Deck 7: Substance Abuse

Question 1

Half the American adult population drinks alcohol regularly; this means that we cannot consider alcohol consumption a form of deviance.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The fact that excessive levels of alcohol consumption can make drinkers incapable of performing their expected institutional roles means that drinking can be regarded as a form of deviance.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Most sociologists define deviance by the harm it causes.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Heavy drinkers tend to be part of the sectors of the population which are least likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Question 5

Drinking alcoholic beverages on repeated occasions facilitates other deviant activities.

Question 6

As a general rule, the higher the social class or SES (socioeconomic status), the greater the likelihood of drinking.

Question 7

As a general rule, the higher the SES, the greater the likelihood of binge drinking.

Question 8

Among adults, men are more likely to drink alcohol than women.

Question 9

All the deviant behaviors, beliefs, and physical characteristics discussed in this book can be looked at from both the essentialistic and the constructionist perspective; one major exception to thus rule is alcohol consumption.

Question 10

Most research on the subject has found that alcohol abuse and engaging in risky, deviant behavior are likely to co-occur.

Question 11

Research indicates that the greater the amount that one drinks, the greater the likelihood that one will engage in risky, deviant behavior.

Question 12

Research indicates that the greater the amount that one drinks, the greater the likelihood that one will become a victim of violent behavior.

Question 13

From a positivistic perspective, a consideration of drug use has as its mission answering the question: Why do some people use illegal drugs?

Question 14

With respect to the constructionist perspective, a consideration of drug use has as its mission answering the question: Why is the use of certain substances regarded as deviant?

Question 15

A burst of public concern, fear, and media hysteria-a moral panic-erupted in the 1930s over the use of marijuana.

Question 16

Evidence now suggests that public fear and concern over the "crack babies" issue that erupted in the late 1980s was exaggerated, an example of a "moral panic."

Question 17

On a dose-by-dose basis, the drug or drug type that is most likely to be associated with a drug-related emergency that results in a visit to the emergency department of a hospital is the opiates/opioids.

Question 18

The illegal use of psychoactive substances can be studied solely and exclusively from a constructionist perspective; it makes no sense whatsoever to adopt an essentialistic or positivistic approach to the study of drug use.

Question 19

The drug that arrestees are most likely to be tested for is marijuana.

Question 20

The drug that has the highest correspondence between drug tests and what arrestees report that they have recently taken is marijuana.

Question 21

The "more illegal" a drug a drug is, the greater the likelihood that the user will "stick" with it, that is continue using it.

Question 22

Very few sociologists define deviance by harm.

Question 23

The more intoxicated one is, the greater is one's tendency to engage in risky, deviant behavior.

Question 24

Statistically speaking, the sale of alcohol is correlated with the likelihood that local residents will be serious injured by a heavy drinker.

Question 25

A woman who is intoxicated is significantly more likely to be sexually abused and victimized than is true of a woman who is sober.

Question 26

ADAM's data indicate that arrestees are more likely to test positively for cocaine than marijuana.

Question 27

According to available studies, a woman who is intoxicated on alcohol is no more likely to be sexually abused or victimized than a woman who is sober.

Question 28

The main effect of narcotics is that they diminish the brain's perception of pain.

Question 29

All narcotics produce a physical dependency.

Question 30

Psychopharmacologists refer to MDMA or Ecstasy as a hallucinogen.

Question 31

As a general rule, users stick with or are more loyal to, and are more likely to continue using legal than illegal drugs.

Question 32

Among all illicit or illegal drugs, marijuana is the one that users are most loyal to, stick with and continue using the most.

Question 33

The ancient Greeks were the first society to discover alcohol's psychoactive properties.

Question 34

Alcohol is the most widely-used psychoactive substance in the world.

Question 35

More than half of all Americans drink regularly-therefore no level of alcohol consumption is deviant.

Question 36

The failure to perform one's normative tasks as a result of excessive alcohol consumption is regarded as a form of deviance.

Question 37

In certain social circles, the mere consumption of alcohol-any amount-is regarded as a deviant activity.

Question 38

Since 2002, the use of heroin, as measured by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), has decreased.

Question 39

The psychoactive substance in alcoholic beverages is technically known as:

A) methyl alcohol
B) absolute methyl alcohol
C) pure methyl alcohol
D) ethyl alcohol
E) none of the above

Question 40

The "rule of equivalency" states that:

A) level of intoxication automatically translates into a specific form of behavior.
B) mixing different kinds of alcoholic beverages produces more extreme intoxication than sticking with one kind of alcoholic beverage.
C) two different people with the same measureable level of intoxication exhibit different forms of behavior under the influence.
D) alcohol is alcohol is alcohol: what counts in producing alcohol intoxication is the quantity of alcohol consumed (given mitigating factors); drinking
different the kinds of drinks is not a factor in this process.
E) none of the above

Question 41

As a type of drug, alcohol is a:

A) stimulant
B) hallucinogen
C) psychedelic
D) psychotomimetic
E) depressant

Question 42

As a type of drug, alcohol is most closely related to:

A) the barbiturates
B) amphetamine
C) LSD
D) marijuana
E) Ecstasy

Question 43

Which of the following drugs or drug types do pharmacologists classify as a sedative-hypnotic or a general depressant?

