Deck 10: Becoming All That One Can Be: Abraham Maslow

Question 1

Which of the following was within the grasp of everyone according to Rogers, but reserved for only a few, according to Maslow?

A) self
B) positive regard
C) self-actualization
D) unconditional positive regard

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which was a difference between Rogers and Maslow?

A) They had different sexual orientations.
B) Their family backgrounds were different.
C) Only one of them was a humanist.
D) Their assumptions about people were very different.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Maslow's father married

A) into wealth
B) because he had to
C) when he was 57 years old
D) his first cousin, Rose

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What claim did Maslow make about his mother?

A) She was the kindest person he ever known.
B) He was the brightest person he ever knew.
C) She was cold and vicious.
D) She was a sickly person.

Question 5

All except one of the following were among Maslow's mother's alleged cruelties? Which was NOT among those cruelties?

A) She broke his prized 78 RPM records.
B) She subjected him to "religious harassment."
C) She killed his kitten.
D) She stole the money he had carefully saved.

Question 6

The best way to describe Maslow's father in relations to him was

A) cruel
B) warm
C) absent
D) violent

Question 7

What menace did Maslow face during his youth?

A) gangs
B) polio
C) the military draft
D) starvation

Question 8

What obstacle did Maslow face during his youth?

A) dyslexia
B) anti-Semitism
C) teachers thought he was retarded
D) being born in Europe, he had to learn English

Question 9

What problem did Maslow share with Horney during their youth?

A) They were both subject to anti-Semitism.
B) They both came from poverty.
C) They both felt unattractive.
D) They were both dyslexic.

Question 10

What problem did Maslow face when he began to select a college?

A) low college entrance scores
B) no money and no ability to get a loan
C) poor high school preparation
D) anti-semitism

Question 11

What characterized Maslow's undergraduate years?

A) miserable grades
B) several failed romances
C) repeated illnesses
D) changing schools

Question 12

What dinosaur-among-professors turned Maslow off to psychology?

A) Wundt
B) Titchener
C) Harlow
D) Koffka

Question 13

Which of the following was one of the reasons that Maslow left Cornell?

A) Bertha
B) He was accused of criminal activity.
C) He wanted to go to an all-Jewish school.
D) He wanted to study with Wundt.

Question 14

Who was the reason that Maslow finally transferred to University of Wisconsin?

A) Wundt
B) Titchener
C) Harlow
D) Koffka

Question 15

To whose monkey laboratory did Maslow migrate while at the University of Wisconsin?

A) Wundt
B) Titchener
C) Harlow
D) Koffka

Question 16

Which was a limitation that Alderfer (1989) noted in Maslow as a person?

A) He was unable to act in ways consistent with his own theory.
B) He smoked so much that he offended most of his graduate assistants.
C) It was rumored that he was a sexual harasser.
D) He was so shy that he could not even stand up and talk to a class.

Question 17

Why did Maslow stick with his early monkey research as long as he did?

A) greed
B) success
C) He did not want to leave Wisconsin.
D) Bertha had several babies in a row, making a move impossible.

Question 18

When Maslow returned to New York City to take a position at Columbia, all except one of the following luminaries were available to him. Who was NOT in New York at the time?

A) Thorndike
B) Horney
C) Harlow
D) Adler

Question 19

Classic Gestalt psychology held that

A) therapy ought to be confrontational
B) elements of perception could be discovered through introspection
C) the secret to dealing with abnormal behaviors is cognitive therapy
D) simple perceptions are wholes made up of integrated parts

Question 20

All of the following are Gestalt laws of organization, except one. Which is NOT a Gestalt law?

A) grouping similar objects together to form a whole
B) figure and groundπface/vaseπcan be seen at the same time
C) grouping proximal objects together
D) incomplete objects are closed perceptually

Question 21

What Gestalt-like principle was basic as far as Maslow was concerned?

A) People are equally worthy.
B) Similarities among people out-weigh differences.
C) The person is an integrated, organized whole.
D) Closure is the most important part of therapy.

Question 22

In discussing existentialism as presented by May, Maslow credited that movement with emphasizing all except one "human predicament." Which was NOT credited?

A) life in the face of death
B) the gap between human aspiration and human limitations
C) reincarnation
D) good and evil as part and parcel of each person's constitution

Question 23

Needs, according to Maslow, are

A) opposite to motives
B) motion-propelling organization directed toward goals
C) simple tensions that demand to be satisfied
D) satisfactions that are sought by all humans

Question 24

What is unique about Maslow's point of view?

