Deck 3: What Causes People to Commit Crimes

Question 1

Ideas and theories about what causes crime go back hundreds of years.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the Middle Ages, there seemed little differentiation between sin & crime.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Cesare Beccaria wrote a book entitled On Crimes and Punishment in 1764 to provide an explanation of why people commit crimes

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Beccaria was responsible for the classical school of criminology.

Question 5

The classical school of criminology takes the position that people are irrational and have no free will

Question 6

The positivist school saw human behavior as based on a combination of internal and external influences

Question 7

All psychological explanations look inside the human mind for the causes of criminal offending

Question 8

More recently, some psychologists have linked criminal behavior to a psychological condition called disruptive behavior disorder (DBD)

Question 9

The cognitive theory of criminal offending suggests that criminal offenders are psychotic

Question 10

Cognitive theories of criminal behaviour indicate that criminal offending results from habits of thought & interpretations of reality

Question 11

Sociological explanations of crime look at criminal behaviors as emanating from environmental influences

Question 12

An early sociological explanation for criminal behavior was differential association theory, proposed by Edwin Sutherland.

Question 13

Integrated approaches to criminology try to combine various schools of thought regarding crime causation to explain criminal offending

Question 14

There are, perhaps, three theories of criminal offending that are useful for crime analysts

Question 15

In fulfilling their role in assisting law enforcement through the analysis of crime and disorder problems, a familiarity with criminological theories will be important to the crime analyst

Question 16

In this book, On Crimes and Punishment, Beccaria explained his belief that people are:

A) Basically mentally ill.
B) Rational and do things that bring them pleasure while avoiding doing things that bring them pain.
C) Criminal by nature.
D) Irrational and operate without thinking about consequences.

Question 17

The English philosopher, Jeremy Bentham, proposed a neoclassical way of explaining crime; his view was that:

A) People are rational, but children and the mentally ill should not be held accountable for their actions.
B) People are rational, but even children need severe punishment for criminal behavior.
C) People are rational, but sometimes there are mitigating circumstances, such as poverty.
D) People are rational, but the mentally ill should be executed.

Question 18

In the later half of the 19^th century, the scientific approach gave rise to the:

A) Cognitive school of criminology.
B) Social control school of criminology.
C) Behavioral school of criminology.
D) Positivist school of criminology.

Question 19

The positivist school saw human behavior as based on a combination of internal and external influences, such as:

A) Poverty, race and capitalism.
B) Biology, psychology and social factors.
C) Class, memory and psychoanalysis.
D) Biology, psychology and prejudice.

Question 20

An early positivist was Cesare Lombroso, who considered biological attributes to be:

A) The reason why men were superior.
B) The cause of riots in prisons.
C) The real roots of crime.
D) The reason why women were so violent.

Question 21

Psychoanalysts viewed deviant and criminal behavior as resulting from:

A) Depraved and vicious backgrounds.
B) Overdependence with the mother.
C) Personality imbalances.
D) Laziness.

Question 22

Later in the 20^th century, some psychologists linked criminal behavior to a psychological condition called:

A) Disruptive Behavior Disorder (DBD).
B) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
C) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
D) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Question 23

Children and teens can experience either of two forms of Disruptive Behavior Disorder (DBD):

A) ADHD and Asperger's Syndrome.
B) Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder.
C) Suicide and depression.
D) Oppositional behavior and stubbornness.

Question 24

Some psychologists have developed a cognitive theory of crime. Cognitive theory suggests that criminals:

A) Behave differently than good people.
B) See the world through rose-colored glasses.
C) Interpret situations differently than non-criminals.
D) Are inherently evil.

Question 25

Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow theorized that criminals choose to commit crimes and that the cause of the choice to commit crimes is related to:

A) The way they think.
B) The way they express their emotions.
C) The way they practice their religious beliefs.
D) The way they behave when intoxicated.

Question 26

Beginning in the 1930s, sociological explanations of crime proposed that:

A) Crime resulted from poor parenting.
B) Crime resulted from psychological influences.
C) Crime resulted from environmental influences.
D) Crime resulted from evil spirits.

Question 27

Social bonding theory states that:

A) Bonds to society must be elastic.
B) Individuals break the law when they have no friends.
C) Weak bonds to society lead to serious mental illness.
D) If an individual has weak bonds to society, then that person is less likely to respect the customary social rules or laws.

Question 28

Integrated approaches, such as life-course theory, combine various schools of thought regarding crime causation in order to explain:

A) Criminal offending.
B) Domestic violence.
C) Homicidal tendencies.
D) Prejudicial attitudes.

Question 29

According to the authors of the book, Crime and Intelligence Analysis: An Integrated Real-Time Approach, three theories that provide the greatest utility for the crime analyst are Rational Choice Theory, Routine Activities Theory, and:

A) Strain Theory.
B) Labeling Theory.
C) Criminal Personality Theory.
D) Social Disorganization Theory.

Question 30

For the crime analyst, analyzing the reasons why a particular criminal is engaging in a series of offenses may be important in contributing to law enforcement efforts to:

A) Obtain overtime pay.
B) Arrest the innocent.
C) Solve a crime problem or apprehend an offender.
D) Conduct a search and seizure.

Question 31

Several police strategies have been created as intervention and prevention efforts to directly address the crime problem; these models and methods should be:

A) Discarded by the crime analyst.
B) Part of the general knowledge of crime analysts in carrying out their various functions.
C) Seen as insignificant.
D) Viewed in a suspicious way.

Question 32

In In the standard model of policing, law enforcement provides services, primarily based on 911 calls and then investigates those calls for service. This is a:

A) Proactive form of policing.
B) Aggressive form of policing.
C) Reactive form of policing.
D) Passive form of policing.

Question 33

In the form of policing called community policing, the police rely on:

A) Snitches from the neighbourhood.
B) A symbiotic relationship between law enforcement and its community partners.
C) Distance from people in the community.
D) Community leaders minding their own business.

Question 34

In the broken windows model of policing, Wilson and Kelling proposed that the police should focus on:

A) The most violent crimes.
B) Only the robberies and homicides.
C) Targeting specific public nuisance behaviors that lead to the deterioration of the neighbourhood or city.
D) Subway crimes.

Question 35

In the Problem-Oriented Policing approach, the idea is that the police should take a:

A) Reactive role in policing.
B) Proactive role in policing.
C) More aggressive role in policing.
D) More passive role in policing.

Question 36

Intelligence-led policing relies heavily on:

A) Intelligent police officers.
B) Interagency cooperation between police departments.
C) The gathering, sharing, assessment and dissemination of information used to bring about strategic planning.
D) Reactive law enforcement measures.

Question 37

The victim precipitation theory is based on the premise that:

A) Victims are just innocent bystanders.
B) Victims play no role in the criminal offense.
C) Victims who don't get hurt should be ignored.
D) Victims, directly or indirectly, contribute to their own victimization.