Deck 7: Functionalism: Development and Founding

Question 1

Describe the founding of functionalism.In what ways was its founding different from that of Titchener's structuralism? What were the contributions of Titchener and Dewey to functionalism as an emerging school of thought?

Answer 1

​Answer not provided.

Question 2

Perhaps the most important factor that enabled functionalist psychology to flourish in the United States was the ____.​

A)​social Zeitgeist
B)political Zeitgeist
C)​economic Zeitgeist
D)American temperament as a whole
E)fruition of Darwin's theory in the United States

Answer 2

American temperament as a whole

Question 3

Defend the proposition that functionalism was a transitory bridge from the study of the subjective mind and consciousness to the objective study of overt behavior.

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Describe and compare James's new look at consciousness with the views of Wundt.

Question 5

What achievements are noteworthy in G.Stanley Hall's life? Describe his work in developmental psychology,including his theory of psychological development.

Question 6

What is the major theme or central thesis of the Original Source Material on Consciousness from Psychology (Briefer Course)(1892)by William James? What arguments does he use to support his thesis?

Question 7

Describe James's approach to methodology.What methods of studying consciousness did he find appropriate? What are the possible relationships between James's views of methods and his philosophy of pragmatism?

Question 8

According to Spencer,the universe operates in accord with ____.​

A)​mathematical principles
B)what we call "chaos theory"
C)​principles of pragmatism
D)principles of functionalism
E)the principle of the survival of the fittest

Question 9

Who did Darwin call "our philosopher"?​

A)​Spencer
B)James
C)​Dewey
D)Hollerith
E)Cattell

Question 10

Describe the variability hypothesis,its influence on the notion of male superiority,and the research of Woolley and Hollingworth in refuting this position.

Question 11

According to Schultz and Schultz,"Much is paradoxical about William James and his role in American psychology." Discuss this paradox,describing the arguments for and against viewing James as one of psychology's most important figures.

Question 12

Describe Spencer's adaptations and extensions of the theory of evolution.Why was his philosophy,particularly his concept of social Darwinism,so popular in the United States?​

Question 13

Describe James's early life and his days as a student.What are the symptoms of neurasthenia and what was the "epidemic of neurasthenia" in the United States? Why are these relevant to a discussion of James's life?

Question 14

Who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest"?​

A)​James
B)Galton
C)​Dewey
D)Spencer
E)Darwin

Question 15

Describe at least three contributions of Robert Sessions Woodworth to psychology.

Question 16

Spencer's philosophy was ____.​

A)​Darwinism
B)natural selection
C)​survival of the fittest
D)eugenics
E)pragmatism

Question 17

Which of the following statements is NOT part of social Darwinism?​

A)​Nations of the world are in competition for survival analogous to competition among species for survival.
B)Governments should not try to restrict the activities of business.
C)​Governments should not impede the rich by heavy taxes because the rich are needed for economic growth.
D)Each nation should have a social welfare program that supports the poor.
E)All of the choices are a part of social Darwinism.

Question 18

​Discuss the several ways in which functionalism expanded the field and/or practice of psychology.

Question 19

What did Angell consider to be the three major themes of functionalism? What were Carr's major points? Distinguish between Angell's and Carr's contributions to psychology.

Question 20

Who originated the idea of social Darwinism?​

A)​James
B)Darwin
C)​Spencer
D)Galton
E)Hollerith

Question 21

James was vocally criticized by other early psychologists because he ____.​

A)​criticized the use of the experimental method
B)loathed laboratory work and refused to do it
C)​hired Münsterberg,thus imposing Wundt's psychology and its limitations on the new American psychology
D)was a "gentleman scientist" rather than a traditional academic
E)studied psychic phenomena and moved away from scientific psychology

Question 22

James's experiments with mind-altering chemicals interested him because they ____.​

A)​relieved his neurasthenia
B)cured him of depression
C)​allowed him a form of escape from reality
D)fascinated him because of the way bodily changes influenced consciousness
E)felt good and relieved his symptoms

Question 23

Who pioneered an innovative method of information processing?​

A)​Spencer
B)Hollerith
C)​Dewey
D)Babbage
E)James

Question 24

Synthetic as used in the name "synthetic philosophy" refers to ____.​

A)​the artificial nature of the physical universe
B)unnatural circumstances
C)​the superiority of polyester over cotton
D)combining or synthesizing
E)the artificial nature of the physical universe and unnatural circumstances

