Deck 15: Minds, Machines, and Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

What was the Logic Theorist (LT)program introduced by Newell and Simon in 1956 able to do?

A) compose melodies in the style of Mozart
B) construct proofs for central theorems in symbolic logic
C) perfectly simulate the operations of Babbage's analytical engine
D) defeat average-level chess players

Answer 1

construct proofs for central theorems in symbolic logic

Question 2

The Lovelace Objection refers to which of the following?

A) Ada Lovelace's claim that Babbage stole her ideas
B) Lovelace's view that computers could only do what they were programmed to do
C) Lovelace's objection to Babbage creating the analytical engine and giving up his work on the difference engine
D) Lovelace's claim that computers could never be used to compose music

Answer 2

Lovelace's view that computers could only do what they were programmed to do

Question 3

A type of artificial intelligence computer program that operates by detecting patterns of activity that go on within its entire memory system is said to employ __________.

A) connectionist or parallel distributed processing
B) serialist or symbolic processing
C) sensory information processing
D) processing by means-ends analysis

Answer 3

connectionist or parallel distributed processing

Question 4

A "shortcut" strategy to limit the search space in solving a complicated computational problem is referred to as __________.

A) an algorithm.
B) a heuristic.
C) a TOTE unit.
D) a syllogism.

Question 5

What was a computer program that employed heuristics and a means-ends analysis in its attempt to simulate problem solving in a generally humanlike fashion called?

A) Logic Theorist
B) Pandemonium
C) General Problem Solver
D) the Chinese room

Question 6

Claude Shannon's famous master's thesis made the case for what?

A) that genuine computer "creativity" is impossible
B) that patterns of relay circuits in "off" or "on" positions could be used to represent information in binary code
C) that computers could potentially be made much smaller by using transistors
D) that certain kinds of mathematical equations can never be solved by machines

Question 7

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were important for their promotion of which of the following?

A) the conception of the brain as a "neural network" of interconnected binary switches
B) the use of computers as codebreaking devices
C) the concept of strong artificial intelligence
D) the use of transistors in computing devices

Question 8

Ada Lovelace was the only daughter of the poet Lord Byron,but is better known to historians as all of the following EXCEPT for being which of the following?

A) a gifted mathematician
B) a promoter of Babbage's analytical engine
C) the inventor of an "ultimate machine"
D) a theorist of the potentialities and limitations of a universal machine

Question 9

What philosophical implication did many of Pascal's contemporaries and immediate followers draw from his creation of the Pascaline?

A) It challenged Descartes's assertion that only humans had the capacity for rational calculation.
B) It challenged Locke's theories about the association of ideas.
C) It undercut Hobbes's argument that human reasoning was a form of mathematical calculation.
D) It caused Leibniz to be troubled by the thought of a machine that could calculate numbers better than a human being.

Question 10

Alan Turing did all of the following EXCEPT for which of the following?

A) propose a test for determining if a calculating machine was "intelligent"
B) conceive of an architecture for a universal calculating machine
C) help break German codes during World War II
D) receive high honors from the British government for his wartime contributions

Question 11

George Boole's development of an expanded form of calculation known as "Boolean algebra" was a major step in the new discipline known as __________.

A) analytical geometry
B) artificial intelligence
C) programmed instruction
D) symbolic logic

Question 12

The weaver Joseph Jacquard invented which of the following technologies suggested by Charles Babbage in his design for an analytical engine?

A) a reel of perforated paper tape for recording output
B) a specialized kind of gear for performing multiplications and divisions
C) a network of binary (on or off) switches in the "mill"
D) a stack of stiff cards with punched holes for inputting the machine's program

Question 13

What was one of the key limitations of the Pascaline that Leibniz went on to overcome?

A) It could only add and subtract.
B) It only worked with Roman numerals.
C) It multiplied but could not divide numbers.
D) It used a cog and gear mechanism.

