Deck 17: The Art and Science of Clinical Psychology

Question 1

What was George Albee's critique of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical training?

A) It was too heavily influenced by the medical model of mental illness.
B) It was too invested in psychoanalytic ideas.
C) It was impossible to train clinicians to be good researchers.
D) It should not include psychotherapy as part of clinical psychology.

Answer 1

It was too heavily influenced by the medical model of mental illness.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT true of Shakow's effort to study psychoanalytic therapy objectively?

A) It produced a huge volume of material to analyze.
B) It involved filming classic psychoanalytic therapy sessions.
C) Its efforts to code therapy sessions were unsuccessful.
D) It provided evidence of the effectiveness of psychoanalysis as a treatment for depression.

Answer 2

It provided evidence of the effectiveness of psychoanalysis as a treatment for depression.

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT a criticism that was made of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical training

A) There simply was not time to train students well in both research and practice.
B) The medical model of mental illness was the wrong template for clinical psychology.
C) Clinical psychology should involve testing and research, but not psychotherapy.
D) Students did not receive sufficient education about prescription pharmaceuticals to treat mental illness.

Answer 3

Students did not receive sufficient education about prescription pharmaceuticals to treat mental illness.

Question 4

What is the medical model of mental illness?

A) a model of mental illness in which the focus is on individual diagnosis and treatment
B) a model of mental illness that emphasizes environmental causation
C) a model of mental illness that limits treatment to psychiatrists
D) a model of mental illness that describes mental illness as manageable but not curable

Question 5

What is the projective hypothesis?

A) the idea that clinical research projects are able to test hypotheses
B) the idea that patient's responses to ambiguous stimuli reveal unconscious conflicts and motivations
C) the idea that psychological testing can only reveal conscious mental events
D) the idea that patients transfer their emotional reactions to significant individuals in their lives onto their therapists

Question 6

The research Shakow undertook to objectively analyze psychoanalytic psychotherapy became known as what?

A) Starke raving
B) the objective record
C) Shakow's folly
D) the A-B-C model

Question 7

What did Witmer's "clinical method" consist of?

A) using motion studies to better understand worker stress and fatigue
B) doing psychotherapy with patients suffering from emotional and psychological distress
C) a medical exam and psychological testing of children with educational problems, resulting in a detailed plan to address the child's challenges
D) doing personality tests to discover the characteristics of workers and children with special needs

Question 8

Which two psychologists recorded psychotherapy sessions as part of their research?

A) Ellis and Beck
B) Harrower and Albee
C) Eysenck and Meehl
D) Shakow and Rogers

Question 9

Out of what did the "scientist-practitioner model" of training in clinical psychology emerge?

A) Witmer's work on the clinical method
B) the Boulder conference
C) the Vail conference
D) the Macy conference

Question 10

What were the three primary functions of clinical psychologists identified at the Boulder conference?

A) diagnosis, research, therapy
B) testing, diagnosis, and research
C) theory construction, research, synthesis
D) personal analysis, theory construction, therapy

Question 11

What did Shakow's understanding of diagnosis emphasize?

A) the use of distinct diagnostic categories
B) a more subjective approach to categorizing mental illness
C) the identification of the nature and origins of a condition, including underlying psychological dynamics and potential outcomes
D) the need for determining the rate of recovery associated with various mental conditions

Question 12

What is community psychology?

A) the study of mental disorders that only occur in particular communities
B) the study of the social and environmental factors that contribute to mental health and illness in communities
C) the study of psychological issues by psychologists who reside within communities experiencing these issues
D) the study of how isolation influences the mental health of individuals

Question 13

"The Psychological Clinic" refers to

A) the name of the space in which Lightner Witmer assessed children with educational problems.
B) the first journal article on clinical methods published in America.
C) the first clinic opened by the American Psychological Association.
D) an article by Hugo Münsterberg denouncing Witmer's work.

Question 14

Molly Harrower observed that responses to the Rorschach Projective Technique could be used to detect the presence of brain tumors.Individuals with tumors

A) used a more limited number of determinants in their responses.
B) reported darker imagery in their responses.
C) used more detailed forms and shapes in their responses.
D) reported more movement in their responses.

Question 15

What was the Macy conference?

