Deck 4: The New Psychology.

Question 1

What was the subject matter of Wundt's psychology? Why did he label his system "voluntarism"? How did this approach differ from that of most British empiricists in terms of the elements of consciousness?​

Answer 1

Answer not provided.​

Question 2

Define apperception and briefly describe the process of apperception (also called the law of psychic resultants).Expand your discussion by drawing upon Wundt's explanation in the Original Source Material on the Law of Psychic Resultants and the Principle of Creative Synthesis.​

Answer 2

Answer not provided.​

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt is the ____ of psychology as a discipline.​

A)​originator
B)antecedent
C)​forerunner
D)founder
E)originator and founder

Answer 3

founder

Question 4

Wundt's influence was so widely felt that,as a tribute,his lab was later replicated in ____.​

A)​the United States and Sweden
B)Italy and Japan
C)​Russia and the United States
D)Sweden and Italy
E)Japan and Russia

Question 5

​In 1867,Wundt offered the first course ever given in ____.

A)​psychophysics
B)physiological psychology
C)​social psychology
D)volkerpsychologie
E)introspection

Question 6

Toward the end of his career,Wundt wrote a 10- volume work,Cultural Psychology.What did cultural psychology include? What implications did it have for psychology in terms of areas of study? Why was American psychology so little affected by Wundt's visions for the field of cultural psychology?​

Question 7

Describe how Wundt was able to exclude philosophical questions about the soul from his new,experimental psychology.

Question 8

How did Wundt define and differentiate between mediate and immediate experience? Which did he view as forming the elements of the mind? Describe Wundt's method of introspection,including his rationale and rules for using it and his differentiation between internal and external perception.​

Question 9

Wundt's system is most accurately called ____.​

A)​structural psychology
B)experimental psychology
C)​physiological psychology
D)psychophysics
E)reductionism

Question 10

The cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ____.​

A)​studies of children and their thinking
B)examination of language,myths,customs,law,and morals
C)​philosophy
D)experimentation
E)a content analysis of contemporary newspapers

Question 11

Some of Ebbinghaus's findings,such as the fact that it takes more time to learn long as opposed by short pieces of material,were not new.What,then,was the significance of his research,both at the time he completed it and now?​

Question 12

Describe the process of founding a school of thought.Using the criteria involved in this process,explain why Wundt,not Fechner,is judged to be the "founding father of modern psychology."​

Question 13

Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its ____.​

A)​subject matter
B)emphasis on physiology
C)​use of the experimental method
D)use of the deduction and induction
E)focus on behavior

Question 14

What book marks the "literary birth" of the new science of psychology?​

A)​Müller's Handbook of Physiology of Mankind (1833-1840)
B)Helmholtz's Handbook of Physiological Optics (1856-1866)
C)​Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860)
D)Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862)
E)Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860)and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862)

Question 15

Describe Brentano's act psychology.What are the similarities and differences between it and Wundt's psychology?​

Question 16

In his early work when he was his own experimental subject,the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____.​

A)​pay attention to two things at once
B)not pay attention to two things at once
C)​pay attention to two things at once,but not three
D)pay attention to three things at once,but not four
E)sustain his attention on one thing for a little less than 12 minutes at a time

Question 17

Wundt argued that cognitive processes such as learning and memory could not be studied by experimental methods because ____.​

A)​they were influenced by language and aspects thereof
B)he considered them to be lower lever cognitive processes
C)​one cannot control the relevant factors
D)one cannot objectively observe the behavioral manifestations of these phenomena
E)they are not the proper subject matter of psychology,regardless of the methodology one uses

Question 18

What were Wundt's three goals for psychology? Describe and give examples of the experimental conditions he used in his research related to the first goal.​

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true of Wundt's cultural psychology?​

A)​It was the same thing as folk psychology.
B)It became the discipline known as anthropology.
C)​It was never published,although some lectures and articles remain.
D)It was the study of socioeconomic strata in society.
E)It dealt with various stages of human mental development.

