Deck 11: Marching to a Different Drummer: George Kelly

Question 1

Kelly's approach may be designated

A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) transcendental

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which best describes Kelly's background?

A) son of a preacher
B) big city boy
C) wealthy upper crust
D) child of professors

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which best characterizes Kelly's first experience in a psychology class?

A) He was disappointed by it.
B) He formed no impression about it.
C) He developed very negative feelings about the professor.
D) He liked it so much he went into psychology.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What was Kelly's reaction upon first reading Freud?

A) joy
B) confusion
C) incredulity
D) laughter

Question 5

Kelly was prone to all of the following, except one. Which was he not prone to?

A) sarcasm
B) anger
C) skepticism
D) humor

Question 6

Concerning Pavlov, famous Russian discoverer of classical conditioning, Kelly

A) was filled with admiration
B) was not quite sure why we should be grateful to him
C) thought that Pavlov made about as much sense as Freud, a lot of sense
D) was openly incensed

Question 7

How did Kelly's former students regard him?

A) with affection
B) with suspicion
C) with fear and admiration
D) as a major put-down artist

Question 8

All of the following are ways that colleagues regarded Kelly, except one. Which was NOT one of the ways he was regarded?

A) scholar
B) warm friend
C) teacher
D) counselor

Question 9

Which of the following was among Kelly's early careers?

A) engineer
B) school teacher
C) traveling salesman
D) physics teacher

Question 10

Which of the following beliefs was attributed to Kelly?

A) All people are academically equal.
B) Attention to the external environment is the most reasonable approach to understanding people.
C) In psychology, as in other sciences, there are only theories, no truths.
D) biological determinism

Question 11

To Kelly, the forces that determine behavior are

A) external
B) internal
C) mostly external, partly internal
D) extrapsych

Question 12

What governs people, according to Kelly?

A) hedonic forces
B) consequences of behavior
C) the way they construe events in their worlds
D) past reinforcement schedules

Question 13

Like Adler, Kelly believed that people are

A) afflicted with feelings of inferiority
B) future oriented
C) always striving for superiority
D) subject to shock

Question 14

What may have contributed to Kelly's pragmatic approach?

A) He was the son of professors.
B) His background in law dictated pragmatism.
C) He learned from his politician father.
D) He was a young man during the great depression.

Question 15

Kelly saw himself as

A) a bit above others
B) no different from those he studied and helped in therapy
C) not well respected by other psychologists
D) a person with am antagonistic point of view

Question 16

A program to deal with personal problems was like

A) a fishing expedition
B) a wild game hunt
C) a well-organized party
D) a scientific experiment

Question 17

According to Kelly, in order to address a personal problem, a person must do all of the following, except one. Which is NOT one of Kelly's recommendations?

A) pinpoint the issues
B) become intimate with the problem
C) exercise controls and make observations
D) generalize observations to related situations

Question 18

A construct is

A) a concept by another name
B) a cognitive structure that is a hidden organizer of experience, both internal and external
C) a personality entity that is analogous to Freud's ego, but without implications for instinctual satisfactions
D) a way of construing events so that the future is anticipated

Question 19

According to Kelly, personality is

A) a collection of traits each guiding a different sphere of life
B) an organized system of constructs that may be ranked in importance
C) a framework of personal dispositions that, together, operate in the real world in order to secure satisfactions
D) traits organized according to similarity

Question 20

A postulate is

A) an elaborate hypothesis
B) another name for "theory"
C) a basic assumption
D) a fundamental principle

Question 21

Kelly's fundamental postulate is

A) the assumption that a person's psychological processes are routed through various channels by the way the person anticipates events
B) humans can solve their problems if they are provided with another person to act as a sounding board off which they can bounce their emotions
C) the important events for understanding humans are internal
D) people are able to accurately predict their outcomes in the future, provided they record past rewards

Question 22

What is Jim's problem as he sees it on a superficial level?

A) Professor Martinson's stubbornness and inconsistency
B) his friend Joan's unwillingness to appreciate his predicament and offer any sympathy
C) his own stupidity for missing so much class
D) Joan's unwillingness to consider any relationship with him, but friendship

Question 23

What is Jim's real problem, related to his construct system?