Question 14

The idea that a computer program might one day be developed that is capable of replicating all of the intellectual and cognitive properties of the human mind is sometimes called what?

A) strong artificial intelligence
B) computational equivalence
C) computational intelligence
D) functional artificial intelligence

Question 15

In exploring the question of whether computers can be creative,Margaret Boden suggested that putting already familiar ideas or components together in novel but useful or interesting combinations,but according to preset rules,is an example of which of the following?

A) computational functionalism
B) impossibilist creativity
C) intentionality
D) improbabilist creativity

Question 16

By the middle of the seventeenth century,all of the following developments had occurred that would later coalesce to create a major current in the modern field of artificial intelligence EXCEPT for which of the following?

A) the ability to perform mathematical calculations using fixed rules
B) the ability to convert the difference machine into the analytical engine
C) the ability to perform some calculations mechanically
D) the recognition that mathematical calculation processes resembled human rational thought in general

Question 17

Which future development did Leibniz correctly predict that would later lie at the heart of artificial intelligence technology?

A) that binary arithmetic could be used for digital calculators and computers
B) that a machine might be developed with the capacity to solve problems in logic
C) the general idea for a "stored program"
D) the concept of parallel processing

Question 18

While Babbage's difference engine was capable of __________,his analytical engine,if completed,would be further capable of __________.

A) division; multiplication
B) single tasks; any type of calculation
C) calculations in symbolic logic; solving differential equations
D) any type of calculation; showing genuine creativity

Question 19

The technology employed by Pascal in his "Pascaline" resembled which more modern mechanism?

A) an automobile odometer
B) a digital watch
C) a water clock
D) a system of pulleys

Question 20

Newell and Simon's General Problem Solver (GPS)made use of all of the following EXCEPT for which?

A) prior observation of human problem solvers
B) heuristic strategies
C) means-ends analysis
D) parallel processing

Question 21

Who among the following was NOT one of the leaders in establishing a new cognitive psychology in the 1950s and 1960s?

A) George Miller
B) Jerome Bruner
C) Ulric Neisser
D) Alan Turing

Question 22

Newell and Simon's incorporation of means-ends analysis in their General Problem Solver inspired psychologists George Miller,Eugene Galanter,and Karl Pribram to propose what concept?

A) stored programs
B) S-O-R sequences
C) TOTE units
D) purposive behaviorism

Question 23

In a famous paper,George Miller noted that __________ cropped up frequently as the maximum number of items people can simultaneously hold or take into their consciousness.

A) three
B) fifteen
C) seven
D) twelve

Question 24

The Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies was jointly created by whom?

A) Jerome Bruner and George Miller
B) Noam Chomsky and Ulric Neisser
C) George Miller and B. F. Skinner
D) Claude Shannon and Alan Turing

Question 25

The opinion that "the heart has its reasons which reason knows nothing of" was famously expressed by whom?

A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Gottfried Leibniz
C) Blaise Pascal
D) Ada Lovelace

Question 26

What important conclusion did George Miller draw after becoming familiar with Noam Chomsky's theory of language?

A) that English is a particularly difficult language for children to learn
B) that the most elementary unit of speech is the word
C) that a child picks up the rules of grammar by trial-and-error learning
D) that behavioristic learning theory could not account for a child's acquisition of grammar

Question 27

In 1651,Thomas Hobbes expressed which of the following radical opinions about the nature of human reasoning?

A) that reasoning was carried out by an immaterial rational soul
B) that reasoning could be represented by combinations of ones and zeroes
C) that reasoning processes varied from one culture to another
D) that reasoning processes were essentially the same as mathematical calculations

Question 28

George Miller's original research interests in psychology centered on what subject?

A) speech and communication
B) memory
C) sensation and perception
D) brain physiology

Question 29

The concept of "flashbulb memories" was introduced and studied by whom?

A) Claude Shannon
B) George Miller
C) Jerome Bruner
D) Ulric Neisser

Question 30

Developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence helped set the stage for the emergence of cognitive psychology in all of the following ways EXCEPT for which of the following?

