Deck 10: Challenges Facing American Healthcare System

Question 1

During the Civil War many soldiers became addicted to

A) Fentanyl
B) Cocaine
C) Morphine
D) Crack

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rise in opioid overdose coincided with

A) Significant increase in prescriptions written for opioids in late 1990s
B) Rapid increase in overdose death involving heroin starting in 2010
C) Significant increase in overdose death involving synthetic opioids, especially illicitly manufactured fentanyl in 2013
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Risk factors that make individuals vulnerable to prescription opioid abuse and overdose include all of the following except one. Which is the exception?

A) Obtaining overlapping prescriptions from multiple healthcare providers or pharmacies
B) Living in urban areas with high income
C) Taking high dosage of prescription daily to relieve pain
D) A history of mental illness or alcohol and substance abuse

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is false?

A) Drug overdose deaths have declined dramatically nationwide since year 2000
B) A majority of overdose death are a result of the abuse of prescription medication
C) Drug overdose now kills more people in the United States each year than gunshot wounds or car accidents
D) Dramatic increase in overdose death involving opioid like fentanyl coincided with the increased availability of illicitly manufactured fentanyl, a synthetic opioid

Question 5

According to the data collected by the CNN from all 50 states

A) Drug overdose deaths are considerably lower than shooting death
B) Drugs have become the leading cause of accidental death in this country surpassing shooting deaths and fatal traffic accidents
C) Abuse of prescription drugs is not a major factor in the overall drug overdose deaths
D) All of the above

Question 6

A Washington Post and the Kaiser Family Foundation survey of a national random sample of 809 long-term prescription painkiller users, adults 18 and over and their household members in 2016 found that cited following reason for use of prescription drugs

A) To relieve physical pain
B) For fun
C) To get high
D) All of the above

Question 7

The current opioid epidemic is most prevalent among

A) African Americans living in urban areas
B) American Indians living on reservations
C) White men and women living largely in rural areas
D) Minority teenage women

Question 8

The opioid epidemic and drug-related overdose deaths have disproportionately hit

A) Upper Midwest
B) Appalachia and Southwest
C) Northwest
D) Northeast

Question 9

Factors that have contributed to the opioid epidemic in the United States include all of the following except one. Which is the exception?

A) A strong economy and affluence of Americans
B) Laxed regulatory environment with respect to drugs in the United States
C) Drug companies influence over the U.S. health policy
D) Physicians over prescription of opioids to their patients in the United States

Question 10

The Opioid Crisis Response Act of 2018 does all of the following except one. Which is the exception?

A) Makes it easier for states to expand access to addiction treatment
B) Allows Medicare to pay for methadone treatment, one of the three medications considered the gold standard for addiction treatment
C) Limits the amount of opioid prescriptions physicians can write for their patients every month
D) Calls for $8 billion in federal investment over the next five years to address the problem of opioid epidemic

Question 11

Initiatives undertaken by state governments to address the problem of opioid epidemic include

A) Filing lawsuits against the manufacturers of opioids
B) Establishing Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs)
C) Expanded their Medicaid programs to cover alternative treatments and various types of physical and behavioral therapies to help patients manage patients' pain and limit their dependence on opioids
D) All of the above

Question 12

Early indications are that the federal and state efforts to address the opioid crisis

A) Have not any success
B) Have had positive but limited successes
C) Have made the problem worst
D) Have had a phenomenal success and the crisis is over

Question 13

Which of the following is not true with respect to specialty drugs?

A) Since they are less expensive than regular drugs, their increased use has led to decrease in healthcare spending
B) They primarily treat complex chronic medical conditions
C) They offer the most effective and, in some cases, the only treatment for certain illness and medical conditions
D) There has been a significant proliferation of specialty drugs in the U.S. healthcare system

Question 14

According to National Pharmaceutical Services (NPS) (2018), general characteristics of specialty drugs include

A) limited distribution network and requirements for special handling
B) use in a unique patient population and close patient monitoring
C) high cost per unit or treatment course
D) All of the above

Question 15

Which agency plays a crucial role in the approval of specialty drugs as well as making sure that those who could benefit from specialty drugs have access to them in a timely fashion?

A) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
B) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
C) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
D) Centers for Medicare and Medicaid

Question 16

The FDA utilizes which approach to encourage the development of drugs that represent the first available treatment for an illness, or ones that have significantly more benefits over existing drugs?

