Deck 15: Contemporary Developments in Psychology.

Question 1

Describe the distinctions between early approaches and contemporary cognitive approaches to introspection,unconscious cognition,and animal cognition.​

Answer 1

Answer not provided.​

Question 2

Guthrie argued that the behaviorists were unable to deal with ____.​

A)​the phi phenomenon
B)sign Gestalts
C)​the meaningfulness of a stimulus to the organism
D)Hull's construct of excitatory potential
E)why the rat runs the maze the first time

Answer 2

​the meaningfulness of a stimulus to the organism

Question 3

There are no structural psychologists left in the United States.However,structural psychology was a success because it ____.​

A)​discovered metal elements that compose consciousness
B)helped to establish psychology as an independent science
C)​was able to perfect the method of introspection as a means to explore the nature of consciousness
D)discovered the phi phenomenon which shows that mentality has the job of trying to interpret reality from sensory inputs
E)None of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

helped to establish psychology as an independent science

Question 4

In McKeachie's opinion,the return of consciousness to psychology signaled a change in favor of ____ psychology.​

A)​operational
B)mechanistic
C)​humanistic
D)cognitive
E)behavioral

Question 5

Cognitive psychology is concerned with ____.​

A)reducing mental processes to the activity of the brain​
B)the study of all mental processes such as perception,learning,memory,and problem solving
C)​the analysis of behavior into stimulus-response associations
D)the explanation of behavior using external stimuli as causes
E)human cognition only

Question 6

​Of all the schools of psychology initiated by 1930,only behaviorism and psychoanalysis ____.

A)​have maintained their identities
B)have been absorbed into the mainstream
C)​have been phased out of contemporary psychology
D)maintained a focus on the pseudo-problem of consciousness
E)are the primary schools of thought in contemporary psychology

Question 7

Describe evolutionary psychology and the four fundamental questions it addresses.​

Question 8

Bridgman's response to behaviorism's radical operationism was to recommend the use of ____.​

A)​introspection
B)experimentation
C)​animals
D)operational definitions
E)Gestalt principles of organization

Question 9

In his match against the "cunning opponent," why did Kasparov exhibits signs of fear and confusion?​

A)​Because he was playing against a computer that could challenge him intellectually.
B)Because he couldn't help thinking about the rapid fall of the Soviet Union.
C)​Because he was trying to trick his opponent into thinking he had won.
D)Because,after winning five straight games,he was tired.
E)Because he saw a basic flaw in the reasoning of his opponent.

Question 10

Describe the nature of the founding of cognitive psychology,the roles played by Miller and Neisser in developing it,and the major contributions of each.​

Question 11

In what ways is the computer an appropriate metaphor for cognitive psychology? Explain the concept of artificial intelligence and the significance of the chess games between Garry Kasparov and Deep Blue in terms of determining whether artificial intelligence is equivalent to human intelligence.​

Question 12

In terms of its antecedent influences,cognitive psychology represents a return to ____.​

A)​the early attempts at a science of the mind and consciousness
B)the type of speculations engaged in by philosophers
C)​introspection
D)the active role of the perceiver
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

Tolman's contribution to the decline of S-R psychology was the ____.​

A)​concept of cognitive maps
B)Gestalt principles of organization
C)​concept of habit strength
D)work on eyelid conditioning
E)concept of self-efficacy

Question 14

Which of the following schools made substantial contributions to psychology's evolution?​

A)​Gestalt psychology
B)structuralism
C)​functionalism
D)behaviorism
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 15

Garry Kasparov was ____.​

A)president of the Russian Psychological Association​
B)one of the founders of cognitive psychology
C)​the greatest chess player in history
D)celebrated for his phenomenal work in artificial intelligence
E)a minor player on the world stage

Question 16

How did each of the major schools of thought shape psychology as a discipline? What is their current status within the field?​

Question 17

Describe the antecedent and sociobiological influences on evolutionary psychology and its current status within psychology.​

Question 18

The imperative that "psychology must discard all references to consciousness" was the command of ____.​

A)​Dewey
B)Angell
C)​Watson
D)Skinner
E)Seligman

Question 19

Describe the antecedents of the cognitive movement in psychology,including the early indications within the field that a new school of thought was emerging and the role of the changing zeitgeist in physics in influencing it.​

Question 20

What is the current status of cognitive psychology?​

Question 21

For Neisser,"everything a human being might possibly do" is the ____.​

A)​focus of behaviorism
B)focus of humanistic psychology
C)​parallel to neurolinguistic programming
D)definition of cognition
E)definition of psychology

Question 22

The principle purpose of the Turing Test is to determine if ____.​

A)​an interrogator can distinguish a computer from a human
B)a grand tour of Europe is necessary
C)​computers can calculate mathematical problems
D)computers can translate Chinese into English
E)people are as smart as computers

Question 23

The founder of cognitive psychology was ____.​

A)​Tolman
B)Guthrie
C)​Miller
D)Neisser
E)There was no single founder.

