Deck 11: Gender and Emotion

Question 1

What does the term gender binary refer to?

A)The idea that all people can be categorized as male or female
B)The notion that, on average, men and women tend to have different emotional experiences
C)The realization that gender is largely biological and results in diverging functions of emotion
D)The idea that gender is a continuum

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is one difference in how men and women look at facial expressions?

A)Men fixate on faces for longer periods of time than do women, on average
B)Women tend to spend more time looking at the eyes, compared to men
C)Men tend to spend more time looking at the eyes, compared to women
D)Even though men and women differ in their emotion recognition accuracy, they do not seem to use different strategies for looking at faces

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A meta-analysis of fMRI studies found gender differences in brain activity while men and women view emotional images. What pattern emerged?

A)Left amygdala activity was higher in women compared to men while viewing negative images
B)Left amygdala activity was higher in men compared to women while viewing positive images
C)Right amygdala activity was consistently higher in men compared to women, regardless of the nature of the stimuli
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements best describes gender differences in the self-reported experience of emotion?

A)Contrary to the stereotype that women are more emotional than men, self-report studies reveal that men experience most emotions more frequently and more strongly than women
B)Gender stereotypes have a bigger influence on self-report measures of ongoing, in-the-moment emotions, compared to retrospective measures, which tend to be more accurate in general
C)Gender stereotypes strongly shape global or memory-based self-report measures, but gender differences become much smaller when emotions are reported in the moment
D)Men lie on self-report emotion measures, while women are honest with experimenters about their feelings

Question 5

Plant and colleagues (2000) showed participants photos of men and women producing facial expressions that were blends of sadness and anger. What did they find?

A)The same sad-angry expression displayed by a female was rated as sadder, while it was perceived as angrier when displayed by a male
B)Male participants perceived more sadness on all the faces regardless of the expresser's gender, while female participants perceived more anger overall
C)Facial expressions produced by females were perceived as angrier, while the same expressions produced by males were perceived as sadder
D)Male participants were more accurate, on average, in identifying the correct emotion on the models' faces when compared to female participants

Question 6

Which of the following statements about gendered socialization of emotion expression in Western culture is not true?

A)Boys have better early language skills so they learn to talk about emotions, and therefore regulate them, earlier than girls do
B)Parents encourage daughters to express feminine emotions and inhibit anger, while encouraging sons to express anger and inhibit other emotion expressions
C)Since young boys, on average, have higher levels of arousal and activity, parents teach them to inhibit their emotions more so than with girls
D)Mothers exaggerate their facial expressions more with baby boys than girls, possibly to regulate the boys' behavior

Question 7

What happens to the emotion expression style of boys and girls the more time their fathers spend with them, according to a study by Brody (1997)?

A)Girls ultimately have worse emotion regulation skills, while boys develop better and more adaptive emotion regulation skills
B)Both girls and boys express more emotions that conform to gender stereotypes
C)Girls express more competition and aggression, as well as more positive emotions, while boys express more affiliation, warmth, and fear
D)Regardless of the child's gender, spending more time with the father makes children express more ""masculine"" emotions like pride and anger

Question 8

What is the name of Eagly's (1987) theory that gender differences in social behavior can be explained in part by the expected parts men and women will play in society-for instance, women are expected to be caretakers and therefore have communal qualities?

A)Impression Management Theory
B)Stereotype Threat
C)Gender Construction Theory
D)Social Role Theory

Question 9

What does the Bem Sex Role Inventory intend to measure?

A)People's self-identified gender, rather than their biological sex
B)The degree to which a culture has gender equality, measured by the extent to which women participate in public and economic spheres
C)The degree to which people possess stereotypically masculine, feminine, or androgynous characteristics, regardless of their gender
D)The degree to which people will be successful in relationships and careers due to their ability to conform to gender stereotypes about emotion expression

Question 10

Which of the following statements most accurately describes cross-cultural findings on gender differences in emotional expressiveness?

A)Gender differences in expressivity are stronger in more collectivistic, communal cultures like Japan
B)Gender differences in expressivity are more pronounced in Western cultures like the U.S., compared to the Asian and African cultures that have been studied
C)Gender differences in expressivity are stronger in cultures with highly traditional divisions of labor, in which women and men are assigned strictly gendered social roles
D)Gender differences in expressivity tend to be smaller in countries with higher GDPs

Question 11

What does the term intersectionality refer to?

A)The study of the intersection between multiple ways of dividing people into social categories
B)The study of the interpersonal processes that unfold when people of different genders interact
C)The study of what happens to people's emotional processes when their gender identity clashes with their behavior
D)Scientific endeavors that bridge across disciplines, such as research that combines psychology and gender studies

Question 12

Durik and colleagues (2006) asked members of four ethnic groups in the U.S. (Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, and African Americans) how frequently and intensely men and women typically express several emotions. Which ethnic group reported the greatest differences in emotional expressivity of men versus women?

A)Hispanic Americans
B)European Americans
C)African Americans
D)Asian Americans

Question 13

Niedenthal and colleagues (2012) found evidence that pacifier use can have long-lasting effects on children's emotion processes. According to the researchers, what behavior is interrupted by a pacifier, altering the development of emotion processes?

A)The development of self-soothing strategies
B)Emotion suppression
C)Language development
D)Facial mimicry

Question 14

Niedenthal and colleagues (2012) found a gender difference in the social consequences of pacifier use. What was their pattern of results?

A)Greater pacifier use was associated with lower emotional intelligence in boys but not girls
B)Greater pacifier use was associated with less smiling and prosocial behavior in girls, but more empathy in boys
C)Greater pacifier use, especially at night, was associated with less facial mimicry in girls but not boys
D)Greater pacifier use was associated with better emotion regulation skills in boys but not girls

Question 15

What emotion do men express more clearly than women (meaning the expression is recognized accurately by perceivers)?

