A) Descartes's conceptual separation of the body and mind
B) Flourens's conception of the harmonious action commune integrating the different parts of the brain
C) Sechenov's argument that learned behavior occurs when cortical reflexes become superimposed on lower, innate reflexes
D) Wundt's idea that introspection could be scientific

Question 21

Pavlov's career was strongly affected by his particular experiences in what country?

A) United States
B) Germany
C) England
D) Russia (Soviet Union)

Question 22

Which of the following did Watson advise against for the successful rearing of babies and young children?

A) repairing doors so they won't bang unnecessarily
B) dressing infants in loose clothing
C) responding to children's mishaps with physical affection
D) rewarding good behavior with handshakes or pats on the head

Question 23

The record of responses made by an animal in a Skinner box is referred to as its

A) behavioral inventory.
B) response tracing.
C) psychogram.
D) cumulative record.

Question 24

A cumulative record showing regular,scalloped-shaped variation is characteristically produced by

A) fixed interval reinforcement.
B) fixed ratio reinforcement.
C) sudden withdrawal of reinforcement.
D) secondary reinforcement.

Question 25

In his general temperament Ivan Pavlov was noted for being

A) approachable and easygoing, making him a natural leader.
B) brilliant but erratic, prone to occasional mistakes.
C) absent-minded at home but meticulous and systematic in his laboratory.
D) dogged and persistent in all aspects of his life.

Question 26

As an old and famous man,Pavlov gave what special piece of advice to the youth of his country?

A) to be strictly systematic in their acquisition of knowledge
B) to follow their first impulses when pursuing a new subject
C) to try to find an appropriate mentor to guide them
D) to gain a strong background in mathematics

Question 27

In recent years the actual identity of Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" subject has been

A) revealed as a congenitally ill child who died shortly after the experiment.
B) revealed as a person who grew up to be a child psychiatrist.
C) the subject of a disagreement among historians.
D) proven to be a combination of three different infants that they tested.

Question 28

According to Skinner,one of the necessary consequences of regarding behavior as "freely" produced by "autonomous man" is a

A) large total amount of "happiness" in society.
B) reduction in the control of behavior exerted by reinforcement contingencies.
C) great and exclusive emphasis on rewards.
D) great and undesirable emphasis on punishments.

Question 29

__________ conditioning is typically measured in terms of response latency or magnitude,while __________ conditioning is measured in terms of response rate.

A) Operant; respondent
B) Respondent; operant
C) Respondent; Pavlovian
D) Skinnerian; Pavlovian

Question 30

Watson and Lashley's realization that Pavlov's basic conditioning model could be expanded to cover muscular as well as salivary reflexes,and in humans as well as animals,was inspired by whose previous work?

A) Vladimir Bechterev
B) Ivan Sechenov
C) Clark Hull
D) Edward Tolman

Question 31

Who was the person most responsible for promoting "behaviorism" as a distinct approach to psychology?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) John B. Watson
C) B.F. Skinner
D) Ivan Sechenov

Question 32

What eventually became of John B.Watson's two sons?

A) Both went on to successful careers and to become strong supporters of their father's educational theories.
B) Both went on to successful careers but were also subject to depression, leading to the suicide of one of them.
C) One became a well-known entertainer while the other died in young adulthood.
D) One became an artist and the other an educational psychologist.

Question 33

Simple stimuli such as clicks from a toy clicker may be used to help shape up complicated chains of responses if,through previous respondent conditioning,they have been made into

A) token reinforcers.
B) partial reinforcers.
C) primary reinforcers.
D) secondary reinforcers.

Question 34

B.F.Skinner's primary ambition as a young man was to become a

A) professional writer.
B) lawyer.
C) neurologist.
D) psychoanalyst.

Question 35

Following his dismissal from Johns Hopkins University,what became of John B.Watson?

A) He became embittered and dropped all interest in psychology.
B) He found a job and continued teaching psychology in Mexico.
C) He went into practice as an early proponent of behaviorally oriented psychotherapy.
D) He went into advertising while writing about psychology on the side.

Question 36

When new workers arrived in Pavlov's laboratory,what were usually their first assignments?

A) to thoroughly read all of the previous publications produced by the lab
B) to assist a senior worker on one of the newest experiments
C) to suggest original ideas for new experiments
D) to replicate some of the experiments previously conducted in the lab

Question 37

John B.Watson's Ph.D.research at the University of Chicago dealt with what?

A) an introspective analysis of fear
B) the nervous system and behavior of developing white rats
C) physiological aspects of the conditioned love response
D) the effectiveness of an experimental project in progressive education

Question 38

Skinner's 1957 book Verbal Behavior was severely criticized by Noam Chomsky on what grounds?