A) by emphasizing the internal processing that goes on between input and output
B) by strictly limiting investigation to the observable inputs and outputs to a system
C) by providing concepts and a language that were useful in describing human cognition
D) by encouraging psychologists to try to specify the steps involved in problem solving

Question 31

Modern information theory was initiated by __________,with the concept of the __________ as its most basic unit.

A) Noam Chomsky; grammatical sentence
B) George Miller; phoneme
C) Alan Turing; word
D) Claude Shannon; bit

Question 32

Who were two important pioneers in the development of modern computers and artificial intelligence who worked as codebreakers in their separate countries during World War II?

A) Alan Turing and Claude Shannon
B) George Miller and Jerome Bruner
C) George Boole and Ada Lovelace
D) Noam Chomsky and Ulric Neisser

Question 33

Jerome Bruner and his students became well known for a group of studies referred to as what?

A) the new look in perception
B) cognitive neuroscience
C) evolutionary psychology
D) psychobiology

Question 34

Ulric Neisser's interest in cognitive psychology was stimulated by which of the following?

A) a childhood event that forced him to question the accuracy of his own memory
B) his fascination with the Turing Test
C) his conviction that computer processes would eventually be able to completely reproduce most human cognitive processes
D) his interest in the development of language in children

Question 35

John Searle was a philosopher who did which of the following?

A) proposed the Chinese room thought experiment
B) argued that strong AI was a very real possibility
C) proposed the name for the Turing Test
D) developed a computer program to generate human-like language

Question 36

George Miller's early exposure to __________ proved to be a turning point in his career.

A) B. F. Skinner's theory of verbal learning
B) Claude Shannon's information theory
C) George Boole's symbolic logic
D) the principles of Gestalt psychology

Question 37

Neisser's conception of cognitive psychology,as presented in his original textbook of that name,particularly emphasized which of the following topics?

A) information processing
B) computer science
C) Gestalt psychology
D) artificial intelligence

Question 38

What was "Pandemonium"?

A) an early computer program that used connectionist processing to "learn" how to perform pattern recognition of letters
B) the annoying computer "noise" that occurred when too much information was being processed at one time
C) an early computer program developed by health researchers to analyze information about pandemics
D) a computer program that simulated the operations of a Turing machine

Question 39

The idea that one concept may be "contained" within another (e.g.,"human" is contained within "animal")was an important aspect of which of the following?

A) Thomas Hobbes's argument for the social contract
B) Gottfried Leibniz's proposal for a universal language
C) Charles Babbage's plan for his analytical engine
D) George Boole's conception of Boolean algebra

Question 40

Following their promotion of the TOTE unit as an important psychological concept,Miller,Galanter,and Pribram referred to themselves ironically as which of the following?

A) introspective psychologists
B) subjective behaviorists
C) cognitive scientists
D) Gestalt psychologists

Question 41

Match the definition with the term.
General Problem Solver (GPS)

A)a calculating machine that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers
B)a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic
C)a hypothetical architecturally simple "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense,according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules
D)an AI program that uses heuristics intended to be capable of solving a broad range of types of problems
E)planned but never-finished "universal machine," capable of performing virtually any type of calculation; prototype for what today we call a programmable computer

Question 42

Match the definition with the term.
Boolean algebra

A)a discipline that includes traditional mathematics as just one of many possible forms of systematic symbol manipulation
B)a system integrating logical calculation with classical mathematics
C)the representation of all numbers by just ones and zeroes

Question 43

Which of the following was NOT true about the so-called "cognitive revolution"?

A) It adopted concepts from computer science in theorizing about internal cognitive processes.
B) It was seen as "revolutionary" more by behavioristic experimental psychologists than by some other types of psychologist.
C) Its focus on "inner" and "mental" processes was something completely new to psychological theorists.
D) It proposed "information processing" as one of its major concepts.