A)Anger
B)Fear
C)Sadness
D)Happiness
E)Women express all of the above emotions more clearly than men

Question 16

Which of the following is not an aspect of emotional competence on which women score higher than men?

A)Knowledge of which emotions are associated with which eliciting situations
B)Reading facial expressions
C)Emotion suppression
D)Sending facial expressions
E)Women excel in all of the above features of emotion competence

Question 17

How do people tend to make attributions about the causes of emotional reactions in men and women?

A)People tend to attribute a woman's emotional reaction to the situation and eliciting events, and a man's to his personality
B)People tend to attribute positive emotional reactions in women to the situation, while they attribute men's negative emotional reactions to their personalities
C)People tend to attribute a man's emotional reaction to excusable situation factors, and a woman's to her personality
D)People tend to attribute positive emotional reactions in men to to their personalities, and positive emotional reactions in women to the situation

Question 18

Which of the following is not perceived to be a ""powerless"" emotion?

A)Shame
B)Contempt
C)Fear
D)Happiness
E)All of the above are powerless emotions

Question 19

Birnbaum and colleagues showed gender-neutral puppies making different facial expressions to young children and adults. What did they find that related to gender stereotypes?

A)Children displayed no gender bias, but adults were more likely to assume that the emotional puppies were girls and the neutral puppies were boys
B)Children exhibited a strong gender bias, thinking the angry and sad puppies were girls, while adults did not respond in a biased manner
C)Both children and adults thought the happy puppies were male and the sad, angry, and fearful puppies were female
D)Both children and adults thought that the happy, sad, and fearful puppies were female, and the angry puppies were male

Question 20

Which of the following is not perceived to be a ""powerful"" emotions?

A)Anger
B)Pride
C)Contempt
D)All of the above are considered powerful emotions

Question 21

Which of the following is a true statement about ""powerful"" and ""powerless"" emotions?

A)The powerless, stereotypically ""female"" emotions convey social vulnerability, while the powerful, ""masculine"" emotions convey dominance
B)Powerful emotions are ones that are considered biologically basic, while powerless emotions are socially constructed and therefore have weaker effects on the body
C)People think expressing powerless emotions is a sign of weakness, but in actuality expression of the powerful emotions makes people appear weaker and more vulnerable
D)The powerful emotions are stereotypically more ""female"" because women tend to be more expressive overall, while men tend to express the powerless emotions more because their expressions are weaker

Question 22

Which of the following statements is not true about gender stereotypes in Western culture?

A)Participants are more likely to think a gender-neutral person expressing pride is male
B)Women are expected to be more expressive in interpersonal, relationship-oriented contexts
C)Men are expected to express more emotions about the self, while women are expected to express more emotions directed towards others
D)Women are expected to suppress expressions of anger and men are expected to suppress expressions of sadness
E)All of the above are expectations about gender and emotion in Western culture

Question 23

Which of the following is not an example of a prescriptive norm?

A)Boys shouldn't cry
B)Men are less emotionally competent
C)Women should express kindness to others
D)Women should smile often

Question 24

Brescoll and Uhlmann (2008) showed participants video clips of men and women expressing emotions in professional contexts. What did the expression of anger do to participants' estimations of how much money and status the people in the videos deserved?

A)Anger caused women to be perceived as more ""masculine,"" resulting in higher status and salary estimations
B)Women expressing anger were conferred lower status and salary, but anger had no effect on participants' estimations of men's worth
C)Women expressing anger were conferred lower status and salary, while men expressing anger were conferred higher status and salary
D)The expression of any negative emotion reduced the status and salary conferred to men, but had no effect on participants' perception of women

Question 25

What dilemma regarding the expression of emotion do women face, at least in Western culture?

A)Although the stereotype is that women should be more emotionally expressive, expressive women are not actually more liked
B)There is a prescriptive norm that women should not express emotion, and when they suppress their emotions they are more liked and awarded higher status
C)Women who express emotions more are perceived as ""masculine""
D)All of the above

Question 26

What is true about gender and emotion contagion in Western culture?

A)There is no evidence of gender differences in emotion contagion
B)Women tend to report ""catching"" the emotions of men, but not of other women
C)Men tend to score higher than women on measures of susceptibility to emotion contagion
D)Women tend to score higher than men on measures of susceptibility to emotion contagion

Question 27

Evidence for gender differences in emotion is strongest for which of the following emotion components?

A)Emotion experience measured in the moment
B)Emotion expression
C)Physiological arousal
D)Emotion appraisals

Question 28

Studies using electromyography (EMG) to measure facial reactions have found what gender differences in expressivity? (Note: the zygomatic muscle is involved in smiles and the corrugator muscle is involved in negative expressions like anger and fear)

A)Women have more zygomatic activity when viewing positive images and more corrugator activity when viewing negative images, compared to men
B)Men have more zygomatic activity when viewing positive images and more corrugator activity when viewing negative images, compared to women
C)Women have more zygomatic activity when viewing positive images, while men have more corrugator activity when viewing negative images
D)Women respond to both positive and negative images with increased zygomatic activity as a coping response, while men respond to positive and negative images with slightly more corrugator activity

Question 29

In which of the following situations are women more emotionally expressive, on average, than men?

A)On self-report measures of emotion expressivity
B)In social interactions, such as when talking to romantic partners or colleagues
C)While passively viewing emotional stimuli like videos
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above

Question 30

Kring and Gordon (1998) related participants' scores on Bem's Sex Role Inventory to their self-reported and observer-rated emotional expressivity. Participants in which Sex Role category had the highest dispositional expressivity?

A)Masculine
B)Feminine
C)Androgynous
D)There was no relationship between Sex Role Inventory scores and emotional expressivity