A) It was insufficiently objective and behavioristic.
B) It could not account for non-European language development.
C) It did not take into account grammatical structures that are innate and uniquely human.
D) It focused excessively on positive as opposed to negative reinforcement.

Question 39

Skinner's utopian novel Walden Two describes a society

A) governed by the principles of classical liberal political theory.
B) whose members' behavior is partly controlled by chemicals.
C) whose members' behavior is completely determined by positive reinforcement.
D) whose members' behavior is completely controlled by the balanced use of positive and negative reinforcement.

Question 40

Edward Chase Tolman was known for his promotion of

A) mechanistic behaviorism.
B) operant conditioning.
C) latent learning.
D) programmed instruction.

Question 41

B.F.Skinner's techniques for programmed instruction involved all of the following EXCEPT

A) a subject is broken down into a series of stepwise components that are presented sequentially.
B) the pupil receives immediate feedback as to whether a response is right or wrong.
C) incorrect responses are counted and used as the basis of a final score on the program.
D) the programs were administered mechanically in devices called teaching machines.

Question 42

What was a prominent feature of Clark Hull's mechanistic behaviorism?

A) its attempt to conceptualize learning in mathematical equations
B) its demonstration of the importance of latent learning
C) its implications for the understanding of language and verbal behavior
D) its dramatic observations of cats in escape boxes

Question 43

Match the definition with the term.
unconditioned stimulus (US)

A)a neutral stimulus that acquires the property of eliciting a response
B)a response that is elicited by a previously neutral stimulus
C)a stimulus that causes an automatic reaction
D)the automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 44

As a boy and teenager,B.F.Skinner showed particular talent as what?

A) an athlete and student politician
B) a writer and inventor of mechanical contraptions
C) a public speaker and debater
D) a birdwatcher and collector of insect specimen

Question 45

For what purpose did B.F.Skinner invent his "Heir Conditioner" or "Aircrib?"

A) to positively reinforce a child's successful attempts to walk
B) to negatively reinforce a child's mistakes in toilet training
C) to minimize the annoyance produced by an angry or crying child
D) to provide a safe and comfortable environment for infants

Question 46

Match the definition with the term.
operant conditioning

A)active learning process in which organisms act on their environments and encoun-ter various consequences for their actions
B)stresses the idea that all behavior is goal directed
C)stresses the idea that learning can be conceptualized in terms of mathematical laws that specify relationships among a host of variables
D)the process by which conditioned reflexes are acquired
E)the view that environmental factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than heredity or physical constitution in determining behavior

Question 47

Match the definition with the term.
conditioned response (CR)

A)a neutral stimulus that acquires the property of eliciting a response
B)a response that is elicited by a previously neutral stimulus
C)a stimulus that causes an automatic reaction
D)the automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 48

Match the definition with the term.
higher-order conditioning

A)new stimulus-response connections formed through classical conditioning
B)occurs when a conditioned response is first established to one stimulus,which then goes on to serve as the unconditioned stimulus in a further series of pairings with another conditioned stimulus
C)occurs when dissimilar stimuli are presented repeatedly but only one is reinforced by a succeeding unconditioned stimulus
D)the elicitation of a newly formed stimulus-response connection by a similar,but not identical,stimulus
E)the innate and automatic reaction that must exist prior to any conditioning or learning

Question 49

Match the definition with the term.
conditioned reflex

A)new stimulus-response connections formed through classical conditioning
B)occurs when a conditioned response is first established to one stimulus,which then goes on to serve as the unconditioned stimulus in a further series of pairings with another conditioned stimulus
C)occurs when dissimilar stimuli are presented repeatedly but only one is reinforced by a succeeding unconditioned stimulus
D)the elicitation of a newly formed stimulus-response connection by a similar,but not identical,stimulus
E)the innate and automatic reaction that must exist prior to any conditioning or learning

Question 50

Match the definition with the term.
mechanistic behaviorism

A)active learning process in which organisms act on their environments and encoun-ter various consequences for their actions
B)stresses the idea that all behavior is goal directed
C)stresses the idea that learning can be conceptualized in terms of mathematical laws that specify relationships among a host of variables
D)the process by which conditioned reflexes are acquired
E)the view that environmental factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than heredity or physical constitution in determining behavior

Question 51

Match the definition with the term.
purposive behaviorism

A)active learning process in which organisms act on their environments and encoun-ter various consequences for their actions
B)stresses the idea that all behavior is goal directed
C)stresses the idea that learning can be conceptualized in terms of mathematical laws that specify relationships among a host of variables
D)the process by which conditioned reflexes are acquired
E)the view that environmental factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than heredity or physical constitution in determining behavior