Question 25

While today people might suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome,in James's day a very fashionable disorder to suffer from was ____.​

A)​syphilis
B)neurasthenia
C)​suicidal depression
D)opium or heroin addiction
E)phrenology

Question 26

The major antecedent of functionalism in the United States was the work of ____.​

A)​Titchener
B)Pierce
C)​Galton
D)Jung
E)James

Question 27

Spencer developed synthetic philosophy,which was an attempt to ____.​

A)​bring together the works of Darwin and Wundt to form a new school of psychology
B)ban the use of animal experimentation in psychology
C)​use evolutionary theory as a way to understand any process that undergoes change and development
D)argue that consciousness had no use since it did not aid survival.therefore,psychology should give up the study of consciousness
E)introduce the idea that evolution should be guided by governmental programs to "synthetically" direct evolution in a particular direction

Question 28

This person was born into a wealthy American family.He eventually received a medical degree and taught psychology at Harvard University.​

A)​John Dewey
B)James Angell
C)​Edward Bradford Titchener
D)Herbert Spencer
E)William James

Question 29

James believed that his bout of depression was relieved when he ____.​

A)​stopped believing in free will and accepted determinism
B)chose to believe in free will
C)​completed The Varieties of Religious Experiences
D)talked to the dead in séances
E)got married

Question 30

James became familiar with the work of Wundt ____.​

A)​because of Titchener establishing a psychology department at Cornell University
B)because of Spencer's The Principles of Psychology
C)​in the late 1860s,before Wundt founded the Leipzig psychology laboratory
D)as a result of using Fechner's books for his first lectures in psychology in 1890
E)as a result of his first teaching position at Harvard,in physiology

Question 31

"An elaboration of the obvious" was James's description of ____.​

A)​structuralist
B)the introspective method
C)​functionalism
D)psychoanalysis
E)psychology

Question 32

The fear in the 1960s that we would all be reduced to punched cards may not have happened without the work of ____.​

A)​Babbage
B)Hollerith
C)​Hollingworth
D)Lovelace
E)James

Question 33

The first person who applied evolution to machines was ____.​

A)​Butler
B)Hollerith
C)​James
D)Spencer
E)Babbage

Question 34

Who was the earliest to argue that the mind exists in its present form because of past and present efforts to adapt to various environments?​

A)​Spencer
B)James
C)​Darwin
D)Hollerith
E)Dewey

Question 35

James's position on determinism versus free will can be characterized by which of the following?​

A)​Free will is an illusion to me.
B)My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will.
C)​This ego is not master of its fate.
D)We are slaves to our biology.
E)If one believes in free will,one is free to so believe.

Question 36

Who had an interest in mystical events or what we call parapsychology?​

A)​Hollerith
B)James
C)​Dewey
D)Hollingworth
E)Spencer

Question 37

The most appealing aspect of Spencer's philosophy for Americans was the notion of ____.​

A)​evolution of the human character
B)evolution of social institutions
C)​natural selection
D)survival of the fittest
E)pragmatism

Question 38

James's term for his debilitating disorder was ____.​

A)​neurasthenia
B)neuritis
C)​Americanitis
D)psychitis
E)neurasthenitis

Question 39

Spencer's (1855)The Principles of Psychology was based on ____.​

A)​the work of the British empiricists
B)James's pragmatic philosophy
C)​Darwin's theory of the evolution of nonhuman species
D)his synthetic philosophy
E)Galton's work

Question 40

"That nasty little science" was James's label for ____.​

A)​medicine
B)physiology
C)​psychology
D)phenomenology
E)structuralism

Question 41

​For James,the "conditions" of mental life are the influences of ____.

A)​consciousness
B)the body
C)​the central nervous system
D)the irrational
E)the environment we have adapted to

Question 42

"The study of living people as they adapt to their environment" is the central tenet of ____.​

A)​Darwin's theory of the evolution of humans and their emotional expressions
B)Spencer's systematic philosophy
C)​James's philosophy of pragmatism
D)James's psychology
E)Butler's evolution theory

Question 43

The basic tenet of ____ is that the validity of an idea or conception must be tested by its practical consequences​

A)​empiricism
B)rationalism
C)​scientism
D)pragmatism
E)cynicism

Question 44

Educational psychology as a discipline began with the work of ____.​

A)​Cattell
B)James
C)​Binet
D)Thorndike
E)Dewey

Question 45

James recommended the ____ method to supplement introspection and experimentation.​

