Deck 16: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the Workplace

Question 1

After administering nearly 100 tests to Harry Orchard,who had been accused of assassinating former Idaho governor Frank Steuenberg,psychologist __________ was convinced that the accused was __________.

A) Hugo Münsterberg; innocent
B) Walter Dill Scott; guilty
C) William Moulton Marston; innocent
D) Lillian Moller Gilbreth; guilty

Answer 1

Hugo Münsterberg; innocent

Question 2

Münsterberg offered his expertise in all of the following applied settings EXCEPT for assessing

A) potential ship captains.
B) potential trolley car operators.
C) whether an individual accused of murder was telling the truth or not.
D) potential company managers.

Answer 2

potential company managers.

Question 3

What is the term for a system in which a standard time is set for each task a worker must perform and each worker who completes the task in that time or faster receives a higher rate of pay,while workers who do not meet the standard time are penalized?

A) soldiering
B) therbligs
C) time studies
D) differential piece-rate

Answer 3

differential piece-rate

Question 4

The process of designing tests that can match workers' skills and aptitudes to appropriate forms of work is known as what?

A) personnel selection
B) motion studies
C) de-skilling
D) efficiency testing

Question 5

Hugo Münsterberg did all of the following EXCEPT

A) create an early lie detector test.
B) create a system called scientific management.
C) apply psychology to industry.
D) direct the psychological laboratory at Harvard.

Question 6

When psychologists became involved in the war effort during World War I,two committees were established.The Committee for the Classification of Personnel in the Army was headed by __________ and assessed recruits' specific aptitudes and skills for certain tasks,rather than their __________,which was assessed by the Committee for the Psychological Evaluation of Recruits.

A) Robert Yerkes; strength of will
B) Walter Dill Scott; general intelligence
C) Hugo Münsterberg; mental health
D) William Moulton Marston; moral character

Question 7

Who among the following was NOT credited,correctly or not,with developing a lie detector test?

A) Hugo Münsterberg
B) Leonarde Keeler
C) William Marston
D) Walter Dill Scott

Question 8

Psychologist Walter Dill Scott is well known for his applied work in what field?

A) worker efficiency
B) advertising
C) kitchen design
D) eyewitness testimony

Question 9

Academic psychologists looked down upon early applied psychologists for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) They believed their techniques were not adequately supported by research.
B) They feared applied psychologists would undermine the reputation of the profession.
C) They were concerned that applied psychologists would take academic jobs.
D) They saw applied endeavors as lower status than basic research.

Question 10

While working in factories,__________ noticed a phenomenon called __________ wherein individuals work below their normal capacity or speed.

A) Frank Gilbreth; differential piece-rate system
B) Frederick Taylor; soldiering
C) Lillian Gilbreth; therbligs
D) Walter Dill Scott; de-skilling

Question 11

According to Walter Dill Scott,the psychological processes of __________ and __________ were the most useful ones in designing effective advertisements.

A) association; suggestion
B) memory; instinct
C) habit; emotions
D) will; attention

Question 12

The pneumograph and the sphygmograph were used by

A) the Gilbreths in their motion studies.
B) a colleague of Münsterberg in his work on lie detection.
C) the Hollingworths in their work on the effects of caffeine.
D) Lightner Witmer in his assessment of children.

Question 13

Münsterberg's early work challenging Wundt's conceptualization of what subject attracted the favorable attention of William James?

A) habit
B) speed of nerve conductance
C) will
D) emotion

Question 14

With what is "Taylorism" synonymous?

A) scientific management
B) motion study research
C) the scientist-practitioner model
D) German nationalism

Question 15

Who is often referred to as the founder of applied psychology?

A) Lillian Gilbreth
B) Lightner Witmer
C) Frederick Taylor
D) Hugo Münsterberg

Question 16

The process of breaking down each task a worker performs into the specific movements it required,and timing each movement is known as what?

A) de-skilling
B) motion studies
C) time study
D) soldiering

Question 17

All of the following are true about the response to Taylor's system of scientific management EXCEPT for which?