Question 52

Match the definition with the term.
radical environmentalism

A)active learning process in which organisms act on their environments and encoun-ter various consequences for their actions
B)stresses the idea that all behavior is goal directed
C)stresses the idea that learning can be conceptualized in terms of mathematical laws that specify relationships among a host of variables
D)the process by which conditioned reflexes are acquired
E)the view that environmental factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than heredity or physical constitution in determining behavior

Question 53

Match the definition with the term.
fixed-interval reinforcement schedule

A)an operant conditioning schedule in which only the first response after the pas-sage of some specified period of time is reinforced
B)an operant conditioning schedule in which reinforcement occurs after randomly varying numbers of responses have been made
C)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced only after a preset number of responses have been made
D)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced after random-ly varying intervals of time

Question 54

What eventually became of B.F.Skinner's two daughters?

A) Both went on to careers as behavioristic psychologists who promoted their father's theories.
B) Both went on to successful careers but were also subject to depression, leading to the suicide of one of them.
C) One became a lawyer while the other became a hippie and member of a rock band.
D) One became a successful artist and the other an educational psychologist.

Question 55

Match the definition with the term.
conditioned stimulus (CS)

A)a neutral stimulus that acquires the property of eliciting a response
B)a response that is elicited by a previously neutral stimulus
C)a stimulus that causes an automatic reaction
D)the automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 56

Match the definition with the term.
unconditioned reflex

A)new stimulus-response connections formed through classical conditioning
B)occurs when a conditioned response is first established to one stimulus,which then goes on to serve as the unconditioned stimulus in a further series of pairings with another conditioned stimulus
C)occurs when dissimilar stimuli are presented repeatedly but only one is reinforced by a succeeding unconditioned stimulus
D)the elicitation of a newly formed stimulus-response connection by a similar,but not identical,stimulus
E)the innate and automatic reaction that must exist prior to any conditioning or learning

Question 57

Match the definition with the term.
classical conditioning

A)active learning process in which organisms act on their environments and encoun-ter various consequences for their actions
B)stresses the idea that all behavior is goal directed
C)stresses the idea that learning can be conceptualized in terms of mathematical laws that specify relationships among a host of variables
D)the process by which conditioned reflexes are acquired
E)the view that environmental factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than heredity or physical constitution in determining behavior

Question 58

Match the definition with the term.
differentiation

A)new stimulus-response connections formed through classical conditioning
B)occurs when a conditioned response is first established to one stimulus,which then goes on to serve as the unconditioned stimulus in a further series of pairings with another conditioned stimulus
C)occurs when dissimilar stimuli are presented repeatedly but only one is reinforced by a succeeding unconditioned stimulus
D)the elicitation of a newly formed stimulus-response connection by a similar,but not identical,stimulus
E)the innate and automatic reaction that must exist prior to any conditioning or learning

Question 59

Match the definition with the term.
generalization

A)new stimulus-response connections formed through classical conditioning
B)occurs when a conditioned response is first established to one stimulus,which then goes on to serve as the unconditioned stimulus in a further series of pairings with another conditioned stimulus
C)occurs when dissimilar stimuli are presented repeatedly but only one is reinforced by a succeeding unconditioned stimulus
D)the elicitation of a newly formed stimulus-response connection by a similar,but not identical,stimulus
E)the innate and automatic reaction that must exist prior to any conditioning or learning

Question 60

Match the definition with the term.
unconditioned response (UR)

A)a neutral stimulus that acquires the property of eliciting a response
B)a response that is elicited by a previously neutral stimulus
C)a stimulus that causes an automatic reaction
D)the automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 61

Match the definition with the term.
variable-interval reinforcement schedule

A)an operant conditioning schedule in which only the first response after the pas-sage of some specified period of time is reinforced
B)an operant conditioning schedule in which reinforcement occurs after randomly varying numbers of responses have been made
C)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced only after a preset number of responses have been made
D)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced after random-ly varying intervals of time

Question 62

Match the figure with the term associated with his theory.
purposive behaviorism

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Clark Hull
C)Edward Chace Tolman
D)Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
E)John Broadus Watson

Question 63

Match the definition with the term.
contingencies of reinforcement

A)a response contingency in which the probability of a response is increased when it is followed by a reward
B)a response contingency in which the probability of a response is increased when it is followed by the removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus
C)the specific conditions under which responses are reinforced or not

Question 64

Match the definition with the term.
systematic desensitization

A)a contemporary discipline comprising experimental,applied,and philosophical branches that use Skinner's ideas
B)a technique in which a pleasant stimulus is presented at the same time as a fear-evoking stimulus with the hope that over repeated exposures,the fearful response will be eliminated
C)an educational technique that breaks down complicated subjects into simple com-ponents that can be presented in order of increasing difficulty
D)learning that occurs incidentally and without immediate reinforcement