A) marijuana
B) alcohol
C) PCP
D) Ecstasy
E) none of the above

Question 44

Which of the following drugs or drug types do pharmacologists most definitively classify as a hallucinogen?

A) marijuana
B) PCP
C) ketamine
D) Ecstasy
E) LSD

Question 45

DAWN, or the Drug Abuse Warning Network, gathers data on:

A) the drugs a cross-section of the population says they have taken
B) drug-related emergencies or overdoses, including trips to a hospital's emergency department
C) the drugs that arrestees test positive for
D) the motor performance of people who are under the influence of drugs in a laboratory setting
E) the relationship of alcohol consumption and the risky, deviant behaviors in which someone under the influence engages

Question 46

In which of the following countries is alcohol most likely to be consumed by single men drinking distilled spirits in a public place with other single men for the purpose of becoming intoxicated?

A) Spain
B) Portugal
C) Italy
D) France
E) Russia

Question 47

Nearly all the countries with the highest rates of criminal homicide in the world are in:

A) Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean
B) the Middle East
C) Central Asia
D) East Asia
E) Western Europe

Question 48

The only country that is both among the top-20 per capita alcohol consumers and among the top-20 with respect to its homicide rate is:

A) the United States
B) Sudan
C) Ireland
D) South Africa
E) Russia

Question 49

Being under the influence of alcohol___________ the likelihood of being victimized by criminal violence.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) is unrelated to
D) is related in an unknown fashion with
E) none of the above

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Men under the influence of alcohol are more likely to commit violence against women; women under the influence of alcohol are more likely to be a victim of male violence.
B) Men under the influence of alcohol are less likely to commit violence against women; women under the influence of alcohol are less likely to be a victim of male violence.
C) Men under the influence of alcohol are more likely to commit violence against women; women under the influence of alcohol are less likely to be a victim of male violence.
D) Men under the influence of alcohol are less likely to commit violence against women; women under the influence of alcohol are more likely to be a victim of male violence.
E) none of the above

Question 51

Alcohol consumption and illicit drug use are:

A) positively correlated with one another
B) inversely or negatively correlated with one another
C) randomly related to one another
D) related to one another in an unknown fashion
E) none of the above

Question 52

Worldwide, according to a study conducted by the United Nations, most illicit drug use is with:

A) marijuana
B) methamphetamine
C) heroin
D) Ecstasy
E) cocaine

Question 53

Statistically speaking, smoking cigarettes is:

A) positively correlated with the use of illicit drugs
B) negatively correlated with the use of illicit drugs
C) randomly related to the use of illicit drugs
D) related in an unknown fashion with illicit drugs
E) none of the above

Question 54

A study that asked respondents to be part of a "mock" trial judging a defendant responsible for raping a woman indicated that jurors:

A) held drunk complainants more responsible for the crime committed against them, and sober defendants as less responsible.
B) held drunk complainants less responsible for the crime committed against them, and the defendants as more responsible.
C) held both drunk complainants and sober defendants as more responsible.
D) held both drunk complainants and sober defendants as less responsible.
E) none of the above

Question 55

According to the classification provided in this chapter, marijuana is categorized as a:

A) psychedelic
B) hallucinogen
C) sedative
D) stimulant
E) none of the above

Question 56

A majority of the American population:

A) favors allowing legal marijuana for medical purposes.
B) opposes allowing legal marijuana for medical purposes.
C) has no opinion on allowing legal marijuana for medical purposes.
D) has not expressed its opinion about legal medical marijuana, since polls have not asked this question.
E) none of the above

Question 57

Of the following drugs, which one is the highest proportion of at-least-one-time users most likely to "stick with" or continue using?

A) heroin
B) cocaine
C) marijuana
D) LSD
E) alcohol

Question 58

In the United States:

A) no states have decriminalized small-quantity marijuana possession.
B) all states have decriminalized small-quantity marijuana possession.
C) some states, a minority, have decriminalized small-quantity marijuana possession.
D) some states, a majority, have decriminalized small-quantity marijuana possession.
E) none of the above

Question 59

The drug that is most likely to lead to a lethal overdose on a dose-by-dose, user-by-user basis is:

A) crack cocaine
B) power cocaine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol
E) heroin

Question 60

Which of the following drugs is mismatched with respect to the era in which a "panic" took place:

A) LSD/1960s
B) marijuana/1930s
C) crack cocaine/late 1980s
D) cocaine/early 1900s
E) none is mismatched; all of the above drugs are appropriately matched with the appropriate era

Question 61

Pharmacologists call substances that speed up signals passing through the central nervous system:

A) psychedelics
B) hallucinogens
C) narcotics
D) stimulants
E) none of the above

Question 62

Hallucinogens are also referred to as:

A) narcotics
B) sedatives
C) psychedelics
D) stimulants
E) none of the above

Question 63

___________ is society's most popular recreational drug.

A) marijuana
B) cocaine
C) methamphetamine
D) Ecstasy
E) alcohol

Question 64

Which of the following does the author of this book not consider a hallucinogenic drug?

