Deck 12: Tribal Stigma: Race, Religion, and Ethnicity

Question 1

Racism is ancient; negative definitions of some races have existed for thousands of years.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

No connection exists whatsoever between DNA (or genetics) and what society regards as races.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Races are distinct genetic categories with sharp boundaries between them.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

What culture and society regards as race is largely a social construct.

Question 5

For the anti-Semite, all Jews are deviants.

Question 6

Ethnicity should not and cannot be regarded as a form of deviance.

Question 7

Tribal stigma are transmitted through ancestry of lineage.

Question 8

The most extreme form of tribal deviantization is genocide.

Question 9

Tribal stigma transforms the ethnic "other" into deviants.

Question 10

Referring to race and ethnicity as deviance is a form of blaming the victim.

Question 11

Racial stigmatizing has disappeared in the United States.

Question 12

African Americans are more likely to be the victims of crime than is true of whites.

Question 13

Most Americans believe that civil rights for African Americans have substantially increased during their lifetimes.

Question 14

Critical race theory argues that the basic institutions of American society maintain white supremacy.

Question 15

Ethnicity has rarely been discussed by sociologists as a form of deviance.

Question 16

The residential segregation of the races as increased during the past generation or so.

Question 17

Americans are more likely to live in racially mixed neighborhoods than was true in the past.

Question 18

Today, African Americans are more likely to live in predominantly black neighborhoods than was true four decades ago.

Question 19

According to research, all-white neighborhoods have largely disappeared.

Question 20

All racial and ethnic groups in the US are inter-marrying with one another more than they did in the past.

Question 21

A majority of the population living in predominantly Muslim nations has an unfavorable view of the United States.

Question 22

Which of the following is the clearest example of tribal stigma:

A) homophobia
B) poverty and disrepute
C) hostility toward deviant physical characteristics
D) prejudice against the mentally disabled
E) anti-Semitism

Question 23

Erving Goffman identified tribal stigma of:

A) race, nation, and religion
B) mental illness, mental disorder, and mental disability
C) sex, gender, and sexuality
D) economics, class, and stratification
E) none of the above

Question 24

The area in which the greatest change has taken place in racial matters has been in:

A) health and medicine
B) education
C) racial segregation/desegregation
D) interracial marriage
E) race and the economic gap

Question 25

The relationship between education and anti-Semitism is:

A) positive-the higher the education, the greater the anti-Semitism
B) negative-the higher the education, the lower the anti-Semitism
C) random-there is no relationship between anti-Semitism and education
D) unknown and unknowable
E) none of the above

Question 26

In which of the following countries is the level of anti-Semitism, or the most negative view of the Jew, the lowest:

A) Nigeria
B) Malaysia
C) Indonesia
D) France
E) Russia

Question 27

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion:

A) explains the 9/11 conspiracy.
B) is an anti-Semitic forgery concocted by the pre-Revolutionary Russian secret police.
C) are the minutes of a meeting held by Jewish elders who discuss their plans for global domination.
D) was a publication written by a member of the Ku Klux Klan
E) is a publication of unknown origin.

Question 28

Is racism itself a form of deviance?

A) No; definitely not.
B) Yes, it is definitely a form of deviance in the society as a whole.
C) As to whether racism is a form of deviance depends on the relevant audience.
D) It cannot be known whether or to what extent racism is a form of deviance.
E) none of the above

Question 29

Which of the following manifestations of racism and inter-ethnic hostility has increased in the past 15 years or so?

A) Islamophobia
B) anti-Semitism
C) white racism against African Americans
D) hostility toward Native Americans or American Indians
E) none of the above has increased; all have decreased

Question 30

Hostility toward Muslims increases with:

A) education
B) age
C) income
D) socioeconomic status
E) cosmopolitanism

Question 31

Hostility toward Jews increases with:

A) education
B) age
C) income
D) socioeconomic status
E) cosmopolitanism

Question 32

Which of the following characteristics would not be discussed among Erving Goffman's examples of attributes that attract tribal stigma? Being:

A) Jewish
B) an African American
C) obese
D) a Latino or Hispanic
E) none of the above; all would be an example of tribal stigma

Question 33

The term that means "hatred of foreigners" is:

A) anti-Semitism
B) racism
C) ethnic hostility
D) Islamophobia
E) Xenophobia

Question 34

The relationship between anti-Semitism and Islamophobia is:

A) positive: persons who are hostile to Jews also tend to be hostile to Muslims.
B) negative: persons who are hostile to Jews tend to be unprejudiced toward Muslims.
C) random: there is no relationship between being hostile toward Jews and being hostile toward Muslims.
D) unknown and unknowable.
E) none of the above

Question 35

The percent of the white electorate who voted for the candidacy of Barak Obama in 2008 and 2012 was a:

A) landslide majority-over 75 percent.
B) bare majority-over 50 percent but substantially under 75 percent.
C) minority-under 50 percent.
D) unknown and unknowable, since voting is secret,
E) none of the above

Question 36

Which of the following is not an example of "ethnic cleansing" or genocide? The:

A) Holocaust
B) extermination of a million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth century.
C) killing of between one and two million Chinese and Koreans by Imperial Japan in the 1930s and 1940s.
D) killing of American Indians by the U.S. Cavalry.
E) none of the above; all are examples of genocide.

Question 37

Which of the following ethnic, national, racial, or religious group has never been the recipient of tribal stigma in the U.S.?

A) the Irish
B) Italians
C) African Americans
D) Jews
E) none of the above; all have been the recipient of tribal stigma.