A) a meeting of applied psychologists to coordinate fees charged for their services
B) a meeting of psychiatrists to plan how to exclude psychologists from delivering clinical services
C) a meeting of experimental psychologists to discuss the deficiencies of clinical psychologists
D) a meeting of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to discuss the functions and appropriate training of clinical psychologists

Question 16

During the Boulder conference one participant remarked that __________ was an "undefined technique applied to unspecified problems,with unpredictable outcomes.For this technique we recommend rigorous training."

A) psychotherapy
B) the Rorschach projective technique
C) psychoanalysis
D) cognitive therapy

Question 17

According to Shakow,what aspect of the clinical psychologists' functions would set them apart from other mental health professionals?

A) personal analysis
B) research
C) psychological testing
D) intuitive diagnosis

Question 18

In large part,the formal organization of clinical psychology shortly after World War II occurred for what reason?

A) Industrial psychology was not proving to be useful for treating mental health problems.
B) There were too many applied psychologists.
C) The need for mental health services and trained professionals became a national priority because of the increase in psychiatric casualties after WWII.
D) The American Psychological Association insisted that clinical psychology was not a profession unless there was a formal training and credentialing program.

Question 19

Molly Harrower recommended all of the following in order for psychologists to become "properly clinical" EXCEPT

A) loosening their rigid experimental standards and adopting a more flexible and instinctive approach.
B) undertaking extensive training in projective techniques and psychoanalytic theory.
C) stop measuring themselves against psychiatrists and allow for open disagreement with psychiatry.
D) undertaking personal analysis and encouraging others to do the same.

Question 20

What did Hans Eysenck's review of nineteen published studies of the outcomes of psychotherapy reveal?

A) All therapies were about equally effective.
B) There was an inverse relationship between psychotherapy and recovery, with more therapy leading to less recovery.
C) Drug treatment was by far superior to psychotherapy.
D) Individuals who received no treatment quickly deteriorated.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons psychiatrists embraced the use of drugs to treat mental illness?

A) They allowed psychiatry to engage in research on mental illness.
B) They were an extremely promising form of treatment.
C) They were a form of therapeutic service only psychiatry could provide.
D) They promised scientific respectability that had been lacking in the previously dominant psychoanalytic approach.

Question 22

Systematic desensitization is an example of what form of therapy?

A) Client-centered therapy
B) Behavior therapy
C) Projective therapy
D) Rational emotive therapy

Question 23

According to Rogers,what does conditions of worth refer to?

A) the conditions necessary for a clinician to make an accurate diagnosis
B) messages that others will accept us only under certain conditions
C) the necessary conditions for therapy to be effective
D) ideas that patients hold about the value of undergoing psychotherapy

Question 24

Who proposed client-centered therapy?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Albert Ellis
C) Aaron Beck
D) Paul Meehl

Question 25

In Rogers's scheme the therapeutic encounter involves contact between __________ clients and __________ therapists.

A) incongruent; congruent
B) isolated; empathetic
C) hostile; approachable
D) vulnerable; considerate

Question 26

All of the following are notable about the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III)EXCEPT

A) disorders were defined in terms of their symptoms.
B) it was atheoretical.
C) it included a larger number of mental disorders.
D) it was heavily influenced by psychoanalytic ideas about mental disorders.

Question 27

In Albert Ellis's Rational Emotive Therapy the A-B-C model includes what three components?

A) analysis, behavior, control
B) affects, boundaries, compulsions
C) activating event (or adversity), beliefs, and consequences
D) actualization, belonging, congruence

Question 28

Which clinical psychologist was a pioneer in psychotherapy research,the scientific study of the processes and outcomes of therapy?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Molly Harrower
C) Hans Eysenck
D) George Albee

Question 29

What does the term common factors refer to?

A) the characteristics shared by all patients who improve with psychotherapy
B) the set of symptoms that is common across all cases of depression
C) the factors that both psychologists and psychiatrists consider important elements of clinical training
D) the factors common to almost all types of therapy which account for a large proportion of therapeutic change

Question 30

Cognitive therapy was developed by __________ and has as its goal __________.

A) Carl Rogers; changing interpersonal relationships
B) Joseph Wolpe; changing observed behaviors
C) Aaron Beck; changing core beliefs
D) Albert Ellis; changing emotional states

Question 31

Who argued that a person who is depressed experiences a disruption in their ability to think like a scientist,that is,rationally and objectively?

