Deck 11: Behaviorism: After the Founding.

Question 1

Skinner's former students demonstrated which of the following with the advent of the IQ Zoo?​

A)​Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.
B)Behaviorism is a very lucrative business after receiving a Ph.D.from Skinner.
C)​Animals,like humans,are intelligent and have vastly complex minds.
D)Behaviorism is useless to solving real-world problems.
E)There are many hardships associated with animal psychology.

Answer 1

​Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.

Question 2

Watson's behaviorism ____.​

A)​transformed psychology overnight
B)was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought
C)​was essentially the same as neobehaviorism
D)lead directly to the cognitive revolution
E)eventually was abandoned by psychology

Answer 2

was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought

Question 3

What were Skinner's opinions about theory,mechanism,intervening variables,statistics,and large sample sizes?​

Answer 3

Answer not provided.​

Question 4

If we define consciousness in terms of EEG output,then the construct of consciousness is ____.​

A)​acceptable to materialists
B)acceptable to operationists
C)​still a metaphysical construct
D)still lacks epistemological meaningfulness
E)inappropriate

Question 5

Describe what Tolman meant by the name "purposive behaviorism," how it is manifested in his learning theory,and the classic experiment that supports his theory.​

Question 6

The era of neobehaviorism consisted of the years ____.​

A)​1913-1958
B)1925-1938
C)​1930-1960
D)1930-1990
E)1904-1990

Question 7

Describe the points of agreement among the neobehaviorists.What are the major differences between the neobehaviorists as a group and Watsononian behaviorism?​

Question 8

Describe Bandura's social cognitive theory,focusing in detail on his conceptualizations regarding reinforcement as well as behavior modification.​

Question 9

What are the central differences between respondent and operant conditioning? How did Skinner propose using operant conditioning to modify behavior and to improve society?​

Question 10

Operationism means that a concept ____.​

A)​must be defined in logical terms
B)is synonymous with its methods of measurement
C)​must be mathematical
D)operates to control human mental processes
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

The dominant area of study for the neobehaviorists was ____.​

A)​perception
B)the neurophysiology of the brain
C)​learning
D)unconscious mental processes
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 12

Operationism was ____.​

A)​a major characteristic of neobehaviorism
B)intended to rid psychology of pseudo-problems
C)​intended to make the language of science more objective and precise
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 13

What is Rotter's approach to cognitive processes? Describe his concept of locus of control including the difference between internal and external.

Question 14

A point on which the neobehaviorists agreed AND to which they gave much more emphasis than did Watson was ____.​

A)​the importance of human subjects
B)learning and conditioning as the crux of the science of psychology
C)​operationism
D)positivism
E)the rejection of the concept of consciousness

Question 15

Describe Tolman's five "causes" of behavior.What were Hull's positions on each of these factors?​

Question 16

The idea that a concept is the same as the corresponding set of procedures to measure it is called ____.​

A)​positivism
B)science
C)​operationism
D)mechanism
E)determinism

Question 17

Describe,compare,and contrast the three stages of behaviorism.​

Question 18

What is an intervening variable? Explain how they are operationally defined and used by the neobehaviorists,describing in detail at least one intervening variable used by Tolman and one used by Hull.​

Question 19

Operationism was formulated by ____.​

A)​John B.Watson
B)B.F.Skinner
C)​Percy Bridgman
D)Edward Tolman
E)Clark Hull

Question 20

What role did mechanism and mathematics play in Hull's theory? Describe the four methods he considered useful for scientific research,identifying and explaining the method that was unique to him.​

Question 21

In Tolman's system,the repetition of an act leads to ____.​

A)​no change in the habit strength
B)sign Gestalts
C)​knowledge of environment cues
D)cognitive awareness of the environment cues
E)the combination of movements into acts

Question 22

The term intervening variable refers to ____.​

A)​irrelevant stimuli in the conditioning setting
B)cognitive factors that may either interfere with or facilitate conditioning
C)​internal processes that "connect" the stimulus with a response
D)an explanation for insight learning
E)preventive conditioning

Question 23

For Tolman,a cognitive map is ____.​

A)​the same as consciousness
B)a pattern of sign Gestalts
C)​a set of S-R cues
D)a set of motor habits
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 24