Question 44

Match the definition with the term.
weak AI

A)involves changing the pre-set rules,effecting a "transformation of conceptual space"
B)involves putting already familiar ideas or components together in new and useful or interesting combinations,according to rules that have already been established
C)notion that computer processes might resemble and may serve as models for certain aspects of human thinking,but without accompanying attributes of a human mind,such as intentionality and subjective consciousness
D)the ability of computer responses to be indistinguishable in all respects from those of intelligent humans
E)the capacity of a mechanical device to perform operations that replicate or imitate human thought processes and other intellectual behaviors

Question 45

Match the definition with the term.
Logic Theorist (LT)

A)a calculating machine that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers
B)a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic
C)a hypothetical architecturally simple "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense,according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules
D)an AI program that uses heuristics intended to be capable of solving a broad range of types of problems
E)planned but never-finished "universal machine," capable of performing virtually any type of calculation; prototype for what today we call a programmable computer

Question 46

Match the definition with the term.
Chinese room

A)a field based on the idea that any communication of signal can be analyzed in terms of a fundamental unit called the bit
B)a heuristic technique to limited search options,in which the most desirable end state for a problem is regularly compared to its actual current state and the distance (difference)between the two is analyzed and measured
C)a test to assess the "intelligence" of a machine according to its ability to perform some complex task requiring genuinely intelligent behavior,in a manner outwardly indistinguishable from that of a person
D)a thought experiment comparing a native speaker of a language with one who responds perfectly but "mechanically" with the aid of a complete book of rules the latter,like a computer,would not demonstrate "strong" artificial intelligence
E)the notion that computers can only follow predetermined and precisely defined rules and are not capable of genuine creativity; commonly expressed today as "computers can only do what they have been programmed to do"

Question 47

Which British psychologist anticipated cognitive psychology with a famous cross-cultural study of remembering?

A) Alan Turing
B) Noam Chomsky
C) Ulric Neisser
D) Frederick Bartlett

Question 48

Match the definition with the term.
impossibilist creativity

A)involves changing the pre-set rules,effecting a "transformation of conceptual space"
B)involves putting already familiar ideas or components together in new and useful or interesting combinations,according to rules that have already been established
C)notion that computer processes might resemble and may serve as models for certain aspects of human thinking,but without accompanying attributes of a human mind,such as intentionality and subjective consciousness
D)the ability of computer responses to be indistinguishable in all respects from those of intelligent humans
E)the capacity of a mechanical device to perform operations that replicate or imitate human thought processes and other intellectual behaviors

Question 49

Match the definition with the term.
strong AI

A)involves changing the pre-set rules,effecting a "transformation of conceptual space"
B)involves putting already familiar ideas or components together in new and useful or interesting combinations,according to rules that have already been established
C)notion that computer processes might resemble and may serve as models for certain aspects of human thinking,but without accompanying attributes of a human mind,such as intentionality and subjective consciousness
D)the ability of computer responses to be indistinguishable in all respects from those of intelligent humans
E)the capacity of a mechanical device to perform operations that replicate or imitate human thought processes and other intellectual behaviors

Question 50

Match the definition with the term.
artificial intelligence (AI)

A)involves changing the pre-set rules,effecting a "transformation of conceptual space"
B)involves putting already familiar ideas or components together in new and useful or interesting combinations,according to rules that have already been established
C)notion that computer processes might resemble and may serve as models for certain aspects of human thinking,but without accompanying attributes of a human mind,such as intentionality and subjective consciousness
D)the ability of computer responses to be indistinguishable in all respects from those of intelligent humans
E)the capacity of a mechanical device to perform operations that replicate or imitate human thought processes and other intellectual behaviors

Question 51

Match the definition with the term.
binary arithmetic

A)a discipline that includes traditional mathematics as just one of many possible forms of systematic symbol manipulation
B)a system integrating logical calculation with classical mathematics
C)the representation of all numbers by just ones and zeroes

Question 52

After working on an artificial intelligence project with Oliver Selfridge,Neisser came to which of the following conclusions?