A) He considered needs.
B) He considered multiple motives.
C) He considered self-actualization.
D) He has used the experimental method.

Question 25

According to Maslow, while the needs a person experiences are universal,

A) the order they are experienced varies from person to person
B) some people have more needs due to bigger body size
C) methods used to satisfy needs may be specific to peoples' culture
D) the number of needs in the hierarchy of needs varies around the world

Question 26

Maslow thought that environments are

A) critically important for understanding human behavior
B) important mainly during childhood
C) difficult or impossible to specify
D) what we make of them

Question 27

Maslow believed

A) a particular motivation cannot be considered in isolation from other motivations
B) all people are created psychologically equal
C) the "drive" concept is highly useful
D) Gestalt psychology contributed nothing to his point of view

Question 28

"Do people live by bread alone?" (Maslow)

A) yes, always
B) Yes, except when bread is prohibited by culture.
C) No, all people can always deny the needs of the flesh.
D) No, when bread is plentiful other needs emerge.

Question 29

The physiological need level is often experienced by

A) psychotic people
B) homeless people
C) immigrants of all kinds
D) priests

Question 30

Safety needs are

A) met only after esteem needs
B) aroused in only a small minority of the world's people
C) include the security that comes with having enough to eat and drink
D) include security, protection, stability, law and order, and freedom from fear and chaos

Question 31

Belongingness and love needs

A) are met after esteem needs
B) are the most important needs
C) include security and freedom from physiological want
D) include a sense of place in family and groups

Question 32

Esteem needs

A) include being cared for by a mothering one
B) are the highest in the hierarchy
C) include personal desires for adequacy
D) include affectionate relations with people

Question 33

Need for self-actualization

A) is the second highest need on the hierarchy
B) includes the desire for self-fulfillment
C) includes personal desires for adequacy
D) includes desires for respect from other people

Question 34

All of the following are true of self-actualization, according to Maslow, except one. Which is NOT true of self-actualization?

A) Potentially, everyone can become self-actualized.
B) It is becoming what one potentially is.
C) It is not a deficiency need.
D) It is becoming everything that one is capable of being.

Question 35

Deficiency needs refers to

A) the meta-needs
B) a category of needs that includes self-actualization
C) the first four needs
D) all the needs except meta-needs

Question 36

Who among the following is most likely to continually experience D-needs?

A) psychotic people
B) religious fanatics
C) people on medication
D) impoverished people

Question 37

Which is sufficient for attaining self-actualization?

A) satisfaction of D-needs
B) Sufficient conditions for attaining self-actualization would be difficult of impossible to state.
C) All physiological needs must be met.
D) Safety needs must be met.

Question 38

Self-actualization is

A) a D-need
B) a growth need
C) a meta-need
D) a transcendental need

Question 39

In Maslow's scheme, prepotent means

A) the same as impotent
B) omnipotent
C) stronger and more immediately demanding than higher-order needs
D) stronger and more immediately demanding than lower-order needs

Question 40

Hierarchical needs are

A) only part of the biological needs that humans seek to satisfy
B) arranged in a shifting pattern
C) only effective during childhood
D) not met in all-or-none fashion

Question 41

All except one of the following are exceptions to the rule that lower-order needs must be met before higher-order needs. Which does NOT represent one of those exceptions?

A) Jesus Christ
B) Ghandi
C) former President Clinton
D) anyone who can gradually deny lower order needs

Question 42

The most typical reversal to the usual order of need satisfactions is (Maslow)

A) security needs before physiological needs
B) esteem needs before belongingness needs
C) self-actualization needs before esteem needs
D) esteem needs before physiological needs

Question 43

Who is most likely never to get beyond the first two levels?

A) poor people
B) priests
C) war veterans
D) rich people

Question 44

What was Maslow's view of human nature?

A) There is no such thing.
B) Nurture is more important than nature.
C) Same as Rogers': all humans are equal.
D) It is inborn.

