Deck 7: Digitally Manipulated Content

Question 1

Which of our authors most considers digital manipulation ethics a moot point for communicators?

A) Kittross
B) Merrill
C) Gordon
D) Babcock

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Merrill, what does the digital manipulation dilemma boil down to?

A) The newness of digital media
B) The presentation of truth
C) Whether to dodge or burn
D) Profits vs. principles

Answer 2

B

Question 3

All of these are among the imperfect and/or impractical solutions to digital manipulation that Kittross suggests, except …

A) Expecting that the public already universally knows not to accept the veracity of digital media
B) Placing a digital "watermark" on every certified authentic image
C) Relying on ethical communicators to voluntarily forgo all digital manipulation
D) Warning and educating the public not to trust the authenticity of any digital content

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which one of these statements does NOT fit with Gordon and Babcock's philosophies about digital manipulation?

A) As for the manipulation of advertising images, whatever is legal is ethical
B) Public relations images fall under the same rules for digital manipulation as news images
C) News photos can be retouched as long as it does not change the overall impression of the image
D) Media professionals must authenticate all of their images

Question 5

Which one of these is NOT in the implicit hierarchy that journalists had regarding photo editing?

A) Sports photos can be blurred to dramatize movement
B) Feature photos may be retouched
C) Illustrations usually are manipulated
D) News photos should never be retouched

Question 6

Which one of these ethicists would be least likely to approve of digital manipulations not revealed to the audience?

A) Mill
B) Kant
C) Rawls
D) Aristotle

Question 7

Under Associated Press (AP) policy, all of these "minor" digital adjustments to photographs are allowable, except …

A) Cropping, dodging and burning images
B) Color adjustments and toning, including converting images to grayscale
C) Blurring or eliminating the background in images
D) Retouching to eliminate dust or scratches on the image

Question 8

Which one of these alterations does Babcock indicate that he and other utilitarians would object to most?

A) The Orange County Register's brightening of the blue sky in its photos of Southern California
B) Time magazine's darkening of O.J. Simpson's complexion when it ran his police mug shot on its cover
C) Enhancing the colors of a cheeseburger in a fast food ad
D) The composite photo in which Brian Walski surreptitiously heightened the drama in an Iraq War photo before submitting it to the L.A. Times and subscribers to the L.A. Times News Service

Question 9

For which medium is it hardest to detect manipulation, alteration or fabrication of the content?

A) Film
B) Print
C) Analog audio and video broadcasts
D) Digital media

Question 10

For Merrill, when does digital manipulation become unethical?

A) When it is undetectable
B) When it results in purposeful or willful falsification
C) When it is not artfully done
D) When it is not labeled as an "illustration"