A) A number of labor strikes occurred in factories using Taylor's system.
B) Many workers perceived Taylor's methods as overly mechanistic.
C) Many workers were disappointed that they had no input into the process of making work more efficient.
D) Factories all along the East Coast completely banned Taylor's methods.

Question 18

All of the following were applied activities undertaken by psychologists during World War I EXCEPT for which?

A) In Germany, laboratory driving simulations to screen army motor car drivers
B) In England, studies of the effects of fatigue on workers in munitions factories
C) In Italy, studies of the effects of isolation on submarine crew members
D) In France, the development of tests to assess the emotional stability of war plane pilots

Question 19

What is the definition of "psychotechnics"?

A) a technique Münsterberg used to detect lying in court cases
B) the application of psychology to business and industry
C) a technique used in creating motion studies
D) Harry Hollingworth's design of the Coca-Cola studies

Question 20

What was the goal of scientific management?

A) increase efficiency and productivity in factories
B) supply managers with scientific credentials
C) allow scientists to profit from business
D) bring German nationalism to the United States

Question 21

Why did Lillian Gilbreth publish The Psychology of Management using only her initials,L.M.,rather than her full name?

A) Her father disapproved of her work in male-dominated factory settings.
B) Her publisher believed the book would not sell if it was obvious it was written by a woman.
C) Her husband argued it was unladylike for a woman to publish a book.
D) She worried her reputation as a serious psychologist would be undermined if her name was associated with applied work.

Question 22

What were the three foci of Leta Stetter Hollingsworth's work?

A) clinical psychology, the psychology of women, and professionalization
B) purposive psychology, industrial psychology, and the psychology of women
C) motion study research, clinical psychology, and the psychology of women
D) professionalization, opening the first psychology clinic, and the psychology of women

Question 23

While Münsterberg embraced a relatively strict form of Taylorism,Lillian Gilbreth took a more __________ view.

A) personalistic
B) humanistic
C) analytical
D) dynamic

Question 24

Which study demonstrated that physical and economic factors alone are insufficient to explain workplace productivity,and that psychological and social factors also needed to be taken into consideration?

A) motion studies
B) Hawthorne studies
C) Coca-Cola studies
D) Taylor studies

Question 25

__________'s life story was the basis for the popular book and movie Cheaper by the Dozen.

A) Lillian Gilbreth
B) Naomi Norsworthy
C) Leta Stetter Hollingworth
D) Elsie Bregman

Question 26

The comic book superheroine Wonder Woman was created by psychologist __________ who modeled Wonder Woman's arch-nemesis,Dr.Psycho,on his former teacher __________.

A) William Marston; Hugo Münsterberg
B) Hugo Münsterberg; Wilhelm Wundt
C) Walter Dill Scott; William James
D) Leonarde Keeler; William Marston

Question 27

The Gilbreths' motion studies were used to

A) promote the field of scientific management.
B) gain insight into research on psychotechnics.
C) make work more efficient and comfortable for the worker.
D) create tests for use in personnel selection.

Question 28

Who argued that social science could understand the psychological factors that lead to labor strikes and thus help control them?

A) Lillian Gilbreth
B) Frederick Taylor
C) Harry Hollingworth
D) Elton Mayo

Question 29

What are "therbligs"?

A) a unique form of psychotechnics
B) a unit referring to the eighteen independent motions of the hand
C) a polygraph machine mechanism
D) a key concept underlying the belief in functional periodicity

Question 30

Gilbreth Inc.consulted in all of the following areas EXCEPT

A) sanitary napkin packaging.
B) kitchen engineering.
C) military consulting.
D) toothbrush engineering.

Question 31

Which two psychologists were employed by Macy's department store?

A) William Marston and Marion Almira Bills
B) Hugo Münsterberg and Walter Dill Scott
C) Leta Hollingworth and Harry Hollingworth
D) Lillian Gilbreth and Elsie Bregman

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true about the Hawthorne studies?

A) Wage incentives had no effect on worker productivity.
B) Insight was gained through nondirective, nonauthoritarian interviews with workers.
C) Physical fatigue had little effect on worker productivity.
D) The studies were discontinued because of a shortage of work during the Great Depression.

