Deck 7: Reading

Question 1

According to the text, which route is used for reading nonwords, carries out what is called phonological recoding, and does not involve lexical access at all?

A)Lexical access
B)Direct access
C)Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion
D)Lexical-to-phoneme conversion
E)Semantic-to-phoneme conversion

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A standard grapheme-phoneme conversion mechanism is supplemented with a ________________, which makes use of information about correspondences between orthographic and phonological rimes.

A)Magnet
B)Blender
C)Central-coordinator
D)Retraction mechanism
E)Body subsystem

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Slowly reducing discrepancies between desired outputs and actual outputs from networks by changing the weights on the connections is an algorithm called:

A)Back-propagation
B)Circular propagation
C)Central propagation
D)Transitive propagation
E)Forward propagation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which model claims that words can be read through a direct lexical route, or through a sublexical route (in adult skilled readers the lexical route is usually faster)?

A)Single-route
B)Magnetic route
C)Discriminate route
D)Indiscriminate route
E)Dual-route

Question 5

Increasing reading speed above about 350 words a minute:

A)Leads to increased comprehension
B)Can lead to increased comprehension after training in speed-reading
C)Is as effective as normal reading
D)Leads to increased retention of details
E)Leads to reduced comprehension

Question 6

Reading and speech involve three types of code, connected with feedback connections: orthographic, meaning, and phonological. According to which model is there is no route involving grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules?

A)Analogy
B)Trickle
C)Triangle
D)Ideographic
E)Subgraphic

Question 7

Patients who have great difficulty in reading nonwords, considerable difficulty in reading grammatical function words, make visual and derivational errors, semantic reading errors or semantic paralexias, and produce words related in meaning to the target instead of the target, have:

A)Surface anomias
B)Principal syndrome
C)Deep dyslexia
D)Deep anomias
E)Surface dyslexia

Question 8

Which of the following models proposes that we pronounce nonwords and new words by comparing them with other words; when a word (or nonword) is presented, it activates its neighbors, and these all influence its pronunciation?

A)Circular model
B)Contrast model
C)Rectangular model
D)Analogy model
E)Triangle model

Question 9

The name given to pronounceable nonwords that sound like words when pronounced is:

A)Pseudohomophones
B)Idioms
C)Diphthongs
D)Pseudohovernaculars
E)Pseudohosemantics

Question 10

Patients with which type of dyslexia have a selective impairment in the ability to read irregular words, and often make over-regularization errors when trying to read irregular words aloud, yet their ability to read regular words and nonwords is intact?

A)Cortical
B)Geschwind´s
C)Surface
D)Deep
E)Phonological

Question 11

Which of the following is a computational model (based on the dual-route model) that states that as soon as there is any activation at the letter level, the activation is passed on to the word level, making immediate use of all levels of spelling-sound correspondence?

A)One-stop model
B)Circular model
C)Dual-route cascaded model
D)Semantic-graphemic model
E)Over-extension model

Question 12

According to the three-stage model of sublexical processing, which stage assigns phonemes to graphemes?

A)Parsing phonemes stage
B)Semantic-graphemic processing stage
C)Phonological analysis stage
D)Phonemic blending stage
E)Print-to-sound conversion stage

Question 13

When a word is read and is mistaken for another word that has a similar visual appearance, such as reading "perform" as "perfume," this is called:

A)A derivational error
B)Concurrent errors
C)An over-extended misapprehension
D)A segmentation error
E)A visual error

Question 14

Which of the following is a measure of how easy it is to generate things to say about a word, or predicates, and is closely related to the richness of the underlying semantic representation?

A)Rate-of-incidence
B)Difficulty-of-occurrence
C)Ease-of-predication
D)Simplicity-of-occurrence
E)Difficulty-of-predication

Question 15

Peripheral dyslexias involve what level(s) of processes?

A)Higher
B)All
C)Lower
D)Middle
E)Central

Question 16

Phonological dyslexia arises through impairments to representations at the phonological level, rather than to grapheme-phoneme conversion. This is called the:

A)Emergentist hypothesis
B)Reversible impairment hypothesis
C)Irreversible conversion hypothesis
D)Phonological impairment hypothesis
E)Lexical impairment hypothesis

Question 17

Disorders of reading are called:

A)Pragmatic deficits
B)Anomias
C)Aphasias
D)Dysgraphias
E)Dyslexias

Question 18

The type of dyslexia in which patients can process words up to their semantic representations, but then have difficulty producing the appropriate phonological output, is known as:

A)Central deep
B)Central surface
C)Output deep
D)Output surface
E)Input deep

Question 19

Different languages use different principles to translate words into sounds; languages such as English use the:

A)Alphabetic principle
B)Syllabic principle
C)Ideographic principle
D)Irregular principle
E)Consonantal principle

Question 20

Consider how we pronounce the word "beef": the graphemes map onto phonemes in a regular way; you need no special knowledge about the word to know how to pronounce it. Words like this are said to have:

A)Regular morpheme-to-phoneme association
B)Irregular spelling-to-sound correspondence
C)Regular spelling-to-sound correspondence
D)Irregular pronunciation equivalence
E)Irregular morpheme-to-grapheme correspondence