A) computer-based concepts are useful in understanding human mental processes but are less flexible and less driven by interacting motives
B) computer-based concepts are identical in almost all fundamental ways with those that explain human thinking
C) computer processes and human mental processes are completely and fundamentally different
D) computer programs could never demonstrate learning as it occurs in human subjects

Question 53

Match the definition with the term.
difference engine

A)a calculating machine that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers
B)a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic
C)a hypothetical architecturally simple "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense,according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules
D)an AI program that uses heuristics intended to be capable of solving a broad range of types of problems
E)planned but never-finished "universal machine," capable of performing virtually any type of calculation; prototype for what today we call a programmable computer

Question 54

How did Ulric Neisser come to characterize his personal role in the establishment of cognitive psychology?

A) as the father of a new discipline thanks to a single revolutionary insight
B) as not so much a "revolutionary" figure as a "counter-revolutionary"
C) as not the father but the godfather who gave the new field its name
D) as a mere bystander who came to be associated with the field by chance

Question 55

Match the definition with the term.
Turing machine

A)a calculating machine that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers
B)a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic
C)a hypothetical architecturally simple "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense,according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules
D)an AI program that uses heuristics intended to be capable of solving a broad range of types of problems
E)planned but never-finished "universal machine," capable of performing virtually any type of calculation; prototype for what today we call a programmable computer

Question 56

Match the definition with the term.
analytical engine

A)a calculating machine that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers
B)a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic
C)a hypothetical architecturally simple "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense,according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules
D)an AI program that uses heuristics intended to be capable of solving a broad range of types of problems
E)planned but never-finished "universal machine," capable of performing virtually any type of calculation; prototype for what today we call a programmable computer

Question 57

Match the definition with the term.
symbolic logic

A)a discipline that includes traditional mathematics as just one of many possible forms of systematic symbol manipulation
B)a system integrating logical calculation with classical mathematics
C)the representation of all numbers by just ones and zeroes

Question 58

How is "cognition" best defined?

A) the state of being conscious or aware of something
B) the process of acquiring knowledge or understanding of something
C) the act of evaluating the desirability of something
D) the act of "reality testing"

Question 59

Match the definition with the term.
information theory

A)a field based on the idea that any communication of signal can be analyzed in terms of a fundamental unit called the bit
B)a heuristic technique to limited search options,in which the most desirable end state for a problem is regularly compared to its actual current state and the distance (difference)between the two is analyzed and measured
C)a test to assess the "intelligence" of a machine according to its ability to perform some complex task requiring genuinely intelligent behavior,in a manner outwardly indistinguishable from that of a person
D)a thought experiment comparing a native speaker of a language with one who responds perfectly but "mechanically" with the aid of a complete book of rules the latter,like a computer,would not demonstrate "strong" artificial intelligence
E)the notion that computers can only follow predetermined and precisely defined rules and are not capable of genuine creativity; commonly expressed today as "computers can only do what they have been programmed to do"

Question 60

Match the definition with the term.
improbabilist creativity

A)involves changing the pre-set rules,effecting a "transformation of conceptual space"
B)involves putting already familiar ideas or components together in new and useful or interesting combinations,according to rules that have already been established
C)notion that computer processes might resemble and may serve as models for certain aspects of human thinking,but without accompanying attributes of a human mind,such as intentionality and subjective consciousness
D)the ability of computer responses to be indistinguishable in all respects from those of intelligent humans
E)the capacity of a mechanical device to perform operations that replicate or imitate human thought processes and other intellectual behaviors

Question 61

Match the definition with the term.
flashbulb memory

A)a computer programming strategy that detects patterns of activity that go on throughout the whole system rather than symbols in specified locations
B)a subdiscipline of psychology focused on the study of the important mental processes that intervene between an activating stimulus and a final adaptive response
C)a vividly recalled (although not necessarily accurate)image of exactly where one was and what one was doing when some particularly momentous event occurred
D)computer programming in which specified sequences of operations are performed on specified sets of symbols,both of which have been stored in specific memory locations
E)emphasized how a variety of nonobjective factors can systematically influence the process of perception