Question 33

Marion Almira Bills spend the majority of her career working at the Aetna Life Insurance Company where she conducted pioneering research on the factors affecting

A) job permanency.
B) de-skilling of work.
C) typing speeds.
D) efficiency in surgical operating rooms.

Question 34

Whose approach to scientific management aimed not only to make work more efficient,but also individually rewarding for workers?

A) William Marston
B) Frederick Taylor
C) The Hollingworths
D) The Gilbreths

Question 35

Who thought that workers should be able to critique a workplace's methods of operation and suggested that they might share in the profits produced through increases in efficiency?

A) Leta Hollingworth
B) Frederick Taylor
C) Lillian Gilbreth
D) Elsie Bregman

Question 36

Who is often referred to as the mother of industrial psychology?

A) Leta Stetter Hollingworth
B) Lillian Gilbreth
C) Augusta Fox Brunner
D) Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 37

Prior to the work of Elton Mayo and his colleagues at Hawthorne Works,studies had already been conducted on the effects of __________ on worker productivity.

A) the differential piece-rate system
B) suggestion boxes
C) changes in lighting levels
D) hourly rest periods

Question 38

The impact,on either performance or behavior,of being aware that you are a participant in a study is known as

A) the Hawthorne effect.
B) the human relations effect.
C) Mayo's theory.
D) therbligs theory.

Question 39

The following quotation-"The tradition emanating from the mystic and romantic novelists,that woman is a mysterious being,half hysteric,half angel,has found its way into scientific writing.Through the centuries gone those who wrote were men,and since the phenomenon of periodicity was foreign to them,they not unnaturally seized upon it as a probable source of the alleged 'mystery' and 'caprice' of womankind"-represents whose views?

A) Lillian Moller Gilbreth's assessment of scientists' belief in functional periodicity
B) Leta Stetter Hollingworth's assessment of scientists' belief in functional periodicity
C) Elsie Oschrin Bregman's assessment of scientists' belief in functional periodicity
D) J. E. Wallace Wallin's assessment of scientists' belief in functional periodicity

Question 40

Who described their effort to make work more efficient as the "quest for the one best way" to get a task done?

A) Lillian and Frank Gilbreth
B) Frederick Taylor
C) Hugo Münsterberg
D) Leta and Harry Hollingworth

Question 41

Match the definition to the term.
human relations movement

A)a shift in research focus to the social and psychological factors influencing performance and satisfaction at work
B)a system to increase efficiency and productivity in the factory,generally accomplished by having workers do more in less time by giving them quick,repetitive,menial tasks,often on an assembly line
C)the application of psychology to business and industry
D)the practice of developing tests that match workers' aptitudes and skills to appropriate jobs

Question 42

Match the definition to the term.
Hawthorne studies

A)a commonly held social and scientific belief that women become physically and mentally impaired during their menstrual periods
B)a series of studies that revealed the power of the interpersonal environment to influence employee satisfaction and behavior
C)the belief that men were more variable than women in both physical and psychological characteristics,and therefore were more likely to occupy the lower and upper ends of the distribution of any trait
D)the increasing tendency to see almost every aspect of life from a psychological perspective

Question 43

Match the definition to the term.
soldiering

A)a system in which a standard time was set for each task a worker had to do,those who completed the task in that time or faster got a higher rate of pay,while anyone who did not meet the standard time was penalized
B)the breaking down of skilled labor into standardized tasks through a careful analysis of industrial work
C)working below one's normal capacity or speed

Question 44

Match the definition to the term.
differential piece-rate system

A)a system in which a standard time was set for each task a worker had to do,those who completed the task in that time or faster got a higher rate of pay,while anyone who did not meet the standard time was penalized
B)the breaking down of skilled labor into standardized tasks through a careful analysis of industrial work
C)working below one's normal capacity or speed

Question 45

Match the definition to the term.
variation hypothesis

A)a commonly held social and scientific belief that women become physically and mentally impaired during their menstrual periods
B)a series of studies that revealed the power of the interpersonal environment to influence employee satisfaction and behavior
C)the belief that men were more variable than women in both physical and psychological characteristics,and therefore were more likely to occupy the lower and upper ends of the distribution of any trait
D)the increasing tendency to see almost every aspect of life from a psychological perspective

Question 46

The Hollingworths conducted methodologically sophisticated research on the effects of __________ on cognition and behavior.

