Deck 2: Philosophical Influences on Psychology

Question 1

Define positivism,materialism,and empiricism and discuss the contributions of each to the emerging science of psychology.​

Answer 1

Answer not provided.​

Question 2

____ was the first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence.​

A)​Galileo's telescope
B)Babbage's calculating machine
C)​La Mettrie's self-winding watch
D)Descartes's automata
E)Newton's clocks

Answer 2

Babbage's calculating machine

Question 3

The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____.​

A)​scientific revolution
B)political revolution
C)​determinism
D)humanism
E)mechanism

Answer 3

mechanism

Question 4

What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"?​

A)​automobile
B)pneumatic pressure​
C)​metronome
D)clock
E)computer

Question 5

Describe the general contributions of empiricism to psychology,supporting your selection of each contribution with specific examples from the thought of Locke,Hartley,James Mill,and John Stuart Mill.​

Question 6

The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is ____.​

A)​reductionism
B)materialism
C)​mechanism
D)empiricism
E)positivism

Question 7

Describe Descartes' views of the mind-body problem and his major contributions to the beginnings of modern science,particularly psychology.​

Question 8

The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience is ____.​

A)​mentalism
B)empiricism
C)​positivism
D)materialism
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 9

Philosophers and scientists joined in agreement that ____.​

A)​psychology must be an independent science
B)there is both an unconscious and a nonconscious
C)​human functioning and behavior are governed by mechanical laws
D)experimental and quantitative methods could be applied to the study of human nature
E)the dictates of religious figures about human behavior had to be countered and/or refuted

Question 10

The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas)in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas)is ____.​

A)​reductionism
B)determinism
C)​mechanism
D)positivism
E)materialism

Question 11

The doctrine that acts are determined by past events is ____.​

A)​reductionism
B)determinism
C)​mechanism
D)materialism
E)positivism

Question 12

According to the textbook,the dominant idea of the 17th century was ____.​

A)​Zeitgeist
B)entertainment
C)​water
D)mechanism
E)making it to the 18th century

Question 13

Who published a clear explanation of how the calculating machine functioned and pointed out its potential use and implications?​

A)​Babbage
B)La Mettrie
C)​Lovelace
D)Descartes
E)Locke

Question 14

The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by ____.​

A)​Locke and Berkeley
B)La Mettrie and Condillac
C)​Newton and Hume
D)Newton and Galileo
E)Galileo and Copernicus

Question 15

Define determinism and reductionism and describe their relationship to the development of clocks and automata.Why was the mechanical clock the ideal metaphor for the spirit of mechanism?​

Question 16

Define mechanism and describe how the idea of mechanism affected and was affected by physics,concepts of God,and the methods and findings of science.How was the concept of mechanism applied to human beings?​

Question 17

Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics?​

A)​effects are predictable and measurable
B)the nature of human beings is basically good,moving toward self-actualization
C)​the paradigm of the source or identity of "cause"
D)the laws of association
E)the deductive method of logic

Question 18

____ are mechanized figures that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things.​

A)​Elements
B)Automata
C)​Psychomata
D)Mannequins
E)Robots

Question 19

Seventeenth century philosophers and scientists argued that like clocks and the universe,____ are regular,predictable,observable and measurable.​

A)​God and/or other deities
B)nonconscious processes
C)​human beings
D)cognitive processes
E)characteristics of self-actualization

Question 20

Contemporary cognitive psychologists' computer model of artificial intelligence is a direct descendant of ____.​

A)​Babbage's calculating machine
B)La Mettrie's self-winding watch
C)​Descartes's automata
D)Newton's clocks
E)Bessel's personal equations

Question 21

Descartes argued that all processes are functions of the body except ____.​

A)​reflexes
B)will
C)​perception
D)sensation
E)thought

Question 22

In the 20th century,Carl Jung based important decisions on his dreams.A 17th-century predecessor in this practice was ____.​

A)​Newton
B)Galileo
C)​Freud
D)Descartes
E)Spinoza

Question 23

Under Descartes's reflex action theory,an external stimulus can bring about a(n)____ physical response.​

A)​theoretical
B)involuntary
C)​intense
D)painful
E)conscious

Question 24

Descartes's term for the site of body-mind interaction was the ____,because it is ____.​