A)​Wundtian
B)observational
C)​cumulative
D)comparative
E)structural

Question 46

For James,one's stream of consciousness ____.​

A)​can be reduced to sensations by introspection
B)can be reduced to components by experimental methods without introspection
C)​is distorted when analyzed into distinct elements
D)reflects the continuous movement of material from nonconscious to conscious
E)reflects the continuous synthesis of elements through the principles of association

Question 47

Peirce's role in American psychology was to ____.​

A)​act as a sounding board for Herbert Spencer
B)introduce the new psychology of Fechner and Wundt to U.S.scholars
C)​found functionalism
D)posit synthetic philosophy
E)synthesize pragmatism and evolutionary theory

Question 48

The lecturer in James's first course in psychology was ____.​

A)​Münsterberg
B)Wundt
C)​James
D)Titchener
E)Cattell

Question 49

William James ____.​

A)​founded functional psychology
B)established an environment favorable for functionalism with his Principles of Psychology
C)​wrested psychology away from synthetic philosophy
D)used pragmatism to recombine psychology and philosophy
E)effectively nullified the influence of Wundt on American psychologists

Question 50

James's position on psychophysics was to ____.​

A)​reject it because it is a field of physiology,not psychology
B)reject Fechner's methods
C)​reject Weber's Law and Fechner's Law
D)accept it as a component of psychology to be studied by experimentation
E)incorporate it into his subsequent research on phenomena such as séances

Question 51

____ is often called America's greatest philosopher.​

A)​John Dewey
B)Herbert Spencer
C)​Edward Bradford Titchener
D)William James
E)James Angell

Question 52

James's position on Wundt's methodology was to ____.​

A)​accept both introspection and experimentation
B)accept introspection but reject experimentation
C)​reject introspection but accept experimentation
D)reject both introspection and experimentation
E)replace both with the comparative method

Question 53

In the Original Source Material on Consciousness from Psychology (Briefer Course)(1892)James said,"Consciousness is in constant ____."​

A)​motion
B)evolution
C)​jeopardy
D)agitation
E)change

Question 54

For James,choice and habit are different in that ____.​

A)​choice is a fallacy,and habit is real
B)habit is a fallacy,and choice is real
C)​habit is nonconscious
D)the purpose of habit is human adaptation to the environment
E)choice is antithetical to pragmatism

Question 55

For James,what was most essential to human evolution?​

A)​natural selection
B)natural variations of a species
C)​survival of the fittest
D)regression to the mean
E)consciousness

Question 56

The idea of "objective experience" would be ____.​

A)​consistent with James's position
B)contrary to James's position
C)​congruent with the idea of immediate experience
D)consistent with James's definition of consciousness
E)consistent with James's synthetic philosophy

Question 57

Although it took twelve years to complete,____'s great book on psychology represented a commitment to evolutionary principles and a rejection of Wundt's approach to psychology.​

A)​John Dewey
B)Herbert Spencer
C)​Edward Bradford Titchener
D)James Angell
E)William James

Question 58

The notion of analysis of consciousness is,in James's view,the ____.​

A)​psychologists' fallacy
B)strength of experimentation
C)​difference between immediate and mediate experience
D)basic difference between structuralism and functionalism
E)difference between religion and spirituality

Question 59

James described the manuscript of his book,The Principles of Psychology,as testimony to the fact that ____.​

A)​Wundt's experimentation was the sole method to be used in the new science
B)structuralism's focus on the elements of consciousness needed to be the focus of functionalism
C)​religious experiences were inseparable from psychological experiences
D)religious experiences might be studied with experimental introspection
E)a "science of psychology" did not exist

Question 60

William James used the term "stream of consciousness" to indicate ____.​

A)​that the analysis of consciousness into mental elements is difficult but possible
B)that the use of introspection to study consciousness is possible
C)​that consciousness is not as important as the unconscious in controlling behavior since consciousness is always changing
D)that the changing nature of consciousness prevents its analysis into mental elements
E)that unconscious thoughts can be accessed through free association

Question 61

James argued that habitual actions would ____ the plasticity of ____.​

A)​increase;character
B)decrease;character
C)​increase;neural matter
D)decrease;neural matter
E)increase;habits

Question 62

The term gifted children was coined by ____.​

A)​Woolley
B)Calkins
C)​Hollingworth
D)Galton
E)Binet

Question 63

The "myth of male intellectual superiority" is derived from which of Darwin's ideas?​

A)​natural selection
B)variability hypothesis
C)​the survival of the fittest
D)sexual selection
E)emotional expression

Question 64

Woolley's research on sex differences and alleged male superiority was ____.​

A)​refuted by contemporary research
B)the first experimental test of the variability hypothesis of male superiority
C)​supported by contemporary research
D)attributed to genetic differences
E)challenged by the "men's issues" movement

Question 65

​James's description of habit indicates that it is ____.