A) caffeine
B) alcohol
C) cocaine
D) functional periodicity

Question 47

Match the definition to the term.
psychologization

A)a commonly held social and scientific belief that women become physically and mentally impaired during their menstrual periods
B)a series of studies that revealed the power of the interpersonal environment to influence employee satisfaction and behavior
C)the belief that men were more variable than women in both physical and psychological characteristics,and therefore were more likely to occupy the lower and upper ends of the distribution of any trait
D)the increasing tendency to see almost every aspect of life from a psychological perspective

Question 48

Match the definition to the term.
functional periodicity

A)a commonly held social and scientific belief that women become physically and mentally impaired during their menstrual periods
B)a series of studies that revealed the power of the interpersonal environment to influence employee satisfaction and behavior
C)the belief that men were more variable than women in both physical and psychological characteristics,and therefore were more likely to occupy the lower and upper ends of the distribution of any trait
D)the increasing tendency to see almost every aspect of life from a psychological perspective

Question 49

Match the definition to the term.
time study

A)a method in which movie cameras were used to record the detailed physical movements required to perform certain tasks,thus revealing how to design machinery and to create methods to make work more efficient and easier for the worker
B)a term to define eighteen independent motions of the hand
C)the impact on performance or behavior of being aware that you are a participant in a study
D)the process of breaking down each task a worker performed into the specific movements it required,and timing each movement

Question 50

Match the definition to the term.
scientific management

A)a shift in research focus to the social and psychological factors influencing performance and satisfaction at work
B)a system to increase efficiency and productivity in the factory,generally accomplished by having workers do more in less time by giving them quick,repetitive,menial tasks,often on an assembly line
C)the application of psychology to business and industry
D)the practice of developing tests that match workers' aptitudes and skills to appropriate jobs

Question 51

Match the definition to the term.
psychotechnics

A)a shift in research focus to the social and psychological factors influencing performance and satisfaction at work
B)a system to increase efficiency and productivity in the factory,generally accomplished by having workers do more in less time by giving them quick,repetitive,menial tasks,often on an assembly line
C)the application of psychology to business and industry
D)the practice of developing tests that match workers' aptitudes and skills to appropriate jobs

Question 52

Match the definition to the term.
therbligs

A)a method in which movie cameras were used to record the detailed physical movements required to perform certain tasks,thus revealing how to design machinery and to create methods to make work more efficient and easier for the worker
B)a term to define eighteen independent motions of the hand
C)the impact on performance or behavior of being aware that you are a participant in a study
D)the process of breaking down each task a worker performed into the specific movements it required,and timing each movement

Question 53

Match the definition to the term.
motion studies

A)a method in which movie cameras were used to record the detailed physical movements required to perform certain tasks,thus revealing how to design machinery and to create methods to make work more efficient and easier for the worker
B)a term to define eighteen independent motions of the hand
C)the impact on performance or behavior of being aware that you are a participant in a study
D)the process of breaking down each task a worker performed into the specific movements it required,and timing each movement

Question 54

Leta Hollingworth designed two studies to assess the widely held belief that women became physically and mentally impaired during their menstrual periods,a belief known as __________.From these studies,she concluded __________.

A) functional periodicity; women do not experience periodic mental or motor impairment
B) variation hypothesis; women experience periodic mental, but not motor, impairment
C) cyclical theory; both men and women experience periodic mental and motor impairment
D) menstrual decrease; women experience periodic motor, but not mental, impairment

Question 55

Match the definition to the term.
de-skilling

A)a system in which a standard time was set for each task a worker had to do,those who completed the task in that time or faster got a higher rate of pay,while anyone who did not meet the standard time was penalized
B)the breaking down of skilled labor into standardized tasks through a careful analysis of industrial work
C)working below one's normal capacity or speed

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons clinical psychologists formed the American Association of Clinical Psychologists?