Question 24

Many cognitive scientists came to believe that computers ____.​

A)​cannot pass the Turing test
B)are the same as humans when it comes to thinking
C)​can simulate intelligence without being intelligent
D)have self-awareness
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 25

Neisser's definition of "cognitive" basically involves terms from the metaphor of ____.​

A)clockworks​
B)information processing
C)​psychoanalysis
D)Tolman's cognitive psychology
E)neurolinguistic programming

Question 26

By 1976,Neisser concluded that cognitive psychology ____.​

A)​was the dominant school in psychology
B)had little to contribute to psychology
C)​was distorted by the research in real-life settings
D)was being supplanted by the information processing model
E)had reached Kuhn's paradigm stage

Question 27

The modern age of computers in the 20th century was initiated by ____.​

A)​Babbage and Hollerith
B)IBM
C)​the need for artillery firing tables in World War II
D)Neisser
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 28

The field of cognitive psychology was inaugurated by ____.​

A)​Tolman's purposive behaviorism
B)Piaget's work on cognitive development
C)​Miller's work in psycholinguistics
D)Neisser's book on cognitive psychology
E)Köhler's and Koffka's books

Question 29

The definition of "cognition" at the Center for Cognitive Studies was ____.​

A)​in terms of sign Gestalts
B)in terms of the stream of consciousness reported by the Einfall technique
C)​whatever introspectors reported
D)focused on Köhler's insight learning phenomenon
E)whatever behaviorism was not

Question 30

The point of Searle's Chinese room problem was to show that ____.​

A)​Chinese is a difficult language to learn
B)machines and humans use the same thinking strategies
C)​machines can and do display "thinking"
D)machines can pass the Turing test and still not be "thinking"
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 31

In the computer metaphor,cognitive processes are represented by ____.​

A)​input
B)output
C)​storage and retrieval
D)the software program
E)the chip

Question 32

The very first "thinking" machines,used for calculations,were developed by ____.​

A)​Babbage and Hollerith
B)IBM
C)​DaVinci
D)Neisser
E)Skinner

Question 33

The question "Can computers think?" is a question about ____.​

A)​human intelligence
B)the essence of life
C)​artificial intelligence
D)introspection
E)cognitive neuroscience

Question 34

The "new" Zeitgeist in physics is characterized by ____.​

A)​chaos theory
B)Berkeley's argument that objective knowledge is subjective knowledge
C)​the notion that the objective universe is unknowable
D)the notion of relativity
E)the use of magnetic resonance as an index of conscious processes

Question 35

The founders of the Center for Cognitive Studies ____.​

A)​defined their position in opposition to the behaviorists
B)did not know what cognition really meant
C)​located their facility at Harvard
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 36

Neisser's career was influenced by ____.​

A)​Miller
B)Koffka
C)​Köhler
D)Maslow
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 37

This person's work on cognitive stages of development was not widely accepted under behaviorism,was welcomed by cognitive theorists,and finally was rewarded by mainstream psychology when he became the first European psychologist to receive the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award.​

A)​Carnap
B)Piaget
C)​Binet
D)Heisenberg
E)Köhler

Question 38

Kasparov believed he was ____.​

A)the winner by a knockout​
B)the loser on all counts
C)​representing the human race
D)overweight
E)underweight

Question 39

Both Miller and Neisser were once behaviorists because of their ____.​

A)​undergraduate work at Yale University
B)undergraduate work with Hull at the University of Iowa
C)​undergraduate work at Cornell,which left them no choice
D)graduate work at Harvard,which left them no choice
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 40

The general consensus was that Deep Blue was ____.​

A)​not thinking even if it behaved as if it were
B)thinking just like a human
C)​a very convincing joke carefully planned by oceanographers
D)smarter than humans
E)an illusion

Question 41

The cognitive psychologists' focus on cognitive processes has meant that using animals as subjects is ____.​

A)​inappropriate
B)only useful with regard to using primates
C)​impossible because animal cognition is a pseudo-problem
D)fruitful in cognitive psychology
E)limited to only the simplest stimuli

Question 42

Which of the following is not one of the four fundamental questions dealt with by evolutionary psychology?​

A)​What explains the current nature of the human mind?
B)What are the components,parts,and processes of the mind and how are they designed and organized?
C)​What accounts for the present nature of the human behavior?
D)What are the functions of the mind?
E)In what ways do stimuli from the environment interact with the genetically determined predispositions of the mind to determine behavior?