A)​conarium;duplicated in both brain hemispheres
B)conarium;not duplicated in both brain hemispheres
C)​undulatio reflexa;duplicated in both brain hemispheres
D)undulatio reflexa;not duplicated in both brain hemispheres
E)pineal gland;located near the heart

Question 25

For Descartes,the application of mathematical principles to sciences would produce ____.​

A)​theorems of human nature
B)laws of physics
C)​principles
D)religious conviction
E)certainty of knowledge

Question 26

Who can be said to have inaugurated the era of modern psychology?​

A)​Babbage
B)Descartes
C)​La Mettrie
D)Locke
E)Comte

Question 27

Which of the following statements best describes Descartes' dualistic theory of human nature?​

A)​The mind directs all the activities of the body.
B)The body directly controls the activities of the mind.
C)​The brain contains derived ideas;the mind contains innate ideas.
D)The mind and body mutually influence each other's actions.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a derived idea?​

A)​Solving an algebra equation.
B)Memorizing a history lesson.
C)​Philosophy.
D)Playing the guitar.
E)Seeing a forest.

Question 29

Descartes was significant to psychology as a science because he helped liberate ____.​

A)​science from the stranglehold of theology
B)science from the grasp of philosophy
C)​philosophy from the clutches of theology
D)science from the dictates of government
E)psychology from the dictates of science

Question 30

Descartes's dualism was novel in its emphasis on the ____.​

A)​interaction between mind and spirit
B)influence of the mind on the body
C)​influence of the body on the mind
D)parallel but non-interacting functioning of the mind and body
E)predominance of unconscious mental forces

Question 31

Descartes changed the focus from the study of ____ to the study of ____.​

A)​conscious processes;the unconscious
B)the unconscious;conscious processes
C)​the nonconscious;the unconscious
D)the soul;the mind
E)science;theology

Question 32

In modern terminology,Descartes would argue that if the inputs are known,the behavioral outputs can be predicted.Thus,he is an intellectual ancestor of ____.​

A)​behaviorism
B)functionalism
C)​structuralism
D)the French materialists
E)S-R psychology

Question 33

The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities refers to ____.​

A)​the bipartisan problem
B)the freethinking problem
C)​the mind-body problem
D)positivism
E)theology

Question 34

The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____.​

A)​reflex action theory
B)theory of respondent behavior
C)​theory of operant behavior
D)cogito ergo sum theory
E)Einfall theory

Question 35

Empiricism attributes all knowledge to ____.​

A)​experience
B)objectivity in methods
C)​overt behavior
D)environmental influences
E)reinforcement schedules

Question 36

​Descartes makes a case that because the body is matter the laws of ____ apply.

A)​materialism
B)biology
C)​mechanics
D)reflexes
E)mathematics

Question 37

Descartes posited that the mind-body interaction occurred in the ____.​

A)​heart
B)brain as a whole
C)​pineal body
D)frontal lobes
E)corpus callosum

Question 38

In the 20th century,Hull described and explained behavior by mathematical formulas,axioms,and postulates.Thus,he illustrated whose notion that certainty of knowledge is accomplished by the application of mathematics to science?​

A)​Kepler's
B)Descartes's
C)​Berkeley's
D)Locke's
E)John Stuart Mill's

Question 39

The body will respond without any internal conscious intent to some external stimulus.This fact illustrates Descartes' principle of ____.​

A)​undulatio reflexa
B)Einfall
C)​cogito ergo sum
D)esse est percipi
E)spring action

Question 40

Before Descartes,the accepted point of view was that the interaction between mind and body was essentially unidirectional,that ____.​

A)​the body influenced the mind
B)the mind influenced the body
C)​the soul influenced both the body and mind
D)the mind and body influenced each other
E)the vital force influenced both the mind and the body

Question 41

Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology?​

A)​a mechanistic conception of the body.
B)the theory of reflex action.
C)​mind-body interaction.
D)localization of mental function in the brain.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

The doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter is ____.​

A)​positivism
B)materialism
C)​mentalism
D)immaterialism
E)reductionism

Question 43

In eyewitness testimony,one swears that what one has observed accurately depicts reality.Because this "fact" has not been determined through the methods of science,it does not meet Comtes' strictest application of ____.​