A) David Shakow
B) Carl Rogers
C) Aaron Beck
D) Albert Ellis

Question 32

Hans Strupp compared the outcomes of anxious and depressed male college students who received therapy from college teachers with those who received therapy from experienced clinicians.What did he find?

A) Students receiving therapy from experienced clinicians had better outcomes than those receiving therapy from college teachers.
B) Students receiving therapy from both groups had equally positive outcomes.
C) Students receiving therapy from college teachers not only showed improved mental health but also an increase in their college grades.
D) Students receiving therapy from experienced clinicians had worse outcomes than those receiving therapy from college teachers.

Question 33

When researchers at Temple University,including __________,randomly assigned patients to either time-limited behavior therapy or psychoanalytic therapy they found that __________.

A) Joseph Wolpe; both approaches were about equally successful
B) Aaron Beck; psychoanalytic therapy led to better patient outcomes
C) Paul Meehl; behavior therapy was more effective than psychoanalytic therapy, but only in the short term
D) Starke Hathaway; neither group of patients improved significantly

Question 34

Behavior therapy is based on what theory?

A) operant conditioning
B) associationist theory
C) cognitive theory
D) classical conditioning

Question 35

All of the following are elements of Rogers's client-centered therapy EXCEPT for

A) the therapist's communication of unconditional positive regard for the client.
B) contact between an incongruent client and a congruent therapist.
C) the patient's willingness to try out behavioral experiments.
D) the therapist's expression of accurate empathetic understanding of the client.

Question 36

What form of psychotherapy was used in the first randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of psychotherapy to antidepressants?

A) behavior therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) psychoanalytic psychotherapy
D) client-centered therapy

Question 37

The Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used self-report measures of depression.To assess depression this inventory has respondents report

A) associations.
B) symptoms.
C) dreams.
D) childhood memories.

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of how empathetic understanding may be operationally defined?

A) the warm acceptance a psychotherapist expresses to a patient
B) the number of deeply personal stories a patient confides in their psychotherapist
C) the number of times a therapist accurately describes a patient's feelings in a session
D) the willingness of a psychotherapist to put themselves in a patient's shoes

Question 39

Which of the following is a NOT a component of Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

A) cognitive schema
B) cognitive triad
C) cognitive distortions
D) cognitive entrenchment

Question 40

Which two clinicians began as psychoanalysts only to later abandon this approach?

A) David Shakow and Molly Harrower
B) Carl Rogers and George Albee
C) Joseph Wolpe and Hermann Rorschach
D) Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis

Question 41

Match the definition with the term.
cognitive distortions

A)a technique in which relaxation exercises are paired with graded exposure to a feared stimulus; an example of behavior therapy
B)an individual's internal inclination toward growth,the disruption of which can produce psychological problems
C)characteristic patterns of thought in depressed patients that may include all-or-nothing thinking and discounting the positive

Question 42

Which of the following is a statistically derived measure of the personality factors relevant to understanding psychopathology?

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
B) Beck Depression Inventory
C) Rorschach Projective Technique
D) Meehl Personality Checklist

Question 43

The process of constructing a psychological test by including items on a clinical scale only if test takers with that diagnosis responded to that item differently than other groups is referred to as

A) the criterion-group method.
B) the projective hypothesis.
C) profile analysis.
D) common factors.

Question 44

Match the definition with the term.
evidence-based practice

A)a theory of depression whose foundational concepts include cognitive schema,cognitive triad,and cognitive distortions
B)emphasizes scientific,research training along with training in practical applications,such as assessment and therapy
C)emphasizes diagnosis and treatment,rather than social-learning approaches and prevention
D)the use of treatments that have been scientifically tested for their appropriateness and effectiveness for a specific disorder

Question 45

Match the definition with the term.
actualizing tendency

A)a technique in which relaxation exercises are paired with graded exposure to a feared stimulus; an example of behavior therapy
B)an individual's internal inclination toward growth,the disruption of which can produce psychological problems
C)characteristic patterns of thought in depressed patients that may include all-or-nothing thinking and discounting the positive