A) He really can't stand Professor Martinson.
B) He is overwhelmed with self-loathing.
C) He wants Professor Martinson to trust him.
D) He wants Joan to be closer to him.

Question 24

All except one of the following are among Joan's characterization of Jim or advice to him. Which was NOT among those characterizations or bits of advice?

A) "Go tell Professor Martinson off; you shouldn't let anyone push you around."
B) "You (Jim) don't learn from experience."
C) "Let Professor Martinson know he is one of the good guys."
D) "You (Jim) are too stiff and formal."

Question 25

All of the following are Joan's constructs revealed in her conversation with Jim, except one. Which is NOT her construct?

A) admire-not admire
B) intelligent-stupid
C) good-bad
D) like me-not like me

Question 26

All of the following are among Jim's constructs, except one. Which is NOT among his constructs?

A) educated-uneducated
B) trust-distrust
C) intelligent-stupid
D) admire-not admire

Question 27

A construction system is

A) a system of tightly organized traits
B) an organization of constructs with the more important at the top and the less important at the bottom
C) the system of intra- and inter- psychic entities in a relationship that allows the organism to function at maximum efficiency
D) personality structures working in unison

Question 28

Constructs at the top of a construct system are called

A) superior
B) anterior
C) superordinate
D) elevated

Question 29

The emergent pole is

A) the contrasting end
B) the primary and principle end
C) the highest pole
D) the more dense pole

Question 30

The implicit pole is

A) the contrasting end
B) the primary and principle end
C) the highest pole
D) the more dense pole

Question 31

Which of the following is true of the relationship between the emergent and implicit poles?

A) The implicit pole is present, even if never expressed.
B) The implicit pole is the primary pole.
C) The implicit pole appears first, then the emergent pole.
D) The implicit pole is never present and expressed.

Question 32

According to Kelly, and similar to Jung, people see the world in terms of

A) significant others
B) unsatisfied needs
C) one's ancestral past
D) contrasts

Question 33

Adopting the construct "tolerant" almost always

A) fails to affect the adopter
B) lowers the adopter's prejudice level
C) brings "intolerant" with it
D) includes adoption of the construct "thoughtful"

Question 34

The range of convenience refers to

A) the events to which a construct is most readily applied
B) the extent and breadth of the event-category to which a construct applies
C) the range of constructs that a particular person has developed during maturation
D) the level of development of the person's construct system

Question 35

The range of focus refers to

A) the events to which a construct is most readily applied
B) the extent and breadth of the event-category to which a construct applies
C) the range of constructs that a particular person has developed during maturation

Question 36

"Impermeable" refers to

A) the level of rigidity of a person's construct system
B) the degree to which a person's construct system is impenetrable, and, therefore, not subject to change
C) the hardness of the surface of a person's construct system
D) the tendency for some constructs not to change in terms of range of convenience and place in the construct system

Question 37

"Commonality" refers to

A) the common ground of two or more constructs with a single construct system
B) the sharing of constructs of two or more people with similar experience
C) the sharing of construct systems by two or more people with similar experience
D) the near identity of the emergent and implicit poles for some constructs

Question 38

"Individuality" refers to

A) the uniqueness of a construct: it is shared with no other construct system, although some approximations to it may exist in other systems
B) differences between construct systems in terms of the constructs contained in each and in how they are organized
C) the degree to which constructs are individual: that is, unconnected to other constructs
D) differences among individuals who share the same construct system

Question 39

To Kelly, anxiety is

A) what people experience when their construct systems do not apply to critical events
B) what people experience when a new construct appears to be entering the system and may be dominant
C) what people experience when their construct system appears to be fusing with that of another person
D) people's realization that their entire construct system will be over-hauled

Question 40

To Kelly, fear is

A) what people experience when their construct systems do not apply to critical events
B) what people experience when a new construct appears to be entering the system and may be dominant
C) what people experience when their construct system appears to be fusing with that of another person
D) people's realization that their entire construct system will be over-hauled

Question 41

To Kelly, threat is

A) what people experience when their construct systems do not apply to critical events
B) what people experience when a new construct appears to be entering the system and may be dominant
C) what people experience when their construct system appears to be fusing with that of another person
D) people's realization that their entire construct system will be over-hauled

Question 42

Joan the scientific psychotherapist made which of the following recommendations to Jim?