Question 20

Discuss the differences between Wundt and Külpe,and describe some ramifications of those differences on contemporary psychology.​

Question 21

According to Wundt,psychology should be concerned with the study of ____.​

A)​mediate experience
B)the time required for sensory organs to transmit impulses to consciousness
C)​conscious experience
D)the different stages of childhood development
E)immediate experience

Question 22

Wundt's observers used introspection to report ____.​

A)​judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli
B)their reaction times
C)​the processes of sensing and perceiving
D)retrospective accounts of their experiences
E)All of the above choices are correct

Question 23

For Wundt,the difference between sensations and images was ____.​

A)​nonexistent
B)that images are weaker than sensations
C)​that images have a longer duration than sensations
D)that images are what today we call perceptions
E)that sensations last for microseconds,whereas images can be retained in memory for indeterminate periods of time

Question 24

For Wundt,the subject matter of psychology was ____.​

A)​sensations
B)perceptions
C)​consciousness
D)associations
E)introspection

Question 25

For Wundt,feelings are ____.​

A)​the same as sensations
B)based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure
C)​derived directly from a sense organ
D)complex compounds of elementary emotions
E)a complex idea

Question 26

Which of the following are the three dimensions of Wundt's tridimensional theory of feelings?​

A)​pleasure/displeasure;tension/relaxation;excitement/depression.
B)clarity/opaqueness;tension/relaxation;excitement/depression.
C)​tension/ relaxation;pleasure/depression;clarity/opaqueness.
D)pleasure/pain;tension/relief;mania/depression.
E)intensity/extensity;immediacy/delay;pleasure/displeasure.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's goals for his psychology?​

A)​To analyze conscious processes
B)To identify the basic elements of consciousness
C)​To determine how the elements of consciousness are synthesized
D)To determine the principles of the linking that occurs in the organization of the elements
E)To identify the principles that govern the synthesis of those elements into higher cognitive processes such as learning

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's experimental conditions?​

A)​Observers must be able to describe the qualitative aspects of their experiences.
B)Observers must be able to determine when the process is to begin.
C)​Observers must be in a state of readiness.
D)The observations must be repeatable.
E)It must be possible to control and manipulate the stimuli.

Question 29

Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output,which averaged ____.​

A)​5 pages a day for over 50 years
B)2.2 pages a day for over 50 years
C)​1.5 pages a day for approximately 25 years
D)4.7 pages a day for approximately 15 years
E)just about 1 page a day for his working life

Question 30

Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to ____.​

A)​the breaking down of mental elements
B)perception
C)​the process of training introspective observers over 10,000 observations
D)the process of organizing mental elements into a whole
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 31

​Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the ____.

A)​elements of consciousness
B)individual's choice to apply his/her knowledge base to a situation
C)​idea that a stimulus in the environment can force us to pay attention
D)power of the will to organize the contents of the mind
E)ability of the individual to "make the nonconscious conscious"

Question 32

Wundt's modification of introspection was the ____.​

A)​use of experimental controls
B)quantification of the sensations in accord with Fechner's Law
C)​analysis of mediate experience into immediate experience and its confounds
D)use of children as observers (subjects)
E)comparison of normal subjects' reports of elements of consciousness with reports.of hallucinations by psychiatric patients and by those using drugs such as cocaine

Question 33

Introspection as used by Wundt is also called ____.​

A)​internal perception
B)internal observation
C)​retrospection
D)the method of limits
E)the method of constant stimuli

Question 34

According to Wundt,the stimulation of a sense organ sufficiently to have the nerve impulse reach the brain defines a(n)____.​

A)​reflex
B)afferent response
C)​sensation
D)perception
E)cognition

Question 35

The first system or school of thought in psychology was called ____.​

A)​cultural psychology by Wundt
B)voluntarism by Wundt
C)​structuralism by Wundt's student,Titchener
D)structuralism in Germany and functionalism in the United States
E)volkerpsychologie by Wundt