A) LSD
B) mescaline
C) the psilocybin mushroom
D) Ecstasy
E) none of the above; all are hallucinogenic drugs

Question 65

The only factor that influences blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) at a given weight is:

A) which alcoholic drinks one has mixed
B) drinking locale-where one has consumed the alcohol one has drunk
C) which alcoholic drinks one has mixed with one another
D) the total quantity of "pure" or "absolute" alcohol one has consumed
E) sticking with beer versus consuming distilled spirits

Question 66

According to the survey conducted by NSDUH (the National Survey on Drug Use and Health), between 2002 and 2017, the use of tobacco cigarettes:

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) fluctuated wildly and randomly from year to year
E) remains unknown

Question 67

Between 2002 and 2017, the incidence of driving and drinking:

A) has increased
B) has decreased
C) has remained the same
D) fluctuates wildly and randomly from year to year
E) remains unknown and unknowable

Question 68

According to surveys, among which of the following racial or ethnic groups is the likelihood of drinking alcohol the greatest?

A) whites
B) Latinos
C) African Americans
D) Asian-Americans
E) none of the above; drinking alcohol is the same for all racial and ethnic groups

Question 69

Between 2002 and 2017, the percent of youths age 12-to-17, the percent who perceived "great risk" in marijuana use:

A) increased
B) declined
C) remained the same
D) fluctuated wildly, erratically, and randomly from year to year
E) remains unknown and unknowable

Question 70

Between 2002 and 2016, the percent of arrestees who tested positively for cocaine and admitted to having used crack:

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) remains unknown and unknowable
E) none of the above

Question 71

Of the following drugs, which of the following are arrestees least likely to test for in the ADAM-II program:

A) marijuana
B) cocaine
C) opiates
D) multiple drugs
E) methamphetamine

Question 72

Which of the following activities is unrelated to the confluence of deviancies-engaging in related substance-related activities?

A) smoking cigarettes
B) drinking alcohol
C) using illicit or illegal drugs
D) marijuana use
E) none of the above is unrelated to this confluence; all are correlated with one another

Question 73

The most recent surveys indicate that over the past decade or so underage problematic drinking-binge drinking and heavy drinking-has:

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) remained unknown and unknowable
E) none of the above

Question 74

Which of the following drugs is not known to cause drug overdoses?

A) marijuana
B) oxycodone
C) cocaine
D) fentanyl
E) none of the above; all are known to cause drug overdoses

Question 75

The rate of dying of an overdose of opiate drugs is:

A) higher for blacks than for whites
B) higher for whites than for blacks
C) the same for whites and blacks
D) unknown and unknowable
E) none of the above

Question 76

The riskier the population perceives the use of a given substance to be:

A) the higher its rate of use is.
B) the lower its rate of use is.
C) Perceived risk and rates of use have no relationship to one another.
D) Nothing is known about this relationship; it is unknowable.
E) none of the above

Question 77

The relationship between smoking tobacco cigarettes and the use of illicit drugs is:

A) positive; cigarette smokers have higher rates of illicit drug use.
B) negative; nonsmokers have higher rates of illicit drug use.
C) random; there is no relationship between smoking and illicit drug use.
D) nothing is known about this relationship.
E) none of the above

Question 78

Deaths from use can be traced to both tobacco smoking and the use of opiate drugs. One difference between the two is that:

A) smoking deaths are entirely from chronic causes; opiate deaths are almost entirely from acute causes.
B) smoking deaths are entirely from acute causes; opiate deaths are almost entirely from chronic causes.
C) neither smoking nor opiate deaths are from chronic causes; the causes are different, and lie elsewhere.
D) neither smoking nor opiate deaths are drug acute causes; the causes are different, and lie elsewhere.
E) none of the above

Question 79

Which of the following illicit drugs has the highest "loyalty" rate, that is, the one that at-least one-time users are most likely to use again, and use regularly.

A) cocaine
B) heroin
C) marijuana
D) OxyContin
E) LSD

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Illegal drugs attract more user loyalty than legal substances.
B) Legal drugs attract more user loyalty than illegal substances.
C) Legal and illegal substances attract the same level of loyalty among users.
D) Nothing is known about this relationship.
E) None of the above