Question 62

Match the definition with the term.
"new look" in perception

A)a computer programming strategy that detects patterns of activity that go on throughout the whole system rather than symbols in specified locations
B)a subdiscipline of psychology focused on the study of the important mental processes that intervene between an activating stimulus and a final adaptive response
C)a vividly recalled (although not necessarily accurate)image of exactly where one was and what one was doing when some particularly momentous event occurred
D)computer programming in which specified sequences of operations are performed on specified sets of symbols,both of which have been stored in specific memory locations
E)emphasized how a variety of nonobjective factors can systematically influence the process of perception

Question 63

Match the definition with the term.
TOTE unit

A)a technique for problem solving that limits the search space by relying on best guesses and shortcuts
B)in general usage,the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding,and in modern psychology the processing of information between input and output
C)proposed as a new central concept in the analysis of thinking and reasoning,based on the idea that problem solving typically begins with a first test,comparing the present situation with the desired outcome,followed by an operation to reduce the difference,and then another test
D)simple switches that may be in either "on" or "off" states
E)the amount of information that can be conveyed by the open or closed status of a single binary switch (one or zero)

Question 64

Match the definition with the term.
mean-ends analysis

A)a field based on the idea that any communication of signal can be analyzed in terms of a fundamental unit called the bit
B)a heuristic technique to limited search options,in which the most desirable end state for a problem is regularly compared to its actual current state and the distance (difference)between the two is analyzed and measured
C)a test to assess the "intelligence" of a machine according to its ability to perform some complex task requiring genuinely intelligent behavior,in a manner outwardly indistinguishable from that of a person
D)a thought experiment comparing a native speaker of a language with one who responds perfectly but "mechanically" with the aid of a complete book of rules the latter,like a computer,would not demonstrate "strong" artificial intelligence
E)the notion that computers can only follow predetermined and precisely defined rules and are not capable of genuine creativity; commonly expressed today as "computers can only do what they have been programmed to do"

Question 65

Match the definition with the term.
heuristics

A)a technique for problem solving that limits the search space by relying on best guesses and shortcuts
B)in general usage,the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding,and in modern psychology the processing of information between input and output
C)proposed as a new central concept in the analysis of thinking and reasoning,based on the idea that problem solving typically begins with a first test,comparing the present situation with the desired outcome,followed by an operation to reduce the difference,and then another test
D)simple switches that may be in either "on" or "off" states
E)the amount of information that can be conveyed by the open or closed status of a single binary switch (one or zero)

Question 66

Match the definition with the term.
cognitive psychology

A)a computer programming strategy that detects patterns of activity that go on throughout the whole system rather than symbols in specified locations
B)a subdiscipline of psychology focused on the study of the important mental processes that intervene between an activating stimulus and a final adaptive response
C)a vividly recalled (although not necessarily accurate)image of exactly where one was and what one was doing when some particularly momentous event occurred
D)computer programming in which specified sequences of operations are performed on specified sets of symbols,both of which have been stored in specific memory locations
E)emphasized how a variety of nonobjective factors can systematically influence the process of perception

Question 67

Match the definition with the term.
connectionist processing

A)a computer programming strategy that detects patterns of activity that go on throughout the whole system rather than symbols in specified locations
B)a subdiscipline of psychology focused on the study of the important mental processes that intervene between an activating stimulus and a final adaptive response
C)a vividly recalled (although not necessarily accurate)image of exactly where one was and what one was doing when some particularly momentous event occurred
D)computer programming in which specified sequences of operations are performed on specified sets of symbols,both of which have been stored in specific memory locations
E)emphasized how a variety of nonobjective factors can systematically influence the process of perception

Question 68

Match the life event with the individual.
Noam Chomsky

A)It is generally believed that this individual committed suicide after undergoing chemical castration as a punishment for the then crime of homosexuality.
B)The only copy of the manuscript for this individual's The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory was barely saved after the psychology building caught on fire.
C)This child of the poet Lord Byron had an education that deliberately avoided poetry and instead emphasized mathematics.
D)This individual's doctoral dissertation,on the subject of masking or "jamming" voice communication,was funded by the military and declared top secret because of its potential value for disrupting German wartime communications.