Question 46

Match the definition with the term.
cognitive theory of depression

A)a theory of depression whose foundational concepts include cognitive schema,cognitive triad,and cognitive distortions
B)emphasizes scientific,research training along with training in practical applications,such as assessment and therapy
C)emphasizes diagnosis and treatment,rather than social-learning approaches and prevention
D)the use of treatments that have been scientifically tested for their appropriateness and effectiveness for a specific disorder

Question 47

Match the definition with the term.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A)a field that studies the social and environmental factors that contribute to mental health and illness in communities
B)a statistically derived measure of personality factors relevant to understanding psychopathology
C)a technique in which patients are shown a series of unstructured,ambiguous stimuli and responses are assessed in terms of perceptual processes
D)the random assignment of participants in a study to different treatment groups

Question 48

What is the focus of interpersonal psychotherapy?

A) the social processes associated with the onset and continuation of depression
B) the observable behaviors associated with experience of depression
C) the irrational beliefs underlying depression
D) the unconscious emotions producing and maintaining depression

Question 49

Match the definition with the term.
interpersonal psychotherapy

A)a deliberately directive and time-limited approach in which the therapist's role is to help clients uncover,challenge,and change core beliefs
B)a nondirective approach that emphasizes the importance of a number of aspects of the therapeutic encounter,including unconditional positive regard for the client
C)a short form of treatment for depression in which the focus is on social and interpersonal processes associated with the onset and continuation of depression
D)an approach in which clients are taught to change their attitudes and beliefs
E)based on the principles of classical conditioning,the focus is on changing observed behavior rather than internal mental processes

Question 50

Match the definition with the term.
randomized controlled trial

A)a field that studies the social and environmental factors that contribute to mental health and illness in communities
B)a statistically derived measure of personality factors relevant to understanding psychopathology
C)a technique in which patients are shown a series of unstructured,ambiguous stimuli and responses are assessed in terms of perceptual processes
D)the random assignment of participants in a study to different treatment groups

Question 51

Match the definition with the term.
cognitive therapy

A)a deliberately directive and time-limited approach in which the therapist's role is to help clients uncover,challenge,and change core beliefs
B)a nondirective approach that emphasizes the importance of a number of aspects of the therapeutic encounter,including unconditional positive regard for the client
C)a short form of treatment for depression in which the focus is on social and interpersonal processes associated with the onset and continuation of depression
D)an approach in which clients are taught to change their attitudes and beliefs
E)based on the principles of classical conditioning,the focus is on changing observed behavior rather than internal mental processes

Question 52

Match the definition with the term.
client-centered therapy

A)a deliberately directive and time-limited approach in which the therapist's role is to help clients uncover,challenge,and change core beliefs
B)a nondirective approach that emphasizes the importance of a number of aspects of the therapeutic encounter,including unconditional positive regard for the client
C)a short form of treatment for depression in which the focus is on social and interpersonal processes associated with the onset and continuation of depression
D)an approach in which clients are taught to change their attitudes and beliefs
E)based on the principles of classical conditioning,the focus is on changing observed behavior rather than internal mental processes

Question 53

Match the definition with the term.
scientist-practitioner model of clinical training

A)a theory of depression whose foundational concepts include cognitive schema,cognitive triad,and cognitive distortions
B)emphasizes scientific,research training along with training in practical applications,such as assessment and therapy
C)emphasizes diagnosis and treatment,rather than social-learning approaches and prevention
D)the use of treatments that have been scientifically tested for their appropriateness and effectiveness for a specific disorder

Question 54

Match the definition with the term.
systematic desensitization

A)a technique in which relaxation exercises are paired with graded exposure to a feared stimulus; an example of behavior therapy
B)an individual's internal inclination toward growth,the disruption of which can produce psychological problems
C)characteristic patterns of thought in depressed patients that may include all-or-nothing thinking and discounting the positive

Question 55

The practice of examining patterns of scale scores on the MMPI,rather than individual scores in isolation,in order to generate diagnostic recommendations is known as

A) the criterion-group method.
B) projective testing.
C) profile analysis.
D) pattern recognition.