Question 65

Match the definition with the term.
latent learning

A)a contemporary discipline comprising experimental,applied,and philosophical branches that use Skinner's ideas
B)a technique in which a pleasant stimulus is presented at the same time as a fear-evoking stimulus with the hope that over repeated exposures,the fearful response will be eliminated
C)an educational technique that breaks down complicated subjects into simple com-ponents that can be presented in order of increasing difficulty
D)learning that occurs incidentally and without immediate reinforcement

Question 66

Match the definition with the term.
fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule

A)an operant conditioning schedule in which only the first response after the pas-sage of some specified period of time is reinforced
B)an operant conditioning schedule in which reinforcement occurs after randomly varying numbers of responses have been made
C)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced only after a preset number of responses have been made
D)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced after random-ly varying intervals of time

Question 67

Match the study with the individual by whom it was conducted.
Edward Chace Tolman

A)study of maze learning in which rats were allowed to roam freely and rewards for successful navigation were only introduced on the eleventh day
B)the Little Albert study of conditioned emotional reactions
C)the Little Peter study of the elimination of fear through conditioning

Question 68

Match the study with the individual by whom it was conducted.
Mary Cover Jones

A)study of maze learning in which rats were allowed to roam freely and rewards for successful navigation were only introduced on the eleventh day
B)the Little Albert study of conditioned emotional reactions
C)the Little Peter study of the elimination of fear through conditioning

Question 69

Match the definition with the term.
behavior analysis

A)a contemporary discipline comprising experimental,applied,and philosophical branches that use Skinner's ideas
B)a technique in which a pleasant stimulus is presented at the same time as a fear-evoking stimulus with the hope that over repeated exposures,the fearful response will be eliminated
C)an educational technique that breaks down complicated subjects into simple com-ponents that can be presented in order of increasing difficulty
D)learning that occurs incidentally and without immediate reinforcement

Question 70

Match the figure with the term associated with his theory.
operant conditioning

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Clark Hull
C)Edward Chace Tolman
D)Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
E)John Broadus Watson

Question 71

Match the definition with the term.
variable-ratio reinforcement schedule

A)an operant conditioning schedule in which only the first response after the pas-sage of some specified period of time is reinforced
B)an operant conditioning schedule in which reinforcement occurs after randomly varying numbers of responses have been made
C)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced only after a preset number of responses have been made
D)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced after random-ly varying intervals of time

Question 72

Match the study with the individual by whom it was conducted.
Rosalie Rayner

A)study of maze learning in which rats were allowed to roam freely and rewards for successful navigation were only introduced on the eleventh day
B)the Little Albert study of conditioned emotional reactions
C)the Little Peter study of the elimination of fear through conditioning

Question 73

Match the publication with its author.
B.F.Skinner

A)Psychological Care of Infant and Child
B)Syntactic Structures
C)Walden Two

Question 74

Match the publication with its author.
John Broadus Watson

A)Psychological Care of Infant and Child
B)Syntactic Structures
C)Walden Two

Question 75

Match the definition with the term.
negative reinforcement

A)a response contingency in which the probability of a response is increased when it is followed by a reward
B)a response contingency in which the probability of a response is increased when it is followed by the removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus
C)the specific conditions under which responses are reinforced or not

Question 76

Match the figure with the term associated with his theory.
mechanistic behaviorism

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Clark Hull
C)Edward Chace Tolman
D)Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
E)John Broadus Watson

Question 77

Match the figure with the term associated with his theory.
classical conditioning

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Clark Hull
C)Edward Chace Tolman
D)Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
E)John Broadus Watson

Question 78

Match the definition with the term.
programmed instruction

A)a contemporary discipline comprising experimental,applied,and philosophical branches that use Skinner's ideas
B)a technique in which a pleasant stimulus is presented at the same time as a fear-evoking stimulus with the hope that over repeated exposures,the fearful response will be eliminated
C)an educational technique that breaks down complicated subjects into simple com-ponents that can be presented in order of increasing difficulty
D)learning that occurs incidentally and without immediate reinforcement

Question 79

Match the figure with the term associated with his theory.
behaviorism

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Clark Hull
C)Edward Chace Tolman
D)Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
E)John Broadus Watson

Question 80

Match the definition with the term.
positive reinforcement

A)a response contingency in which the probability of a response is increased when it is followed by a reward
B)a response contingency in which the probability of a response is increased when it is followed by the removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus
C)the specific conditions under which responses are reinforced or not