A)​positivism
B)determinism
C)​complex ideas
D)materialism
E)mechanism

Question 44

Descartes' notion that we are born with certain perceptual processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology?​

A)​behavioristic
B)psychoanalytic
C)​Gestalt
D)phenomenological
E)humanistic

Question 45

Descartes proposed that the mind produces two kinds of ideas,____ and ____.​

A)​derived;innate
B)body;mind
C)​reasonable;wacky
D)right;wrong
E)abstract;pseudo-abstract

Question 46

Materialism is the belief that ____.​

A)​speculation and inference are acceptable
B)consciousness exists beyond physics and chemistry
C)​the mental world exists on a plane of its own
D)all things can be described in physical terms
E)ideas exist only in Descartes' mind

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of an innate idea?​

A)​flowers
B)sweetness
C)​tone
D)machines
E)infinity

Question 48

Locke's ____ marks the formal beginning of British empiricism.​

A)​An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
B)A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
C)​An Essay Toward a New Theory of Vision
D)A Treatise of Human Nature
E)Observations on Man,His Frame,His Duty,and His Expectations

Question 49

Derived ideas ____.​

A)​come from God
B)are part of our genetic makeup when we are born
C)​arise from the direct application of an external stimulus
D)come into being as a consequence of being socialized into society
E)are taken from innate ideas

Question 50

The doctrine of ____ is important because it stimulated opposition among early empiricists and associationists.​

A)​derived ideas
B)innate ideas
C)​idea principles
D)simple ideas

Question 51

The idea of a house is an example of Descartes' notion of ____.​

A)​innate ideas
B)undulatio reflexa
C)​derived ideas
D)simple ideas
E)complex ideas

Question 52

A fundamental difference between Descartes's psychology and that of Locke was their position about the existence of ____.​

A)​innate ideas
B)derived ideas
C)​idea doctrines
D)simple ideas
E)complex ideas

Question 53

Those who argue today that behavior is no more than the action of chemicals and electrical events in the brain might be labeled "modern ____."​

A)​empiricists
B)positivists
C)​materialists
D)associationists
E)determinists

Question 54

Descartes theorized that we are born with knowledge of the axioms of geometry.Thus,these axioms are ____ ideas.​

A)​innate
B)derived
C)​synthetic
D)simple
E)complex

Question 55

Aristotle held that the mind was a wax slate upon which impressions are made.Locke invoked the metaphor of the ____ to illustrate the same phenomenon.​

A)​undulatio reflexa
B)tabula rasa
C)​cogito
D)complex idea
E)reflection

Question 56

According to Descartes,the pineal gland was the part of the brain ____.​

A)​where innate ideas are stored
B)where derived ideas are stored
C)​that controlled the activities of the mind
D)where the mind and body interact
E)where all ideas are stored

Question 57

Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of ____.​

A)​Descartes
B)Comte
C)​Locke
D)Berkeley
E)Mill

Question 58

John Locke disagreed with the doctrine of innate ideas.According to Locke,____.​

A)​innate ideas once existed in the human mind,but modern humans do not have them
B)innate ideas only exist in the most intelligent human beings;most people do not have innate ideas
C)​innate ideas stay in the unconscious mind and never reach the level of consciousness
D)the mind is a blank slate at birth;therefore,there are no innate ideas
E)There was no disagreement between Locke and Descartes

Question 59

The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable is ____.​

A)​materialism
B)empiricism
C)​positivism
D)mechanism
E)reductionism

Question 60

The idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts is called ____.​

A)​factualism
B)materialism
C)​absolutism
D)positivism
E)observation

Question 61

For Locke,the difference between a simple and a complex idea is that a simple idea ____.​

A)​contains more premises
B)is the result of inductive logic
C)​is the result of deductive logic
D)is contiguous
E)cannot be reduced

Question 62

"Why should I have to read what Locke wrote over 300 years ago? Schultz and Schultz and the instructor get paid to summarize that for me." What answer would the textbook authors give you?​

A)​"Full understanding comes from reading the original data of history from the theorists themselves."
B)"To see how even a good idea can be badly written."
C)​"Because you are expected to do so."
D)"Don't worry if you do not have time to read the original source material;authors and teachers provide accurate versions."
E)"Actually,you shouldn't have to."