Question 56

Match the definition with the term.
community psychology

A)a field that studies the social and environmental factors that contribute to mental health and illness in communities
B)a statistically derived measure of personality factors relevant to understanding psychopathology
C)a technique in which patients are shown a series of unstructured,ambiguous stimuli and responses are assessed in terms of perceptual processes
D)the random assignment of participants in a study to different treatment groups

Question 57

The use of treatments that have been scientifically tested for their effectiveness treating a specific disorder is known as __________ and was imported into psychology from __________.

A) evidence-based practice; medicine
B) randomized controlled trial; epidemiology
C) criterion group method; biology
D) objective clinical treatment; social work

Question 58

Match the definition with the term.
Rorschach projective technique

A)a field that studies the social and environmental factors that contribute to mental health and illness in communities
B)a statistically derived measure of personality factors relevant to understanding psychopathology
C)a technique in which patients are shown a series of unstructured,ambiguous stimuli and responses are assessed in terms of perceptual processes
D)the random assignment of participants in a study to different treatment groups

Question 59

Match the definition with the term.
behavior therapy

A)a deliberately directive and time-limited approach in which the therapist's role is to help clients uncover,challenge,and change core beliefs
B)a nondirective approach that emphasizes the importance of a number of aspects of the therapeutic encounter,including unconditional positive regard for the client
C)a short form of treatment for depression in which the focus is on social and interpersonal processes associated with the onset and continuation of depression
D)an approach in which clients are taught to change their attitudes and beliefs
E)based on the principles of classical conditioning,the focus is on changing observed behavior rather than internal mental processes

Question 60

Match the definition with the term.
medical model of mental illness

A)a theory of depression whose foundational concepts include cognitive schema,cognitive triad,and cognitive distortions
B)emphasizes scientific,research training along with training in practical applications,such as assessment and therapy
C)emphasizes diagnosis and treatment,rather than social-learning approaches and prevention
D)the use of treatments that have been scientifically tested for their appropriateness and effectiveness for a specific disorder

Question 61

Match the study with the researcher(s).
David Shakow

A)a comparison of patients randomly assigned to behavior therapy or psychoanalytic therapy,as well as those receiving minimal therapy
B)a comparison of the results of therapy when delivered by college teachers with that by experienced clinicians
C)an examination of the Rorschach results of patients with and without brain tumors
D)an unsuccessful attempt to study psychoanalysis objectively by filming therapy sessions and coding therapeutic processes

Question 62

Match the definition with the term.
determinants

A)an empirical,objective,statistical approach to psychological test construction in which an item is included on a clinical scale only if test takers with that diagnosis responded to that item differently than did other groups
B)features of inkblot stimuli,such as color,form,shading,texture,or movement,that patients used to formulate their responses
C)the largely relational factors shared by almost all types of therapy that might account for a large proportion of therapeutic change
D)the practice of examining patterns of scale scores on the MMPI,rather than individual scores in isolation,to generate diagnostic recommendations

Question 63

Match the definition with the term.
common factors

A)an empirical,objective,statistical approach to psychological test construction in which an item is included on a clinical scale only if test takers with that diagnosis responded to that item differently than did other groups
B)features of inkblot stimuli,such as color,form,shading,texture,or movement,that patients used to formulate their responses
C)the largely relational factors shared by almost all types of therapy that might account for a large proportion of therapeutic change
D)the practice of examining patterns of scale scores on the MMPI,rather than individual scores in isolation,to generate diagnostic recommendations

Question 64

Match the study with the researcher(s).
Hans Strupp

A)a comparison of patients randomly assigned to behavior therapy or psychoanalytic therapy,as well as those receiving minimal therapy
B)a comparison of the results of therapy when delivered by college teachers with that by experienced clinicians
C)an examination of the Rorschach results of patients with and without brain tumors
D)an unsuccessful attempt to study psychoanalysis objectively by filming therapy sessions and coding therapeutic processes

Question 65

Match the form of therapy with its creator(s).
Gerald Klerman and Myrna Weissman

A)behavior therapy
B)client-centered therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)interpersonal psychotherapy
E)rational emotive therapy

Question 66

Match the form of therapy with its creator(s).
Albert Ellis

A)behavior therapy
B)client-centered therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)interpersonal psychotherapy
E)rational emotive therapy