A)​a repetitive action
B)a component of the preconscious
C)​an intervening variable
D)evidence of latent learning
E)a classically conditioned response

Question 66

For James,____ "is what keeps us all within the bounds of ordinance."​

A)​consciousness
B)emotions
C)​learning
D)habit
E)religion

Question 67

​Hollingworth's research refuted ____.

A)​the variability hypothesis
B)Woolley's finding that women are more emotional and less rational during menses
C)​the belief that "maternal behaviors" decline during menses
D)Fechner's Law
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 68

Which of the following statement expresses the James-Lange theory of emotions?​

A)​Emotion results from the activation of certain neural centers in the brain.
B)Emotion results from how an individual perceives a situation,with or without physiological arousal.
C)​Emotion is completely a psychological state.There are no physiological equivalents to the emotions.
D)Physiological arousal precedes the experience of an emotion.
E)The emotion is experienced first,which is followed by physiological arousal.

Question 69

The idea that men show a wider range of variations in physical and mental development than women and that the abilities of women are more clustered about the average is a definition of the ____.​

A)​selection variability hypothesis
B)variability hypothesis
C)​sexual selection hypothesis
D)male superiority hypothesis
E)female evolution hypothesis

Question 70

Early 20th-century research on the effects of child labor was conducted by ____.​

A)​Calkins
B)Woolley
C)​Hollingworth
D)Anastasi
E)Radcliffe

Question 71

Whose Ph.D.work was described as the "most brilliant examination for the PhD that we have ever had at Harvard"?​

A)​Woolley
B)Calkins
C)​Hollingworth
D)Dewey
E)Washburn

Question 72

​Consistent with contemporary research on sex differences,Woolley found that ____.

A)​there were no sex differences in mental intelligence
B)men are more prone than women to anger and violence
C)​men are more susceptible to sexually provocative material
D)women are more susceptible than men to depression and histrionic psychosis
E)men are more prone than women to anger and violence and women are more susceptible than men to depression and histrionic psychosis

Question 73

In contemporary measures of memory,a common task is to assess one's learning of paired associates.This technique was developed by ____.​

A)​Titchener
B)James
C)​Calkins
D)Dewey
E)Woolley

Question 74

According to James,the value or worth of beliefs can be evaluated in terms of ____.​

A)​the spiritual basis for a belief
B)the habitual nature of a belief
C)​whether it works or not
D)its adaptive value
E)its effect on emotions

Question 75

The notion of a "motherhood instinct" was ____.​

A)​supported by Woolley's research
B)refuted by Woolley's research
C)​supported by Hollingworth's research
D)refuted by Hollingworth's research
E)supported by Woolley's research on the maternal behaviors displayed by mothers of gifted children

Question 76

James believed that a person has three components that make up their self. Which of the following elements were included in James's theory of self?​

A)​feelings,actions,and conscious experience
B)feelings,free will,and actions
C)​materials,social,and actions
D)spiritual,material,and conscious experience
E)materials,social,and spiritual

Question 77

​A unique aspect of Woolley's dissertation research was the ____.

A)​inclusion of faculty women in her sample
B)attribution of sex differences to genetic factors
C)​attribution of sex differences to social and environmental factors
D)inclusion of women faculty on her dissertation committee
E)endorsement of G.Stanley Hall

Question 78

​The results of Woolley's sex differences research were attributed by some to ____.

A)​her skills as a researcher
B)the fact that she was a woman and therefore biased in interpreting her results
C)​poor methodology
D)the influence of her professors,Dewey and Angell
E)the fact that she was a woman and therefore not as intelligent as men

Question 79

What is often considered to be the first psychology laboratory in the United States was established by ____.​

A)​Titchener
B)James
C)​Cattell
D)Angell
E)Hall

Question 80

The first American Ph.D.in psychology was earned by ____.​

A)​Titchener
B)James
C)​Hall
D)Cattell
E)Yerkes