Question 63

If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it,then the fall makes no sound.Using Locke's distinctions,this conclusion assumes that the sound is a(n)____.​

A)​primary quality
B)secondary quality
C)​association
D)simple idea​
E)complex idea

Question 64

The notion of secondary qualities was proposed by Locke to explain ____.​

A)​the distinction between the physical world and one's experience of it
B)the need for objectivity in psychology
C)​the role of positivism in the new science of psychology
D)Descartes's dualism
E)the difference between simple ideas and complex ideas

Question 65

"If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it,a sound will still occur because God is the permanent perceiver of all objects in the universe." This argument illustrates the position of ____.​

A)​Berkeley
B)Locke
C)​Hume
D)Hartley
E)the Mills

Question 66

Which of the following slogans could be attributed to Berkeley?​

A)​I think,therefore I am.
B)To think is to perceive.
C)​To be is to perceive.
D)Whatever exists must have a cause of existence.
E)Go west,young man.

Question 67

According to Locke,the idea of an army or a navy would be an example of ____.​

A)​a complex idea
B)an innate idea
C)​a simple idea
D)a derived idea
E)a primary quality

Question 68

The phenomenology of the humanistic school focuses on the individual's unique experiences as they define the person's reality.This idea is a direct descendant of ____.​

A)​Locke's empiricism
B)Berkeley's mentalism
C)Hume's law of resemblance​
D)James Mill's mechanical associationism
E)J.S.Mill's mental chemistry hypothesis

Question 69

Locke argued that ideas seem to us to be innate because ____.​

A)​they were classically conditioned
B)they are simple ideas
C)​they are complex ideas
D)we don't recollect having learned them
E)we can't identify their component elemental ideas

Question 70

For Locke,ideas are the result of ____.​

A)​reflection and sensations
B)reasoning about sensations
C)​primary sensations and secondary sensations
D)experience and cognition
E)primary qualities and secondary qualities

Question 71

According to Locke,simple ideas become complex ideas through the process of ____.​

A)​association
B)deductive logic
C)​sensing primary qualities
D)reflection
E)recombination

Question 72

Berkeley's basic difference with Locke was the former's argument that ____.​

A)​there are no primary qualities
B)there is a one-to-one correspondence between physical objects and subjective perceptions
C)an object is the association of consecutive perceptions​
D)there are only complex ideas
E)there are only primary qualities

Question 73

According to Locke,the tickle of a feather would be a(n)____.​

A)​complex idea
B)primary quality
C)​secondary quality
D)tertiary quality
E)essential quality

Question 74

The doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and is dependent on the perceiving or experiencing person is an illustration of ____.​

A)​Locke's associationism
B)Locke's mentalism
C)​Berkeley's mentalism
D)Berkeley's associationism
E)Comte's positivism

Question 75

According to Locke,in human development,what kind of ideas appears first?​

A)​sensation
B)reflection
C)​simple
D)complex
E)innate

Question 76

Why was the mechanical clock a revolutionary invention?​

A)​Clocks brought precision,regularity,and predictability to everyday life,which was later developed into a model for science.
B)Clocks were used only by the elite to control the masses.
C)​Because of the varying sizes and shapes,clocks helped stimulate the European economy like never before.
D)Clocks were used for religious practices.
E)Clocks were built to look like people and animals.

Question 77

What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas?​

A)​Some innate ideas exist,such as self,God,and time.
B)The only acquired ideas are verbal ideas;all other ideas are innate.
C)​​Innate ideas don't change;derived ideas are malleable.
D)All ideas are innate;experience just makes us aware of their presence.
E)All ideas are acquired from experience;no ideas are innate.

Question 78

For Berkeley,depth perception is the result of ____.​

A)​concurrent mechanical associations
B)innate ideas
C)​the association of primary qualities and complex ideas
D)the association of ideas that must be learned
E)contiguity and repetition

Question 79

Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?​

A)​Rene Descartes
B)John Locke
C)​David Hartley
D)James Mill
E)George Berkeley

Question 80

What was the significance of the defecating duck?​

A)​It demonstrated the Zeitgeist of the time.
B)It was widely popular and well-known.
C)​It was described as the "glory of France."
D)It was one example of the spirit of mechanism.
E)All of the above.