Tolman described the conscious experience of the animal as ____.​

A)​having no influence on the animal's overt behavior
B)defined by intervening variables
C)​necessary for learning to take place
D)being the animal's private business and therefore of no interest to him
E)important but unobservable by any means

Question 25

Which of the following did Tolman not consider to be a cause of behavior?​

A)​environmental stimuli
B)physiological drives
C)​heredity
D)motivation
E)age

Question 26

The concept of operationism can be directly traced to the theories of ____.​

A)​Descartes
B)Comte
C)​Mach
D)the British empiricists
E)the French materialists

Question 27

Tolman's position on Thorndike's law of effect was to ____.​

A)​accept it
B)accept it as long as reward or reinforcement was omitted from the law
C)​reject it
D)incorporate it into his own purposive behavior theory
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 28

Bridgman argued that a construct must be ____.​

A)​measurable
B)able to be manipulated under controlled laboratory conditions
C)​measurable in terms of its effects on behavior
D)invisible to experimenters
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

For Tolman,the obvious and objective behavioral evidence of purpose was ____.​

A)​that the rat readily leaves the start box of a maze
B)that the rat behaves so as to obtain food
C)​that the animal changes its speed of running when the reward size is altered
D)learning
E)sign Gestalts

Question 30

For Tolman,each experience with a task strengthens the relationship between cues in the environment and the organism's ___.​

A)​learned responses
B)learned associations
C)​expectations
D)response cues
E)habit strength

Question 31

In Tolman's system,intervening variables were ____.​

A)​observable
B)dependent variables
C)​the determinants of behavior
D)independent variables
E)as useful as the notion of consciousness

Question 32

For Bridgman,a construct was acceptable if and only if it ____.​

A)​could be objectively measured
B)was detectable by the instruments used in physics
C)​was observable by humans and simultaneously detectable by instruments used in physics
D)was confined to the domain of human experiences (animal psychology was unacceptable)
E)could be measured qualitatively as well as quantitatively

Question 33

A primary reason psychology so quickly embraced operationism was that it ____.​

A)​was first adopted by physics
B)validated their desire for greater consistency in the science of psychology
C)​validated the use of rats to determine basic laws of human behavior
D)facilitated a new relationship with research endeavors in medicine
E)was easy to apply to experiments

Question 34

Tolman specified that the independent variables (stimuli)affect processes within the organism.These processes then control the occurrence of behavior (response).These internal processes are known as ____.​

A)​operational variables
B)mental sets
C)​cognitive variables
D)intervening variables
E)concrete variables

Question 35

According to Tolman's learning theory,as a rat learns all of the sign-Gestalt relationships in a maze,the rat has acquired a ____.​

A)​Habit
B)Drive
C)​Tropism
D)cognitive map
E)good habit

Question 36

What is the primary difference between locus of control and self-efficacy?​

A)​The former emphasizes success and failure whereas the latter emphasizes mental state.
B)The former emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the latter ignores it.
C)​The latter emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the former ignores it.
D)The latter is not a useful construct whereas the former is.
E)The latter is the basis of sociobehaviorism whereas the former is an elaboration of it.

Question 37

Whose system was a forerunner of contemporary cognitive psychology?​

A)​Tolman's
B)Guthrie's
C)​Lewin's
D)Wertheimer's
E)Köhler's

Question 38

Tolman's concept of cognitive maps,i.e. ,that the animal learns the "whole," might be traced to his work ____.​

A)​with Koffka on Gestalt psychology during graduate school
B)with Lewin and Lewin's system of the "life space"
C)​with Lewin and Lewin's use of topology and geometry to explain behavior
D)in engineering at Harvard
E)with the OSS in World War II

Question 39

Edward C.Tolman's system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal-orientation in behavior is called ____.​

A)​molar behavior
B)stimulus-response associations
C)​intervening behaviorism
D)purposive behaviorism
E)goal setting theory

Question 40

Tolman's graduate training was in ____,as is reflected in his later work.​

A)​philosophy
B)structuralism
C)​Gestalt psychology
D)behaviorism
E)Both B and C

Question 41

From the 1940s to the 1960s,who dominated American psychology?​

A)​Tolman's students and disciples
B)functional theorists
C)​Hullians
D)radical behaviorists
E)Skinnerians

Question 42

From 1930 until the 1960s,the ____ was the primary research subject for the neobehaviorists and learning theorists.​