Question 45

An instinctoid is

A) an object of Maslow's scorn
B) the same thing as an instinct
C) instinct-like
D) like an instinct, but never biological

Question 46

Maslow's instinctoid

A) includes both needs and values
B) includes only lower order needs
C) includes only higher order needs
D) included everything but meta-needs

Question 47

According to a view that Maslow rejects, how does the infant learn love? Through

A) classical conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) associative learning
D) emotive learning

Question 48

Maslow believed

A) all people are equal
B) most people are not worthy
C) some people are good choosers and some bad choosers
D) some people are more equal than others

Question 49

Self-actualizers

A) could be anyone
B) are not everybody, but number in the millions
C) are people who are nearly perfect: for practical purposes: they have no faults
D) fulfill themselves by making complete use of their potentialities

Question 50

With Maslow as the selector, all of the following would be self-actualizers, except one. Who would NOT likely be considered a self-actualizer by Maslow?

A) George W. Bush
B) Thomas Jefferson
C) Einstein
D) Martin Luther King

Question 51

What percent of college students are self-actualizers, according to Maslow

A) 15%
B) 1%
C) 5%
D) 75%

Question 52

Meta-needs include

A) esteem needs
B) love and belongingness needs
C) cognitive needs
D) transcendental needs

Question 53

Meta-needs are

A) lower in the hierarchy than self-actualization
B) more immediate and prepotent than D-needs
C) relatively easy to satisfy
D) growth needs

Question 54

Which best characterizes the example self-actualized person?

A) well-rounded
B) deeply turned inward
C) a citizen of the world
D) He is his ethnicity.

Question 55

All except one of the following are B-values. Which is NOT a B-value?

A) wholeness
B) completion
C) playfulness
D) self-sacrifice

Question 56

Peak experience refers to

A) the top of the experience hierarchy
B) the experiences one has at her or his peak of life
C) intense, mystical experiences associated with wonder and awe
D) voluntary and durable like a plateau experience

Question 57

All except one of the following are peak experiences, except one. Which is LEAST likely to qualify as a peak experience?

A) a roller coaster ride
B) space walk
C) religious conversion
D) making it to the top of Mount McKinley

Question 58

Which of the following are among Maslow's emphases?

A) All humans are basically equal.
B) the biological origin of human needs and values
C) the contention that self-actualization is difficult to attain, but possible for everyone
D) the primacy of brotherly love

Question 59

What is Maslow's problem with the scientific approach to understanding people?

A) It relies too heavily on maladjusted subjects.
B) that laboratories are no place to study humans' behavior
C) that the results of experimental animal studies are generalized to people
D) that experimental controls are too difficult to institute

Question 60

What is Maslow's problem with clinical approaches to understanding people?

A) They rely too heavily on maladjusted subjects.
B) Clinical setting are no place to study humans' behavior.
C) The results of clinical animal studies are generalized to people.
D) Clinical controls are too difficult to institute.

Question 61

An environment that would foster self-actualization would include all except one of the following. Which would NOT foster self-actualization?

A) assurances that all individuals get necessary raw materials
B) getting out of the way whenever possible
C) accepting delays and abandonment of choices
D) placing a few chosen, psychologically healthy people in leadership positions

Question 62

Eupsychia refers to

A) a place where differences between people would melt away
B) a utopian society characterized by psychological health among all members
C) a kind of therapy in which the client is the therapist
D) a condition of transcendental exultation

Question 63

What would Eupsychia be like?

A) like any other commune, but without authoritarian leadership
B) prone to valuing what is simple, loving, and unselfish
C) a paradise in which each person has what she or he wants out of life
D) a new form of life style in which people are permitted to pursue whatever they want

Question 64

Which of the following is a Maslow idea that has been very valuable in applied settings?

A) instinctoids
B) multiple motivations
C) biology as a base for everything
D) the hierarchy of needs

Question 65

All of the following, except one, are applications of Maslow's ideas. Which is NOT an application?

A) management: recognition of employees' need satisfaction pursuits
B) to help children of the world deal with disasters
C) clergy: establishing the need level of congregation members
D) self-actualization in athletes

Question 66

What did Sherrill and colleagues (1990) find when they administered the Personality Orientation Inventory (POI) to blind and sighted athletes?

A) Blind athletes scored lower on the Existentiality and Self-acceptance scales.
B) Blind athletes scored high on the Existentiality and Self-acceptance scales.
C) Sighted athletes had higher POI scores, overall.
D) Blind athletes had higher POI scores, overall.

Question 67

What problem did Wicker and colleagues (1993) find earlier with studies of Maslow's hierarchy?

A) Subject samples were too small.
B) There was a tendency to use only rare self-actualized persons as subjects.
C) There was a tendency to ignore meta-needs.
D) These studies tended to use a measure of "importance" of need satisfaction.