Question 69

Match the life event with the individual.
Ada Lovelace

A)It is generally believed that this individual committed suicide after undergoing chemical castration as a punishment for the then crime of homosexuality.
B)The only copy of the manuscript for this individual's The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory was barely saved after the psychology building caught on fire.
C)This child of the poet Lord Byron had an education that deliberately avoided poetry and instead emphasized mathematics.
D)This individual's doctoral dissertation,on the subject of masking or "jamming" voice communication,was funded by the military and declared top secret because of its potential value for disrupting German wartime communications.

Question 70

Match the definition with the term.
cognition

A)a technique for problem solving that limits the search space by relying on best guesses and shortcuts
B)in general usage,the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding,and in modern psychology the processing of information between input and output
C)proposed as a new central concept in the analysis of thinking and reasoning,based on the idea that problem solving typically begins with a first test,comparing the present situation with the desired outcome,followed by an operation to reduce the difference,and then another test
D)simple switches that may be in either "on" or "off" states
E)the amount of information that can be conveyed by the open or closed status of a single binary switch (one or zero)

Question 71

Match the invention with its creator(s).
Allen Newell and Herbert Simon

A)a calculating machine constructed with great difficulty that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers
B)a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic
C)a computer program capable of responding to different written letters or Morse code symbols via subroutines called "demons" that worked independently on separate aspects of the problem but all at the same time,and with successful combinations of activity being recorded in the computer's memory
D)a hypothetical "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense,according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules
E)an early calculator consisting of a row of ten-toothed cogwheels,arranged so that each complete revolution of the wheel on the right produced a rotation of one tooth in the wheel to its left

Question 72

Match the invention with its creator(s).
Alan Turing

A)a calculating machine constructed with great difficulty that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers
B)a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic
C)a computer program capable of responding to different written letters or Morse code symbols via subroutines called "demons" that worked independently on separate aspects of the problem but all at the same time,and with successful combinations of activity being recorded in the computer's memory
D)a hypothetical "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense,according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules
E)an early calculator consisting of a row of ten-toothed cogwheels,arranged so that each complete revolution of the wheel on the right produced a rotation of one tooth in the wheel to its left

Question 73

Match the definition with the term.
Turing test

A)a field based on the idea that any communication of signal can be analyzed in terms of a fundamental unit called the bit
B)a heuristic technique to limited search options,in which the most desirable end state for a problem is regularly compared to its actual current state and the distance (difference)between the two is analyzed and measured
C)a test to assess the "intelligence" of a machine according to its ability to perform some complex task requiring genuinely intelligent behavior,in a manner outwardly indistinguishable from that of a person
D)a thought experiment comparing a native speaker of a language with one who responds perfectly but "mechanically" with the aid of a complete book of rules the latter,like a computer,would not demonstrate "strong" artificial intelligence
E)the notion that computers can only follow predetermined and precisely defined rules and are not capable of genuine creativity; commonly expressed today as "computers can only do what they have been programmed to do"