A) Fast Track
B) Breakthrough Therapy
C) Priority Review
D) All of the above

Question 17

Opponents of the high cost of specialty drugs cite all of the following reasons except one for their opposition the high cost. Which is the exception?

A) Lack of transparency when it comes to the true cost of developing specialty drugs
B) Specialty drug manufacturers charge high price for them because there is large market for specialty drugs
C) Taxpayers already subsidize about half of company research costs through credits and deducted that are granted to drug companies
D) In reality, no accurate estimate exists because the cost of new discovery varies considerably

Question 18

Strategies to reduce the high cost of specialty drugs include all of the following except one. Which is the exception?

A) Increase the exclusivity time period for their patent
B) Limit their overuse
C) Giving patients discount coupons
D) Increase the use of off-patent agents

Question 19

Opposition to the human genome project from a certain segment of the scientific community was due to their concern

A) That funding of the project would financially squeeze out basic research in biological sciences
B) Favoritism in funding for the Human Genome Project would pose a threat to smaller scale experiments
C) Potential insurance and employment discrimination based on individuals' genetic makeup and a host of ethical concerns raised by the Human Genome Project
D) All of the above

Question 20

Gene editing is a method used by scientists to change the DNA of organisms including plants, animals, and humans. Which industry was the first to start using gene editing?

A) The agricultural industry to improve crops and develop seedless tomatoes, gluten-free wheat, etc.
B) The Defense Department to improve soldiers' performance on the battlefield
C) The drug industry to develop more powerful and effective drugs
D) Private research laboratories to clone animals

Question 21

A new gene editing method that is faster, cheaper, and more accurate than previous gene editing techniques is called

A) R2-D2
B) C-3PO
C) CRISPR/Cas9
D) Clones-R-US

Question 22

The 21st Century Cures Act (Cures Act) signed into law in December 2016

A) Is designed to accelerate medical product development and to bring new innovations and advances to patients quickly and efficiently
B) Prohibits research in the area of germline human gene editing
C) Provides federal funding for research into human cloning
D) Regulates the practice of gene therapy

Question 23

Which of the following is not true about germline Human Gene Editing?

A) Refers to genetic editing on sperm, egg, or embryo cells
B) Genetic changes are not passed down to the next generation
C) It has the potential to treat and cure many hereditary diseases
D) It is also difficult to predict what unforeseen consequences that may arise

Question 24

Arguments in favor of gene therapy include

A) Gene therapy has great untapped potentials and it offers hope to children born with birth defects.
B) Somatic gene therapy could be utilized to not only cure patients that are severely ill but also to prevent the onset of devastating illnesses.
C) In contrast to drug therapy that often treats the symptoms of illness, gene therapy can provide a cure for an illness.
D) All of the above

Question 25

In the United States, gene therapy falls under the preview and regulation of the

A) Food and Drug Administration
B) Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention
C) Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
D) State health departments

Question 26

The major factors driving demand for healthcare employment include

A) Expansion of healthcare coverage under Affordable Care Act
B) Advances in health information technology and medical sciences
C) Changing and increased healthcare needs due to an aging population
D) All of the above

Question 27

Accurately predicting or anticipating future changes particularly in health care is problematic because of

A) Unpredictable political agenda
B) Unforeseen economic circumstance
C) Rapidly changing medical technology
D) All of the above

Question 28

Challenges confronting the American Healthcare workforce include all of the following except one. Which is the exception?

A) Healthcare workforce shortages
B) Oversupply of physician assistants
C) Geographic maldistribution of healthcare workforce
D) Gender discrimination

Question 29

One of the major problems confronting the American healthcare workforce nationwide is the

A) Lack of racial/ethnic diversity
B) Oversupply of female physicians
C) Oversupply of primary care physicians
D) None of the above

Question 30

Lack of gender equity and gender discrimination in the American healthcare workforce is reflected in all of the following except one. Which is the exception?

A) Women are underrepresented in certain health occupations such as physicians, dentists and chiropractors
B) Persistent wage gap between male and female health workers
C) Number of females in executive leadership positions in Hospitals and health corporations
D) Despite the fact that U.S. healthcare has become more dependent on immigrants, especially women physicians, they are more likely to experience gender discrimination from employers and colleagues