Deck 10: From the Plow to the Computer Change, Collective Behavior, and Social Movements

Question 1

The speedup of technological progress led to a chain of revolutionary changes that have profoundly transformed our societies.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Social change occurs through scientific discoveries, technological inventions, and new achievements in the arts.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

An innovation can take the form of a discovery or of an invention.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Technology refers to machine production and the factory system in modern industrial societies.

Question 5

The factory system became the basis of industrialism when it was discovered that specialization and division of labor were especially efficient ways of organizing production.

Question 6

Stability and change are equally characteristic of individuals, societies, and cultures.

Question 7

The Industrial Revolution began as a result of a violent upheaval in the American colonies.

Question 8

People changed their belief that slavery was an acceptable institution. This constituted social change.

Question 9

In a revolution, cultural traits are spread from one society to another, or from one group in society to another.

Question 10

Random events and acts of individuals have no impact on social change in societies.

Question 11

Computer-driven technologies are reversing the previous industrial system of production because they make it possible to produce small runs of customized goods and services aimed at specific markets.

Question 12

Iran is an example of a society in which the clash of modernization with traditional values produced great instability and conflict.

Question 13

Social scientists are now convinced that modernization works for all societies.

Question 14

Mass publics have changed the outward appearance of the country in that highways and freeways, shopping malls and amusement parks, golf courses and stadiums are now pervasive.

Question 15

Collective behavior is relatively unpatterned and unstructured.

Question 16

.Social movements are much more likely to emerge during periods of rapid social change.

Question 17

A crowd is a collection of people who respond to a common stimulus.

Question 18

The readers of Time Magazine constitute a public.

Question 19

Reform social movements represent an attempt to remove the old social order and forcefully substitute it with a new one.

Question 20

Public opinion has meaning especially in a mass society.

Question 21

Fashions, fads, and crazes are forms of social movements.

Question 22

A complete lack of structure in the behavior of an aggregate of people is normal.

Question 23

Casual crowds come together for specific events, such as a concert.

Question 24

Organized crowds are more receptive to mob behavior.

Question 25

A crowd can do what individual members do not want to do.

Question 26

Collective behavior can only take place among people who are close to one another.

Question 27

An out-of-control crowd with no particular goal in mind is a riot.

Question 28

Mobs are highly emotional and moved by the idea of violent action..

Question 29

Designer jeans came into style because imitation is the sincerest form of flattery.

Question 30

A scattered collection of people who share a common interest or concern about an issue or who are affected by a common occurrence is the definition of a public.

Question 31

A mass public never changes, its composition remaining constant.

Question 32

Politicians exert the strongest influence on public opinion.

Question 33

Propaganda gives distorted information, while censorship deletes all or parts of information to the public.

Question 34

"Collective enterprises to establish a new order of life" is one definition of public opinion.

Question 35

Reform movements try to change some feature of an existing social order, while revolutionary movements seek its total destruction.

Question 36

The American Revolution was a class social movement, while the Russian Revolution was a nationalistic social movement.

Question 37

A crisis of legitimacy is a predisposing factor for revolution.,

Question 38

Change-resistant movements are joined by people who believe that things are changing too fast.

Question 39

Collective behavior is often precipitated by:

A) anomaly
B) rapid social change
C) deviant behavior
D) fear of the future

Question 40

Collective behavior is:

A) Nonroutine
B) alienating
C) convergent
D) emergent

Question 41

Which is not a characteristic of crowd behavior?

A) Individuals totally shed their identity
B) Development of a common mood
C) Behavior according to previously established norms
D) Temporary

Question 42

Change may be experienced at which level?

A) Alpha, beta, and delta
B) Micro, middle, and macro
C) High and low
D) public and public opinion

Question 43

A scattered collection of people who share a common interest or a concern about an issue are a(n):

A) group
B) crowd
C) public
D) audience

Question 44

A deliberate attempt to persuade the individual to accept a particular belief, or to make a specific choice, uncritically, is:

A) brainwashing
B) instruction
C) education
D) propaganda

Question 45

Which is not a form of collective behavior?

A) Fashions
B) Rumors
C) Dining out with a friend
D) Panic

Question 46

A temporary collection of people gathered in the same place at the same time becomes a crowd when they:

A) interact on a face to face basis
B) respond to a common stimulus
C) are personally acquainted with each other
D) have the same thing in mind as to how to behave

Question 47

Crowds may engage in unpredictable behavior because:

A) they are temporary
B) individuals can remain anonymous
C) individuals are unpredictable
D) they are temporary AND individuals are anonymous, BOTH

Question 48

Publics and public opinion:

A) are more characteristic of complex societies than of simple ones
B) are more frequent in totalitarian societies than in democratic ones
C) express the values of leaders of society
D) have special meanings in traditional societies where conflicting issues are common

Question 49

Censorship:

A) is the same as propaganda
B) gives a one sided interpretation of an issue
C) deletes all or parts of information
D) is the opposite of propaganda

Question 50

Which is NOT an element of a social movement?