Question 36

Wundt's theory of feelings was based on ____.​

A)​Weber's earlier work on emotions
B)retrospective reports of trained observers
C)​his own introspections
D)Fechner's discovery of the pleasure principle
E)Fechner's Law (S = k log R)

Question 37

If you look at a rose and observe,"The rose is red," you are observing the ____.​

A)​mediate experience
B)immediate experience
C)​basic human experience
D)stimulus error
E)elements of experience

Question 38

Wundt classified sensations according to which characteristics?​

A)​intensity and extensity
B)intensity,duration,and sense modality
C)​clearness,quality,and duration
D)sense modality,clearness,and quality
E)reaction time and intensity

Question 39

In Wundt's laboratory,introspection was used to assess ____.​

A)​immediate experience
B)mediate experience
C)​sensations
D)feelings
E)stimulus intensities

Question 40

According to Wundt,there were two elementary forms of experience,namely ____.​

A)​sensation and perception
B)sensation and feelings
C)​images and feelings
D)sensation and images
E)immediate experience and mediate experience

Question 41

The law of psychic resultants governs ____.​

A)​the organization of mental elements
B)perception
C)​the production of images and their retention
D)the mechanical linking (association)of mental elements into simple idea
E)the mechanical linking (association)of mental elements into complex ideas

Question 42

Ebbinghaus is important for the history of psychology because he ____.​

A)​used reaction times to measure the speed of recalling information from memory
B)wrote the first definitive work on child psychology
C)​successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes,such as learning and memory,could not be studied in the laboratory
D)united with Gestalt psychology to oppose the spread of Wundt's psychology in Germany
E)taught Freud and influenced humanism and Gestalt psychology

Question 43

Wundtian psychology in Germany was slow to develop because ____.​

A)​Germans were resistant to introspection
B)experimentation was not valued
C)​it was not seen as having practical value
D)there were not enough journals and textbooks
E)Wundt could not adequately distinguish between feelings and sensations

Question 44

The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of ____.

A)​sensations
B)feelings
C)​emotions
D)the tridimensional theory of feelings
E)apperception

Question 45

In the Original Source Material from the Outline of Psychology,Wundt states "The law of psychical resultants...expresses a principle which we may designate,in view of its results as a ____."​

A)​periodic chart of the elements of the mind
B)principle of creative synthesis
C)​tridimensional theory of feelings
D)catalog of all possible sensations and feelings
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 46

Wundt's doctrine of apperception was also known as the ____.​

A)​principle of creative synthesis
B)law of psychic resultants
C)​principle of psychic compounding
D)law of Gestalt resultants
E)law of creative resultants

Question 47

​While conducting his research,Ebbinghaus used ____.

A)​a single subject
B)fewer than 10 subjects at a time
C)​a method to "erase" memories
D)over 1,000 subjects
E)a laboratory to systematically test 20 subjects at a time

Question 48

____ work on ____ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology.​

A)​Wundt's;sensation
B)Ebbinghaus';learning 
C)​Fechner's;psychophysics
D)Brentano's;mental activity
E)none of the other choices

Question 49

Research suggests that many psychology historians consider ____ to be the most important psychologist of all​time.

A)​Wundt
B)Freud
C)​Fechner
D)Titchener
E)Ebbinghaus

Question 50

​Which statement best describes the basic content of the Original Source Material by Wundt?

A)​Psychology studies how the mind comes to have innate knowledge.
B)Psychology is concerned with the study of how the brain controls mental processes.
C)​Psychology studies how the conscious mind uses mental elements to conceal unconsciousness processes.
D)Psychology is concerned with the complete listing of mental elements and how these mental elements combine according to the principles of association to form states of consciousness.
E)Psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness.