Question 67

Match the definition with the term.
profile analysis

A)an empirical,objective,statistical approach to psychological test construction in which an item is included on a clinical scale only if test takers with that diagnosis responded to that item differently than did other groups
B)features of inkblot stimuli,such as color,form,shading,texture,or movement,that patients used to formulate their responses
C)the largely relational factors shared by almost all types of therapy that might account for a large proportion of therapeutic change
D)the practice of examining patterns of scale scores on the MMPI,rather than individual scores in isolation,to generate diagnostic recommendations

Question 68

Match the definition with the term.
criterion-group method

A)an empirical,objective,statistical approach to psychological test construction in which an item is included on a clinical scale only if test takers with that diagnosis responded to that item differently than did other groups
B)features of inkblot stimuli,such as color,form,shading,texture,or movement,that patients used to formulate their responses
C)the largely relational factors shared by almost all types of therapy that might account for a large proportion of therapeutic change
D)the practice of examining patterns of scale scores on the MMPI,rather than individual scores in isolation,to generate diagnostic recommendations

Question 69

Match the test,scale,or technique with its creator.
Paul Meehl

A)Group Rorschach technique
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C)K Scale

Question 70

Match the form of therapy with its creator(s).
Carl Rogers

A)behavior therapy
B)client-centered therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)interpersonal psychotherapy
E)rational emotive therapy

Question 71

Match the viewpoint with the individual who held it.
Paul Meehl

A)Clinical psychologists should conduct psychological testing and research,but not psychotherapy.
B)Clinical psychology has been overly influenced by the medical model of mental illness.
C)Statistical data have more predictive value than the therapist's clinical judgment.

Question 72

Match the form of therapy with its creator(s).
Joseph Wolpe

A)behavior therapy
B)client-centered therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)interpersonal psychotherapy
E)rational emotive therapy

Question 73

Match the study with the researcher(s).
Joseph Wolpe and colleagues

A)a comparison of patients randomly assigned to behavior therapy or psychoanalytic therapy,as well as those receiving minimal therapy
B)a comparison of the results of therapy when delivered by college teachers with that by experienced clinicians
C)an examination of the Rorschach results of patients with and without brain tumors
D)an unsuccessful attempt to study psychoanalysis objectively by filming therapy sessions and coding therapeutic processes

Question 74

Match the viewpoint with the individual who held it.
Hans Eysenck

A)Clinical psychologists should conduct psychological testing and research,but not psychotherapy.
B)Clinical psychology has been overly influenced by the medical model of mental illness.
C)Statistical data have more predictive value than the therapist's clinical judgment.

Question 75

Match the viewpoint with the individual who held it.
George Albee

A)Clinical psychologists should conduct psychological testing and research,but not psychotherapy.
B)Clinical psychology has been overly influenced by the medical model of mental illness.
C)Statistical data have more predictive value than the therapist's clinical judgment.

Question 76

Match the test,scale,or technique with its creator.
Starke Hathaway

A)Group Rorschach technique
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C)K Scale

Question 77

Match the test,scale,or technique with its creator.
Molly Harrower

A)Group Rorschach technique
B)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C)K Scale

Question 78

Match the form of therapy with its creator(s).
Aaron Beck

A)behavior therapy
B)client-centered therapy
C)cognitive therapy
D)interpersonal psychotherapy
E)rational emotive therapy

Question 79

Match the study with the researcher(s).
Molly Harrower

A)a comparison of patients randomly assigned to behavior therapy or psychoanalytic therapy,as well as those receiving minimal therapy
B)a comparison of the results of therapy when delivered by college teachers with that by experienced clinicians
C)an examination of the Rorschach results of patients with and without brain tumors
D)an unsuccessful attempt to study psychoanalysis objectively by filming therapy sessions and coding therapeutic processes

Question 80

Match the definition with the term.
rational emotive therapy

A)a deliberately directive and time-limited approach in which the therapist's role is to help clients uncover,challenge,and change core beliefs
B)a nondirective approach that emphasizes the importance of a number of aspects of the therapeutic encounter,including unconditional positive regard for the client
C)a short form of treatment for depression in which the focus is on social and interpersonal processes associated with the onset and continuation of depression
D)an approach in which clients are taught to change their attitudes and beliefs
E)based on the principles of classical conditioning,the focus is on changing observed behavior rather than internal mental processes