Question 43

The basic principle of evolutionary theory is that ____.​

A)​humans are biological creatures that have been programmed by evolution to behave,think,and learn in ways that have fostered species survival
B)evolution specifically determines how we behave,think,and learn
C)​the process of evolution combines with the learning process to assist humans in adapting to their environment and finding a cultural niche in which to progress and prosper
D)reinforcements in the environment shape behavior
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 44

Acceptance of conscious experiences led cognitive psychologists to take another look at the first research method of scientific psychology,the ____ method.​

A)​psychophysics
B)introspection
C)​trial and error
D)experimental
E)correlational

Question 45

The idea that animals have personality is ____.​

A)​something that has received some research support
B)scoffed at by cognitive psychologists
C)​impossible to determine with cognitive psychology
D)has received no research support
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 46

Cognitive psychology differs from behaviorism because cognitive psychologists ____.​

A)​believe that people actively and creatively arrange environmental stimuli
B)are interested in how the mind organizes experience
C)​focus on the process of knowing,not just on responses to stimuli
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 47

The discipline representing a hybrid of cognitive psychology and the neurosciences is called ____.​

A)​cognitive neuropsychology
B)cognitive neuroscience
C)​neuro-cognitive psychology
D)neuro-psychological science
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 48

Cognitive science is a term that ____.​

A)​was adopted by the cognitive psychologists to unify seemingly dissimilar fields
B)was adopted to reflect the interdisciplinary nature of its domains of study
C)​distinguishes cognitive research in the natural sciences from cognitive research in psychology
D)distinguishes cognitive psychology from such areas as linguistics,anthropology,and philosophy,which also use the term cognitive in their contemporary writings
E)was adopted by the cognitive psychologists to unify seemingly dissimilar fields and was adopted to reflect the interdisciplinary nature of its domains of study

Question 49

Which of the following imaging techniques are providing scientists with exceptional detail in mapping the brain?​

A)​magnetic resonance imagery (MRI)
B)positron emission tomography (PET)
C)​computerized axial tomography (CAT)
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 50

Cognitive psychologists view organizational abilities as ____ whereas behaviorists do not.​

A)​innate
B)haphazard
C)​organized
D)learned
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 51

Even those psychologists who support cognitive psychology point out that there ____.​

A)​remains considerable confusion about terminology and definitions
B)are few concepts on which the majority of cognitive psychologists agree
C)​is really nothing that is truly cognitive
D)remains considerable confusion about terminology and definitions and are few concepts on which the majority of cognitive psychologists agree
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 52

The study of cognitive factors is confined to research in(on)____.​

A)​basic psychology
B)applied psychology
C)​social psychology
D)clinical psychology
E)None of the choices are correct;cognitive psychology affects almost all of psychology.

Question 53

Ulric Neisser suggested that cognition is a narrow,sterile approach to the field of psychology because it ____.​

A)​only uses the experimental method
B)has no emotion
C)​doesn't deal with complex motivations
D)has no emotion and doesn't deal with complex motivations
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 54

The inclusion of cognitive factors in the theories of ____ altered American behaviorism.​

A)​Skinner and Tolman
B)Kasparov and Tolman
C)​Bandura and Rotter
D)Watson and Yerkes
E)Seligman and Maslow

Question 55

Wilson has concluded that the self-report of conscious processes ____.​

A)​is worthless
B)is retrospection,not introspection
C)​is mediate experience,not immediate experience
D)often predicts people's behaviors
E)addresses a pseudo-problem

Question 56

Which branch of psychology is the most recently developed approach?​

A)​behavioral psychology
B)evolutionary psychology
C)​cognitivism
D)psychoanalysis  
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 57

The technique of subliminal perception as used in cognitive psychology research has ____.​

A)​been discounted as fraud
B)been discounted as a pseudo-problem
C)​suggested that learning occurs primarily at a conscious level
D)suggested that "mental aspects" of learning occur at a nonconscious level
E)suggested that Freud's conceptualizations of unconscious influences on behavior are better accounted for by subliminal activation

Question 58

Evolutionary psychologists assert that ____.​

A)​we are predisposed at birth to certain ways of behaving as shaped by evolution
B)we are shaped as much if not more by learning than by biology
C)​genes cannot shape behavior
D)social and cultural forces have very little influence on our behavior
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 59