Question 74

Match the definition with the term.
Lovelace objection

A)a field based on the idea that any communication of signal can be analyzed in terms of a fundamental unit called the bit
B)a heuristic technique to limited search options,in which the most desirable end state for a problem is regularly compared to its actual current state and the distance (difference)between the two is analyzed and measured
C)a test to assess the "intelligence" of a machine according to its ability to perform some complex task requiring genuinely intelligent behavior,in a manner outwardly indistinguishable from that of a person
D)a thought experiment comparing a native speaker of a language with one who responds perfectly but "mechanically" with the aid of a complete book of rules the latter,like a computer,would not demonstrate "strong" artificial intelligence
E)the notion that computers can only follow predetermined and precisely defined rules and are not capable of genuine creativity; commonly expressed today as "computers can only do what they have been programmed to do"

Question 75

Match the invention with its creator(s).
Blaise Pascal

A)a calculating machine constructed with great difficulty that could compute sums and differences of complex sequences of squared numbers
B)a computer program that reproduced formal proofs for some of the basic theorems at the heart of symbolic logic
C)a computer program capable of responding to different written letters or Morse code symbols via subroutines called "demons" that worked independently on separate aspects of the problem but all at the same time,and with successful combinations of activity being recorded in the computer's memory
D)a hypothetical "universal" computer that could perform any kind of calculation on any set of symbols capable of being manipulated in the Boolean sense,according to some set of formally specifiable and self-consistent rules
E)an early calculator consisting of a row of ten-toothed cogwheels,arranged so that each complete revolution of the wheel on the right produced a rotation of one tooth in the wheel to its left

Question 76

Match the definition with the term.
bit

A)a technique for problem solving that limits the search space by relying on best guesses and shortcuts
B)in general usage,the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding,and in modern psychology the processing of information between input and output
C)proposed as a new central concept in the analysis of thinking and reasoning,based on the idea that problem solving typically begins with a first test,comparing the present situation with the desired outcome,followed by an operation to reduce the difference,and then another test
D)simple switches that may be in either "on" or "off" states
E)the amount of information that can be conveyed by the open or closed status of a single binary switch (one or zero)

Question 77

Match the definition with the term.
binary switches

A)a technique for problem solving that limits the search space by relying on best guesses and shortcuts
B)in general usage,the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding,and in modern psychology the processing of information between input and output
C)proposed as a new central concept in the analysis of thinking and reasoning,based on the idea that problem solving typically begins with a first test,comparing the present situation with the desired outcome,followed by an operation to reduce the difference,and then another test
D)simple switches that may be in either "on" or "off" states
E)the amount of information that can be conveyed by the open or closed status of a single binary switch (one or zero)

Question 78

Match the definition with the term.
serialist (symbolic)processing

A)a computer programming strategy that detects patterns of activity that go on throughout the whole system rather than symbols in specified locations
B)a subdiscipline of psychology focused on the study of the important mental processes that intervene between an activating stimulus and a final adaptive response
C)a vividly recalled (although not necessarily accurate)image of exactly where one was and what one was doing when some particularly momentous event occurred
D)computer programming in which specified sequences of operations are performed on specified sets of symbols,both of which have been stored in specific memory locations
E)emphasized how a variety of nonobjective factors can systematically influence the process of perception

Question 79

Match the life event with the individual.
Alan Turing

A)It is generally believed that this individual committed suicide after undergoing chemical castration as a punishment for the then crime of homosexuality.
B)The only copy of the manuscript for this individual's The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory was barely saved after the psychology building caught on fire.
C)This child of the poet Lord Byron had an education that deliberately avoided poetry and instead emphasized mathematics.
D)This individual's doctoral dissertation,on the subject of masking or "jamming" voice communication,was funded by the military and declared top secret because of its potential value for disrupting German wartime communications.

Question 80

Match the life event with the individual.
George Miller

A)It is generally believed that this individual committed suicide after undergoing chemical castration as a punishment for the then crime of homosexuality.
B)The only copy of the manuscript for this individual's The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory was barely saved after the psychology building caught on fire.
C)This child of the poet Lord Byron had an education that deliberately avoided poetry and instead emphasized mathematics.
D)This individual's doctoral dissertation,on the subject of masking or "jamming" voice communication,was funded by the military and declared top secret because of its potential value for disrupting German wartime communications.