A) It has a specific perspective and ideology
B) It involves no orientation toward action
C) It has a strong sense of idealism and solidarity
D) It involves a significant number of people

Question 51

.Collective behavior is:

A) rather unstructured
B) well planned
C) based on regular norms
D) individual behavior multiplied

Question 52

Collective behavior:

A) completely lacks structure
B) has some connection with social factors
C) is always disorganized
D) none of the above

Question 53

Social scientists are interested in collective behavior because it is:

A) so predictable
B) not tied to social factors
C) often the basis of important social change
D) reflective of purely animal behavior

Question 54

The crowd at a religious revival meeting is:

A) casual
B) acting
C) expressive
D) disorganized

Question 55

Violent crowd behavior:

A) has no limits in its antisocial nature
B) always goes against the wishes of individual members
C) is generally random
D) is usually temporary

Question 56

Many listeners to a 1938 science fiction radio program believed that Martians were really invading the Earth. They fled into the streets in panic. We would call their behavior:

A) fashion
B) rational legal behavior
C) fantasy
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 57

When old rules and laws are ignored and rebellious crowds set up new rules of behavior, social scientists call this situation:

A) convergence
B) revolution
C) emergent norm
D) coup d'etat

Question 58

Persons interested in saving the whales could be considered a (n):

A) public
B) acting crowd
C) casual crowd
D) none of the above

Question 59

Public opinion is associated with:

A) mass society
B) primary groups
C) face-to-face-communication
D) emergent norms

Question 60

Telling people that using a certain toothpaste will make them sexually appealing is an example of:

A) truth in advertising
B) propaganda
C) censorship
D) practical use of scientific research

Question 61

Collective behavior favors social change because it:

A) alters people's perspective
B) prevents action
C) destroys group identity
D) none of the above

Question 62

Social movements tend to:

A) resist change
B) encourage change
C) redirect change
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 63

Ideologies:

A) direct people to act in a certain way
B) never distort the truth
C) always abhor fanaticism
D) refer to the study of ideas

Question 64

Social movements are forms of collective behavior that have:

A) no specific ideology
B) a sense of solidarity
C) an insignificant number of persons involved
D) no particular program of action

Question 65

Social movements never:

A) develop into political parties
B) become voluntary associations
C) gain control of governments
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 66

n industrial societies, the social class most likely to participate in social movements is the:

A) lower class
B) upper class
C) middle class
D) all social classes equally

Question 67

In a developing nation, people start to obtain good jobs. Then, inflation cuts their income. The people begin to feel:

A) relative deprivation
B) a failure of rising expectations
C) euphoria
D) depression

Question 68

Marxists are most interested in:

A) nationalistic revolutionary movements
B) class revolutionary movements
C) coups d'etat
D) guerrilla fighting

Question 69

The civil rights movement in the United States is a:

A) reform movement
B) nationalistic movement
C) change resistant movement
D) ethical movement

Question 70

People who are suddenly thrust in a situation for which they know no precedent are vulnerable to:

A) criminal behavior
B) normative behavior
C) collective behavior
D) social behavior

Question 71

Billy Graham's religious revival meetings are an example of:

A) expressive crowds
B) social movements
C) people's fear of the unknown
D) spiritual awakening

Question 72

Crowds and masses differ in that:

A) masses are not connected to one another
B) people in a crowd are in close proximity to one another
C) collective behavior cannot take place in masses
D) masses of people must always be in the same physical setting

Question 73

Reform movements:

A) are more successful in authoritarian than in democratic societies
B) substitute one ruling class for another
C) may be progressive or reactionary
D) aim to change the entire society

Question 74

A crisis of legitimacy indicates that:

A) the social order requires piecemeal reform
B) general apathy has overtaken the public
C) the public perceives that legitimate government has failed
D) better government propaganda is in order

Question 75

The most recent social movements:

A) focus more on economic issues
B) attract the underclass rather than the working class
C) are community and locality based
D) none of the above

Question 76

A nationalistic revolution occurred in the:

A) communist takeover of China in 1949
B) Cuban revolution of 1959
C) American Revolution
D) French Revolution

Question 77

When a predominantly foreign government is overthrown, the revolution is called:

A) alternative
B) class
C) nationalistic
D) fascist

Question 78

Redemptive movements include:

A) the antinuclear movement
B) fundamentalist Christianity
C) the civil rights movement
D) the women's liberation movement

Question 79

When the public perceives that the government has failed, the state may be said to be undergoing:

A) revolution
B) a crisis of legitimacy
C) a crisis of confidence
D) involution

Question 80

Reform movements:

A) are always progressive
B) may be reactionary or progressive
C) are equally successful in all types of societies
D) have brought about both communism and fascism