Question 38

Between the 1960s and the twenty-first century, the percentage of whites who believe that blacks have as good a chance to get a job for which they are qualified as whites do has:

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) remains unknown and unknowable
E) none of the above

Question 39

In 2011, the dedication of the memorial to Martin Luther King at the National Mall in Washington, D.C., prompted pollsters to ask whether Dr. King's dream of racial equality had been realized. The percent of whites who said that it had been realized was:

A) about 50 percent for both whites and blacks.
B) a clear majority for whites but a small minority (under 25%) for African Americans.
C) a clear majority for blacks but a small minority (under 25%) for whites.
D) a small minority (under 25%) for both whites and blacks.
E) none of the above

Question 40

Has racial segregation disappeared in the United States? Available research says that the residential separation of the races is:

A) as great as it was four decades ago.
B) much greater than it was four decades ago.
C) substantially less than it was four decades ago.
D) unknown and unknowable.
E) none of the above

Question 41

Which of the following unhealthful medical conditions are African Americans not more likely to suffer from than whites? A higher rate of:

A) infant mortality
B) HIV/AIDS among men
C) obesity among women
D) hypertension, diabetes, and stroke
E) none of the above; African Americans are more likely to suffer a higher rate of all of them than whites are.

Question 42

The relationship between anti-Semitism and education is:

A) positive-the higher the education, the greater the anti-Semitism
B) negative-the higher the education, the lower the anti-Semitism
C) random-there is no relationship between education and anti-Semitism
D) unknown and unknowable
E) none of the above

Question 43

Nationally, according to surveys, the population of which of the following countries of the world holds the most anti-Semitic views:

A) Egypt
B) the United States
C) the United Kingdom
D) Sweden
E) Brazil

Question 44

Historians and demographers have studied multicides (events and periods and regimes during which killed huge numbers of humans have been killed) and genocides (in which certain specific ethnic, national, and racial categories have been deliberately exterminated). The worst multicide in human history was:

A) World War I
B) World War II
C) The Russian Revolution
D) the European conquest of the Americas
E) the Atlantic Slave Trade

Question 45

The infant mortality in the United States is:

A) higher for blacks than for whites.
B) higher for whites than blacks
C) the same for blacks and whites
D) unknown and unknowable
E) none of the above

Question 46

Nationally and internationally speaking, the relationship between Islamophobia and anti-Semitism in the population is:

A) positive-that is, the countries with higher levels of hostility toward Muslims also have higher levels of hostility toward Jews.
B) negative-the countries with higher levels of hostility toward Muslims tend to have positive attitudes toward Jews, and vice versa
C) random-there is no relationship between Islamophobia and anti-Semitism
D) unknown and unknowable
E) none of the above

Question 47

Which major racial/ethnic category has the highest average household income?

A) whites
B) African Americans
C) Hispanics
D) Asians
E) none of the above; another category altogether had the highest income

Question 48

During a recent year, among the 35 most affluent, economically developed nations of the world, the United States has:

A) the lowest rate of infant mortality.
B) the highest rate of infant mortality.
C) the third lowest rate of infant mortality.
D) the third highest rate of infant mortality.
E) none of the above

Question 49

When a recent Pew survey asked a sample of Americans why blacks had such a difficult time getting ahead, most:

A) African Americans said the cause is racism, while most whites did not agree.
B) African Americans said that blacks didn't try hard enough, while most whites didn't agree.
C) African Americans and whites said that the cause is racism.
D) African Americans and whites said that the reason is that blacks don't try hard enough.
E) none of the above

Question 50

After Barak Obama was elected President of the United States, most Americans, black and white, said that race relations in the US were improving; after Donald Trump was elected president, most Americans said that race relations:

A) were improving
B) were deteriorating
C) remained the same
D) remained unknown and unknowable
E) none of the above

Question 51

Discuss some parallels and draw the major differences between anti-Semitism and racism against African Americans. Do the same between anti-Semitism and Islamophobia. Why do you think that some Gentiles hate Jews, some non-Muslims are prejudiced against Muslims, some whites are racist? Do you feel that hostility toward African Americans is the same or similar to black hostility toward whites? Why or why not?

Question 52

Are you convinced that we can think about tribal stigma as a form of deviance? Why or why not? What are some arguments in favor of this position and some that make it a weak analogy? Is there some reason why, for the most part, sociologists of deviance have not followed the reasoning on ethnicity this book has adopted? Do you accept the author's rationale? What did Erving Goffman have to say about this issue in his influential book, Stigma?

Question 53

Ned Polsky, a sociologist of deviance, argued that deviance only apply to behaviors and beliefs that "are not the person's fault"? His argument means that, by definition, deviance is the outcome of a rational choice made as a result of free will. This would mean that any compulsive behavior, determined by a mental condition or disorder, is not a form of deviance, and that would encompass many criminals, drug addicts and alcoholics, most people with a mental disorder, most of the people with unconventional physical conditions, and everyone belonging to a non-majority racial, ethnic, religious, and national-origin category. Do you think that his logic makes sense? Be specific and detailed in your argument.

Question 54

The "blaming the victim" objection to the sociology of deviance, which we encountered earlier in Deviant Behavior, raises its ugly head with a special vengeance in this chapter on race and ethnicity. Does it apply here? Does it apply to any behavior, belief, or trait the sociologist studies as deviance? Why is it of special significance with respect to race? Why does the author regard this objection as flawed by logic, misinformation, and a lack of intelligence?

Question 55

As with social class, race and ethnicity can be looked at from two different perspectives-as a cause (or presumed cause) of deviant behavior, and as a form of putative deviance. Many sociologists have examined race and ethnicity as a cause of deviance-especially, specifically, delinquency and crime-but few have done so as, itself, a type or form of deviance. Why do you think this is and does the reasoning in this chapter adequately and sufficiently verify this line of reasoning?