Question 68

Kasser and Ryan (1996) found that all of the following were aspirations that were negatively associated with self-actualization, except one. Which was NOT among those that these researchers found to be inversely related to self-actualization?

A) for great power
B) for financial success
C) for an appealing appearance;
D) for social recognition

Question 69

Graham and Balloun (1973) found

A) no correlations between level of satisfaction and desire for satisfaction, as expected
B) no correlations between level of satisfaction and desire for satisfaction, contrary to expectations
C) a positive correlation between level of satisfaction and desire for satisfaction, as expected
D) a negative correlation between level of satisfaction and desire for satisfaction, as expected

Question 70

All except one of the following were findings of Williams' and Pages' (1989) study of safety, belongingness and esteem needs. Which is NOT among their findings?

A) Student subjects were, on average, functioning at the esteem level.
B) Needs at lower levels were rated "important" but not "salient" (on the mind).
C) A substantial minority of student subjects, 30%, were deemed either functioning at the self-actualization level or about to move to that level.
D) Need satisfaction was high for all levels, but was lowest for the esteem level.

Question 71

What did Wicker's and Wiehe's (1999) subjects who wrote about success at being close with another person show that subjects who wrote about lack of success didn't show?

A) attainment of the esteem level
B) attainment of the belongingness and love level
C) attainment of the safety and security level
D) attainment of self-actualization

Question 72

What did Mathes, Zevon, Roter, and Joerger (1982) find that was peculiar to people who reported peak experiences?

A) intense happiness
B) a feeling of being special and entitled
C) being drawn to religion
D) having a feeling of uncontrollable power over others

Question 73

All except one of the following are criticisms lodged against Maslow's conceptions of self-actualization? Which is NOT a criticism?

A) Maslow arrived at self-actualization by proclaiming "super personalities" as experts on self-actualizing.
B) Maslow's sample of "super personalities" was small and arbitrarily selected.
C) Maslow ignored abundance motivation in favor of deficiency motivation.
D) Maslow used myself as a standard for judging whether a candidate "super personality" was worthy of being included in his sample.

Question 74

All except one of the following are criticisms lodged against Maslow's conceptions of self-actualization? Which is NOT a criticism?

A) Maslow placed the broadest needs at the narrow apex of the pyramid.
B) Research showed that Maslow's self-actualization and Frankl's self-transcendence were not highly similar.
C) Maslow falsely saw self-actualizers as selfish.
D) Maslow's self-actualization is neither universal or necessarily the best rendition of human fulfillment.

Question 75

Why is self-realization, extracted from Buddhism, possibly a more meaningful and productive self-fulfillment entity than self-actualization?

A) There is more hard evidence to support it.
B) It is based on a superior religion.
C) It is a more active process.
D) It is even more selective than self-actualization: even fewer people are self-realized.

Question 76

All except one of the following are elements of Buddha path to Nirvana. Which is NOT among those elements?

A) Suffering is abolished only by eliminating cravings.
B) Self-sacrifice and devotion to others is a sign of inner spiritual weakness.
C) adhere to moral conduct
D) maintain mental discipline

Question 77

All of the following, except one, are flaws in self-actualization as Maslow conceived of it. Which is NOT a flaw?

A) Self-actualizers tend to be such self-absorbed people that they rarely make contributions to society.
B) "Self-actualization" is an inherently ambiguous term.
C) Self-actualization in Maslow's theory is not the same as self-actualization as manifested in the super-personalities.
D) Self-actualizers tend to have a limited number of close, personal relationships.

Question 78

Which of the following is a problem with "peak experiences"?

A) There are almost no reports of them.
B) Only people who are self-actualizers have them.
C) Non-self-actualizers report them.
D) Most peak experiences are not profound or noteworthy.

Question 79

Which of the following is a limitation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Fields outside of psychology have had no use for the hierarchy.
B) Students disagreed on the order of some hierarchy levels and about belonging and love being together.
C) There are no measures of any of the hierarchy's needs.
D) Maslow too readily explained how self-actualization could be different from the other needs in that it is not quelled by satisfaction.

Question 80

All except one of the following are reasons why Maslow should be considered one of the great psychologists. Which is NOT a reason for his greatness?

A) The evidence supporting self-actualization is accumulating so fast, criticism of the notion may someday be deemed trivial.
B) His idea that entities may be arranged in hierarchies is original with him and has spread to all other branches of science.
C) He had a solid scientific background.
D) His is a model for us all in that he overcame a distressing childhood and anti-semitism to become a fine person and major contributor.