One contemporary approach to introspection is called retrospective ____.​

A)​observation
B)subjective observation
C)​phenomenological assessment
D)subjective retrospection
E)experimental introspection

Question 60

The behaviorists' response to the advent of cognitive psychology has been to ____.​

A)​attack it by operationally defining the cognitive concepts,as they did when threatened by psychoanalysis
B)attack it by subjecting the cognitive psychologists' constructs and hypotheses to experimentation
C)​undermine the impact of cognitive psychology by redefining its constructs in terms of observable stimuli and responses
D)undermine the impact of cognitive psychology by absorbing its terms and tenets into the mainstream,which behaviorism dominates
E)hold fast to their position that consciousness (and thus cognitive psychology)should be rejected as a key subject matter

Question 61

Unlike structuralism,functionalism has continued as a distinct school of thought.​

Question 62

Compared with the other schools,structuralism dominated psychology for a considerable period of time.​

Question 63

The thesis of sociobiology challenged the assumption that ____.​

A)​humans are irrational
B)everyone is created equal
C)​biological forces alone foster or limit human development
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 64

Evolutionary psychology ____.​

A)​incorporated the work of Wilson
B)is very popular
C)​deals with psychological mechanisms that are programmed into humans because they were successful in human history
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 65

All the schools of thought in psychology named as such in the textbook have become part of mainstream thought in the discipline.​

Question 66

When behaviorism dominated psychology from 1913 to around 1960,the idea that any behavior might be determined genetically was ____.​

A)​considered but not focused upon
B)anathema
C)​fairly widely accepted
D)an underlying force hidden behind most research
E)None of the choices are correct

Question 67

All approaches to psychology have ____.​

A)​areas of vulnerability
B)critics
C)​contributed to the development of the discipline as a whole
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 68

While each school attained success in its own way,some make little contribution to psychology's evolution.​

Question 69

The cognitive movement was ____.​

A)​an antecedent of evolutionary psychology
B)a force against which evolutionary psychology rebelled
C)​enthusiastic about the work of Wilson on sociobiology
D)suppressed shortly after its arrival by evolutionary psychology
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 70

The behaviorist premise that all behavior is learned was challenged by ____.​

A)​the Brelands' work on instinctual drift
B)Harlow's work with monkey-mothers
C)​Seligman's work on biological preparedness
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 71

Evolutionary psychologists argue that the cognitive revolution ____.​

A)​did not go far enough
B)had little relevance for their work
C)​omitted the source and purpose of our information-processing capability
D)did not go far enough and omitted the source and purpose of our information-processing capability
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 72

A few structuralists of Titchener's type remain in contemporary psychology as a minority within cognitive psychology.​

Question 73

Evolutionary psychology owes a debt to ____.​

A)​Darwin
B)James
C)​Spencer
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 74

According to Schultz and Schultz,when a movement within psychology becomes a formalized school,the only way its momentum can be stopped is by its ____.​

A)​success
B)complete disintegration
C)​flexibility
D)over-reliance on its founder
E)misdeeds

Question 75

Criticisms of evolutionary psychology ____.​

A)​include learning theorists
B)point to the broad range of behavior with which it deals
C)​point to the difficulty of testing the theory in any significant manner
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 76

Garry Kasparov lost his fighting spirit while playing against a computer.

Question 77

One criticism of evolutionary psychology is the idea that there might be biological determinants of behavior and therefore no free will.How is this criticism answered by evolutionary psychologists?​

A)​As uncomfortable as it may feel,it is true.
B)Not all behaviors are determined by genes.
C)​Most psychologists say there is no free will (including Skinner).
D)The environment has little influence on behavior.
E)Evolutionary psychologists left this criticism unanswered.

Question 78

The idea that although phobias are learned through classical conditioning,some fears that were adaptive to our ancestors are learned more easily is called ____.​

A)​instinctual drift
B)biological preparedness​
C)​evolutionary psychology
D)positive psychology
E)learning psychology

Question 79

A book entitled Sociobiology: A New Synthesis written by ____ was a contemporary force for evolutionary psychology.​

A)​Seligman
B)the Brelands
C)​Wilson
D)Schultz
E)Buss

Question 80

The term sociobiology ____​

A)​is now an accepted part of evolutionary psychology
B)has been absorbed by the cognitive psychologists and used in the term "sociocognitivism"
C)​is used at meetings of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society
D)has such a negative connotation that it has been dropped from use
E)was coined by William James