Question 51

As Wundt stated in the Original Source Material on the Law of Psychic Resultants and the Principle of Creative Synthesis from the Outline of Psychology (1896),the ____ "finds its expression in the fact that every psychical compound shows attributes which may...be understood from the attributes of its elements...but which are by no means to be looked upon as the mere sum of the attributes of these elements.​

A)​principle of creative synthesis
B)use of physical measurements
C)​use of psychic measurement
D)concept of habit
E)law of psychic resultants

Question 52

While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally,who soon proved him wrong?​

A)​Titchener
B)Ebbinghaus
C)​Külpe
D)Brentano
E)Galton

Question 53

Wundt's most important contribution to psychology was ____.​

A)​"selling" psychology to the scientific community
B)describing psychology as an experimental science
C)​beginning the first psychological journal
D)his publications,which are still widely read today
E)All of the above

Question 54

As his measure of learning,Ebbinghaus adapted a method from ____.​

A)​the psychophysicists
B)Wundt's lab
C)​the early mentalists
D)the Cartesian dualists
E)the associationists

Question 55

The ultimate fate of Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig was that it ____.

A)​was destroyed by the Gestapo in World War II
B)is still in existence but serves solely as a historical attraction
C)​is still a productive research facility
D)was destroyed by allied bombing raids in World War II
E)was destroyed in World War II but rebuilt as a historical museum

Question 56

According to Wundt,____ has/have "to do with objective masses,forces,and energies" while ____ has/have "to do with subjective values and ends."​

A)​psychical measurements;physical measurements
B)creative synthesis;the law of psychic resultants
C)​the law of psychic resultants;creative synthesis
D)physical measurements;psychical measurements
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 57

​Ebbinghaus measured the rate of human learning by ____.

A)​counting associations that had already been formed
B)using an a priori method
C)​looking at the relationship between a behavior and its consequence
D)making it more objective
E)counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material

Question 58

This person was influenced by Fechner's rigid and systematic use of measurement in developing his own methods for researching higher level cognitive processes.​

A)​Georg Elias Müller
B)Hermann von Helmholtz
C)​Carl Stumpf
D)Hermann Ebbinghaus
E)Oswald Külpe

Question 59

Which of the following is not a reason for decline of Wundt's approach to psychology?​

A)​Wundt's approach represented a pure science of psychology with little opportunity for practical application.
B)German universities did not have the economic resources to support scientific psychology.
C)​Wundt's theories were difficult to understand.Therefore,he attracted very few students to his work.
D)Wundt's approach was overshadowed by the development of Gestalt psychology in Germany and psychoanalysis in Austria.
E)The pragmatic culture of the United States precluded Wundt's system.

Question 60

Ebbinghaus's focus of study was on the ____.​

A)​examination of associations that were already formed
B)initial formation of associations
C)​work of Helmholtz
D)nature of the mind/body problem
E)evolutionary theory as it applied to the mind

Question 61

Ebbinghaus dedicated The Principles of Psychology to ____.​

A)​Titchener
B)Wundt
C)​Fechner
D)Brentano
E)Külpe

Question 62

​The psychological study of music was pioneered by ____.

A)​Helmholtz
B)Fechner
C)​Wundt
D)Stumpf
E)Külpe

Question 63

​Other than Stumpf's research,his greatest influence on psychology may have been ____.

A)​educating the founders of Gestalt psychology
B)the legitimization of music as a therapy for mentally ill and developmentally disabled persons
C)​the legitimization of introspection as an experimental technique
D)the legitimization of untrained observers to do introspection in experimental research
E)the discovery of imageless thought and the ensuing debate with Wundt

Question 64

For Brentano,the primary research method was ____.​

A)​experimentation
B)observation
C)​factor analysis
D)functional analysis
E)psychoanalysis

Question 65

​Ebbinghaus developed a(n)____ considered by some to be the first successful test of higher mental process and used today,in modified form,in cognitive ability tests.