A)​human being
B)white man
C)​white bunny
D)white rat
E)cat

Question 43

Hull's background in mathematics and engineering was demonstrated in ____.​

A)​his development of statistical analysis methods
B)his invention of a machine to calculate correlations
C)​the use of postulates and axioms in his system
D)his description and explanation of behavior in mathematical equations
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 44

Hull's primary research focus was grounded in ____.​

A)​Pavlov's laws of conditioning
B)respondent behavior
C)​Watson's behaviorism
D)Estes's stimulus-sampling hypothesis
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 45

It was assumed by Tolman and others that research on white rats would ____.​

A)​demonstrate the role of reinforcement in learning
B)provide the basic foundation from which other studies could be devised in order to replicate the results with other species
C)​provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals
D)yield basic information on motivation and motivation
E)serve as an intervening variable between higher and lower species

Question 46

Hull had an immense knowledge of ____ and ____.​

A)​biology and chemistry
B)formal logic and mathematics
C)​mathematics and operationism
D)behavior and thought processes
E)psychology and the occult

Question 47

The learning theorist ____ persevered in the face of numerous obstacles to success.​

A)​Tolman
B)Hull
C)​Skinner
D)Bandura
E)Rotter

Question 48

Of all the neobehaviorists,the one who most obviously espoused mechanism was ____.​

A)​Tolman
B)Rotter
C)​Hull
D)Skinner​
E)Bridgman

Question 49

Which of the following men devoted 10 years to the experimental investigation of hypnotic suggestibility?​

A)​Dollard
B)Tolman
C)​Pavlov
D)Hull
E)Miller

Question 50

Who authored an early study of the effects of tobacco on behavioral efficiency?​

A)​Hull
B)Spence
C)​Miller
D)Mowrer
E)Brown and Farber

Question 51

Hull's system sought to describe and explain ____.​

A)​respondent behavior
B)operant behavior
C)​intervening variables
D)referents of consciousness
E)all behavior

Question 52

Throughout his life,Hull ____.​

A)​remained one of the wealthiest psychologists
B)kept himself in top physical condition
C)​was able to run races faster than most of his contemporaries
D)had inadequate laboratory facilities
E)suffered from poor health and eyesight

Question 53

According to Schultz and Schultz,"perhaps no other psychologist was so devoted to the problems of the scientific method" than was ____.​

A)​Watson
B)Tolman
C)​Hull
D)Holt
E)Skinner

Question 54

The pragmatic value of intervening variables is that they ____.​

A)​obscure the consciousness versus behaviorist distinction
B)are positivist
C)​are observable
D)are essential for dealing with hypothetical constructs
E)have been reified

Question 55

Hull's form of behaviorism was ____ than ____.​

A)​much freer of intervening variables;Tolman's
B)much less free of intervening variables;Tolman's
C)​less sophisticated and complex;Watson's
D)more sophisticated and complex;Watson's
E)more organismic;Tolman's

Question 56

Throughout his professional career,Hull emphasized ____.​

A)​objective methods and functional laws
B)the importance of being open-minded
C)​that psychology must,above all,stress the basic
D)the importance of schedules of reinforcement
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 57

Hull's work contributed to which of the following?​

A)​the hypothetico-deductive method
B)learning theory
C)​drive reduction theory
D)increasing generalizability
E)A,B,and C

Question 58

According to Schultz and Schultz,Hull's "greatest asset was ____."​

A)​an intense motivation to succeed
B)an intellect greater than that of his contemporaries
C)​the quiet perseverance learned from his father
D)his inherited wealth
E)the social connections he made

Question 59

Hull intended to express the laws of behavior in the language of ____.​

A)​field theory
B)vectors (response directions and strengths)
C)​valences (reward values)
D)mathematics
E)behavior

Question 60

Tolman described ____ as alternatively "creepy" and "delightful."​

A)​Watson's ideas
B)operational definitions
C)​intervening variables
D)white laboratory rats
E)the laboratories in which he worked

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary drive?​

A)​hunger
B)defecation
C)​sleep
D)pain relief
E)exercise

Question 62

Hull's experiments were directed by ____.​

A)​deduced theorems and corollaries
B)equations
C)​objective definitions
D)the limitations of the rat and maze method
E)and limited to respondent conditioning