A) an increase in testing jobs in public schools that led to concerns that unqualified people were administering tests
B) low professional status both within psychology and in the eyes of psychiatrists
C) the failure of the American Psychological Association to meet the needs of applied psychologists
D) the need for an organization that could lobby for government funds for clinical psychology

Question 57

What,according to Leta Hollingworth,did the professionalization of clinical psychology need to involve?

A) specifying a doctoral degree as the minimum requirement for clinical practice AND creating a professional degree that would emphasize clinical training
B) specifying a doctoral degree as the minimum requirement for clinical practice AND working to develop advertising campaigns so the public would know the difference between psychologists and psychiatrists
C) creating a professional degree that would emphasize clinical training AND working to develop advertising campaigns so the public would know the difference between psychologists and psychiatrists
D) creating a professional degree that would emphasize clinical training AND firsthand experience of psychoanalytic therapy for each clinical psychologist in training

Question 58

The notion that men were more variable than women in both physical and psychological characteristics,and thus more likely to occupy the lower and upper ends of the distribution of any trait,is known as what?

A) Hawthorne effect
B) functional periodicity
C) variation hypothesis
D) mediocrity theory

Question 59

Match the definition to the term.
personnel selection

A)a shift in research focus to the social and psychological factors influencing performance and satisfaction at work
B)a system to increase efficiency and productivity in the factory,generally accomplished by having workers do more in less time by giving them quick,repetitive,menial tasks,often on an assembly line
C)the application of psychology to business and industry
D)the practice of developing tests that match workers' aptitudes and skills to appropriate jobs

Question 60

Match the definition to the term.
Hawthorne effect

A)a method in which movie cameras were used to record the detailed physical movements required to perform certain tasks,thus revealing how to design machinery and to create methods to make work more efficient and easier for the worker
B)a term to define eighteen independent motions of the hand
C)the impact on performance or behavior of being aware that you are a participant in a study
D)the process of breaking down each task a worker performed into the specific movements it required,and timing each movement

Question 61

Match the project with the researcher.
Leta and Harry Hollingworth

A)a series of studies that revealed the importance of psychological and social factors on workplace productivity
B)research into the factors affecting job permanency at the Aetna Life Insurance Company
C)the assessment of army recruits' specific aptitudes and skills for certain tasks
D)the assessment of the behavioral effects of caffeine
E)the use of psychological test results to try and predict the sales performance of Macy's department store saleswomen

Question 62

Match the project with the researcher.
Leta Hollingworth

A)assessed the physical and psychological variability of men and women
B)conducted a series of studies on detecting deception by measuring systolic blood pressure
C)developed tests for potential trolley operators and ship captains
D)studied the psychological effects of sanitary napkin packaging

Question 63

Match the project with the researcher.
Walter Dill Scott

A)a series of studies that revealed the importance of psychological and social factors on workplace productivity
B)research into the factors affecting job permanency at the Aetna Life Insurance Company
C)the assessment of army recruits' specific aptitudes and skills for certain tasks
D)the assessment of the behavioral effects of caffeine
E)the use of psychological test results to try and predict the sales performance of Macy's department store saleswomen

Question 64

Match the publication with the author.
Leta Hollingworth

A)Children Above 180 IQ
B)Psychology and Industrial Efficiency
C)The Psychology of Advertising
D)The Psychology of Management

Question 65

Match the publication with the author.
Hugo Münsterberg

A)Children Above 180 IQ
B)Psychology and Industrial Efficiency
C)The Psychology of Advertising
D)The Psychology of Management

Question 66

Match the project with the researcher.
Marion Almira Bills

A)a series of studies that revealed the importance of psychological and social factors on workplace productivity
B)research into the factors affecting job permanency at the Aetna Life Insurance Company
C)the assessment of army recruits' specific aptitudes and skills for certain tasks
D)the assessment of the behavioral effects of caffeine
E)the use of psychological test results to try and predict the sales performance of Macy's department store saleswomen