A)​problem-solving template
B)ability test of memorization
C)​sentence-completion exercise
D)tolerance of boredom
E)memory and retention exercis

Question 66

The significance of Ebbinghaus's work is in his ____.​

A)​finding that longer material takes more time to learn
B)rigorous use of experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data
C)​tolerance for boredom
D)use of large numbers of subjects to replicate his experiments
E)ability to further the approach and findings of Wundt

Question 67

The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing,according to ____.​

A)​Wundt
B)Ebbinhaus
C)​Brentano
D)Stumpf
E)Titchener

Question 68

​Ebbinghaus and König argued that psychology and physiology ____.

A)​must be separated if the new science was to flourish
B)are inseparable halves of a new great double science
C)​must each address classic problems from philosophy
D)must remain parallel and together but not intersect while studying the mind-body problem
E)must unite to remove introspection and replace it with experimentation in the new science

Question 69

Act psychology,in contrast to Wundt's approach,claimed that psychology should ____.​

A)​try to analyze consciousness into discrete mental states called "moments"
B)actively fight for its place in the academic world
C)​be concerned with the development of rigorous methods of scientific research in the laboratory
D)incorporate the study of music into laboratory research
E)study mental processes or functions and not mental structure

Question 70

Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting shows that ____.​

A)​material is forgotten slowly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting speeds up
B)the decay theory of forgetting is essentially correct
C)​material learned first is forgotten last
D)material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down
E)forgetting occurs at a gradual,even rate across time

Question 71

​The fundamental purpose of creating nonsense syllables is to ____.

A)​control for previous learning
B)be able to replicate the research in all languages that use the same alphabet
C)​assess word associations that are not influenced by unconscious material
D)offset the influence of past reinforcements and punishments that one may associate with certain words
E)control for apperception

Question 72

What may be "the most brilliant single investigation in the history of experimental psychology"?​

A)​Ebbinghaus's On Memory
B)Titchener's On Memory
C)​Wundt's On Forgetting
D)Ebbinghaus's On Forgetting
E)Titchener's A Summary of Psychology

Question 73

This popular lecturer at the University of Vienna influenced many students including von Ehrenfels and Freud and was the intellectual antecedent of Gestalt psychology and humanistic psychology.​

A)​Edward Titchener
B)Hermann Ebbinghaus
C)​Franz Brentano
D)Oswald Külpe
E)Carl Stumpf

Question 74

Given that many of his research findings remain valid today,____ can be seen as more influential than ____.​

A)​Ebbinghaus;Wundt
B)Wundt;Ebbinghaus
C)​König;Brentano
D)Wundt;Brentano
E)Brentano;König

Question 75

Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874)was the major contribution to psychology from ____.​

A)​Wundt
B)Brentano
C)​Ebbinghaus
D)Titchener
E)Stumpf

Question 76

Titchener noted that the first significant advance in the study of learning since Aristotle was ____.​

A)​Wundt's experimental methods
B)the use of introspection
C)​the influence of the basic elements of sensation and feeling on the rate of learning
D)the development of the nonsense syllable
E)the conceptualization of imageless thought

Question 77

Brentano's system of psychology was called ____ psychology.​

A)​Act
B)Cognitive
C)​Sense
D)Content
E)Memory

Question 78

What was "meaningless" for Ebbinghaus?​

A)​The use of introspection
B)A mathematical approach to psychological phenomena
C)​Each syllable created for his research
D)Each series of syllables created for his research
E)Having a specific criterion to identify when learning had occurred

Question 79

Act psychologists argued that the two ways of systematically studying mental acts were ____.​

A)​introspection and retrospection
B)learning and memory
C)​learning and imagination
D)memory and imagination
E)experimentation and empiricism

Question 80

​When Ebbinghaus compared the speed of memorizing lists of nonsense syllables versus stanzas of a poem he found that ____.

A)​meaningless material is nine times harder to learn than meaningful material
B)Byron's poem,"Don Juan," was so uninteresting that stanzas from took longer to learn than did lists of syllables
C)​each stanza had 80 syllables,requiring 80 repetitions while it required 9 readings to memorize 80 syllables from the meaningless list
D)it is possible to construct an association-free syllable
E)it is not possible to construct an association-free syllable