Question 63

Contemporary path analysis techniques let us test theoretical propositions.Such an approach appears similar to whose research method?​

A)​Newton's
B)Tolman's
C)​Guthrie's
D)Hull's
E)Wundt's

Question 64

Hull proposed that to achieve a paradigm (in Kuhn's sense of the term)in psychology,one would have to implement which method?​

A)​simple observation
B)systematic controlled observation
C)​experimental testing of hypotheses
D)operant conditioning
E)the hypothetico-deductive method

Question 65

For Hull,drive reduction is ____.​

A)​an intervening variable
B)the sole basis for reinforcement
C)​an independent variable
D)a dependent variable
E)a vector

Question 66

Hull's concept of motivation is grounded in the doctrine of ____.​

A)​biology
B)drive reduction
C)​the hypothetico-deductive method
D)induction
E)the variability hypothesis

Question 67

In Hull's system,the reduction or satisfaction of a drive is the sole basis of ____.​

A)​purposive behavior
B)intervening variables
C)​the length of deprivation of a physiological need
D)the degree of satisfaction the organism expects
E)reinforcement

Question 68

Hull's training in engineering was manifest in his belief that all behavior could be reduced to the language of ____.​

A)​mathematics
B)vectors (response directions and strengths)
C)​valences (reward values)
D)field theory
E)biology

Question 69

The technique that Hull added to the then-accepted battery of experimental methods was ____.​

A)​simple observation
B)systematic controlled observation
C)​experimental testing of hypotheses
D)the hypothetico-deductive method
E)one-trial learning

Question 70

In Hull's system,drive ____.​

A)​is a specific consequence of a specific state manipulated by the experimenter
B)directs behavior toward a specific goal
C)​energizes behavior
D)is always learned
E)is a respondent

Question 71

This person claimed that his own life was "predetermined,lawful,and orderly" just as his system would predict.​

A)​Pavlov
B)Watson
C)​Tolman
D)Hull
E)Skinner

Question 72

"A state of tissue need that arouses or activates behavior" is a definition of ____.​

A)​drive
B)habit strength
C)​magnitude of conditioning
D)reflex reserve
E)magnitude of a respondent

Question 73

If seeing McDonald's golden arches decreases your hunger,then the arches are ____.​

A)​primary reinforcement
B)secondary reinforcement
C)​habits
D)organismic variables
E)dependent variables

Question 74

In Hull's system,a drive is a(n)____.​

A)​intervening variable
B)stimulus
C)​response
D)intervening variable and stimulus
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 75

Secondary drives are ____.​

A)​innate drives
B)biologically driven
C)​a result of pairing with a primary drive
D)only used to reduce pain responses
E)reinforced only when primary drives are satisfied 

Question 76

Hull proposed the hypothetico-deductive method as the means to develop learning theory.Which of the following statements is the best explanation of Hull's method?​

A)​Psychology should try to develop strictly empirical principles of behavior.Theory should only include statements as to how reinforcement controls behavior.
B)From a set of theoretical postulates,deductions are made.These deductions become hypotheses that are tested experimentally.The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary.
C)​Data from experiments are used to produce theories of learning.Once the theory is formed,there is no need to test the theory,since theory is more important than data.
D)Any of the choices might be correct,depending on the circumstances.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 77

Secondary drives are ____.​

A)​those less vital than primary drives
B)learned drives
C)​those not included in the categories of food,liquid,or warmth
D)those not associated with food,water,or warmth
E)those that occur in uncontrolled (nonexperimental)situations such as "real life"

Question 78

Thorndike and Hull agreed that,in order for learning to occur,the organism must ____.​

A)​form cognitive maps of the situation
B)represent the environment in terms of mental elements
C)​have a need state
D)experience reinforcement occurring after a response
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 79

Hull's law of primary reinforcement is a restatement of ____.​

A)​Hartley's law of contiguity
B)Rotter's locus of control
C)​Thorndike's law of effect
D)Thorndike's law of exercise
E)Skinner's continuous reinforcement principle

Question 80

In Hull's system,habit strength is ____.​

A)​the strength of the S-R connection
B)evidence of latent learning
C)​a function of the number of reinforcements
D)a function of the size of the drive
E)a function of the size of the reward (incentive)