Question 67

Match the accomplishment with the individual(s).
Harry and Leta Hollingworth

A)conducted methodologically sophisticated research using blind and double-blind procedures
B)created a lie detector that became widely used in police investigations
C)created the comic book superheroine Wonder Woman
D)the only psychologist to appear on a U.S.postage stamp

Question 68

Match the project with the researcher.
Elton Mayo

A)a series of studies that revealed the importance of psychological and social factors on workplace productivity
B)research into the factors affecting job permanency at the Aetna Life Insurance Company
C)the assessment of army recruits' specific aptitudes and skills for certain tasks
D)the assessment of the behavioral effects of caffeine
E)the use of psychological test results to try and predict the sales performance of Macy's department store saleswomen

Question 69

Match the publication with the author.
Lillian Gilbreth

A)Children Above 180 IQ
B)Psychology and Industrial Efficiency
C)The Psychology of Advertising
D)The Psychology of Management

Question 70

Match the publication with the author.
Walter Dill Scott

A)Children Above 180 IQ
B)Psychology and Industrial Efficiency
C)The Psychology of Advertising
D)The Psychology of Management

Question 71

Match the project with the researcher.
Hugo Münsterberg

A)assessed the physical and psychological variability of men and women
B)conducted a series of studies on detecting deception by measuring systolic blood pressure
C)developed tests for potential trolley operators and ship captains
D)studied the psychological effects of sanitary napkin packaging

Question 72

Match the area of study with the psychologist.
Hugo Münsterberg

A)the psychology of advertising
B)the study of highly gifted children
C)the application of psychological expertise in the courtroom
D)the psychology of management

Question 73

Match the area of study with the psychologist.
Lillian Gilbreth

A)the psychology of advertising
B)the study of highly gifted children
C)the application of psychological expertise in the courtroom
D)the psychology of management

Question 74

Match the project with the researcher.
Lillian Gilbreth

A)assessed the physical and psychological variability of men and women
B)conducted a series of studies on detecting deception by measuring systolic blood pressure
C)developed tests for potential trolley operators and ship captains
D)studied the psychological effects of sanitary napkin packaging

Question 75

Match the accomplishment with the individual(s).
Leonarde Keeler

A)conducted methodologically sophisticated research using blind and double-blind procedures
B)created a lie detector that became widely used in police investigations
C)created the comic book superheroine Wonder Woman
D)the only psychologist to appear on a U.S.postage stamp

Question 76

Match the accomplishment with the individual(s).
William Moulton Marston

A)conducted methodologically sophisticated research using blind and double-blind procedures
B)created a lie detector that became widely used in police investigations
C)created the comic book superheroine Wonder Woman
D)the only psychologist to appear on a U.S.postage stamp

Question 77

Match the accomplishment with the individual(s).
Lillian Gilbreth

A)conducted methodologically sophisticated research using blind and double-blind procedures
B)created a lie detector that became widely used in police investigations
C)created the comic book superheroine Wonder Woman
D)the only psychologist to appear on a U.S.postage stamp

Question 78

Match the area of study with the psychologist.
Leta Hollingworth

A)the psychology of advertising
B)the study of highly gifted children
C)the application of psychological expertise in the courtroom
D)the psychology of management

Question 79

Match the project with the researcher.
William Moulton Marston

A)assessed the physical and psychological variability of men and women
B)conducted a series of studies on detecting deception by measuring systolic blood pressure
C)developed tests for potential trolley operators and ship captains
D)studied the psychological effects of sanitary napkin packaging

Question 80

Match the project with the researcher.
Elsie Bregman

A)a series of studies that revealed the importance of psychological and social factors on workplace productivity
B)research into the factors affecting job permanency at the Aetna Life Insurance Company
C)the assessment of army recruits' specific aptitudes and skills for certain tasks
D)the assessment of the behavioral effects of caffeine
E)the use of psychological test results to try and predict the sales performance of Macy's department store saleswomen