A) apologize to Professor Martinson
B) suck-up to Professor Martinson, like everyone else
C) try admiration on Professor Martinson and then replicate: do it again in hopes the result will be the same
D) control for extraneous variables when dealing with Professor Martinson: be sure to be neat and well groomed when talking to the Professor

Question 43

If Jim carries out Joan's suggestions he will be

A) making a big mistake: she wants him to tell Professor Martinson off
B) creating greater commonality with Professor Martinson's construct system
C) displaying constructive alternativism: adopting the assumption that his present interpretations of his life situation are subject to change
D) assuming constructive chaos: his constructs will become disorganized and neither resemble the system he currently has or the one that is ideal for him

Question 44

All except one of the following are coincidences of Kelly's thought with that of other theorists. Which is NOT one of those coincidences?

A) Like Skinner, he believed in change via human intervention.
B) Like Maslow, he believed that something like instincts lie behind behavior.
C) Like Rogers he did not believe that one and only one set of procedures is effective in therapy.
D) Like Skinner and Rogers, Kelly was concerned about creativity.

Question 45

Jim's construction system, is organized by "extension of the cleavage line," which means

A) constructs are arranged in a concentric pattern
B) whole constructs fall under superordinate emergent and under superordinate implicit poles
C) constructs bear adversarial relationship to one another such that each opposes and complements the other
D) subordinate constructs fall directly under the corresponding emergent and implicit poles of the superordinate constructs

Question 46

Joan's construct system is organized by "abstracting across the cleavage line," which means

A) constructs are arranged in a concentric pattern
B) whole constructs fall under superordinate emergent and under superordinate implicit poles
C) constructs bear adversarial relationship to one another such that each opposes and complements the other
D) subordinate constructs fall directly under the corresponding emergent and implicit poles of the superordinate constructs

Question 47

Elements are

A) entities that can be thought of as the atoms that make-up constructs
B) objects, beings, or events
C) all those entities to which the construct applied
D) one of those entities to which a construct applies that may be used as its name

Question 48

Context (Kelly) refers to

A) entities that can be thought of as the atoms that make-up constructs
B) objects, beings, or events
C) all those entities to which the construct applies
D) one of those entities to which a construct applies that may be used as its name

Question 49

"Symbol" (Kelly) refers to

A) entities that can be thought of as the atoms that make-up constructs
B) objects, beings, or events
C) all those entities to which the construct applies
D) one of those entities to which a construct applies that may be used as its name

Question 50

Predictability refers to (Kelly)

A) the ability to predict the future
B) the child's ability to predict what its parent are going to do with regard to it
C) parents' ability to predict what their children will do with regard to parent/child exchanges
D) the ability to predict the outcome of social interactions

Question 51

How did Johnny, in the text's sample case, ensure that his parents were predictable?

A) He behaves exactly as they want him to.
B) He suppresses behavior as well as he can in their presence.
C) He misbehaves.
D) He waits until they behave and then mimics what they do.

Question 52

Dependency constructs are

A) more rare, according to Kelly, than Freud would predict;
B) a reference to the level of interdependency among the constructs of a system
C) a reference to the level of dependency of one's constructs on those of another person
D) special constructs that revolve around the child's survival needs

Question 53

Tight constructs yield ________ predictability while loose constructs yield ________ predictability.

A) good; poor
B) unvarying; varying
C) definite; indefinite

Question 54

A role involves

A) behaving in ways that meet the expectations of important other people
B) the social equivalent of a cognition
C) acting out a part without actual becoming the person implied by the part
D) a commitment to a certain social order

Question 55

According to Kelly, guilt is

A) feeling badly about violating some social norm
B) feeling badly about violating the requirements of some role
C) the result of the perception that one is being dislodged from an important role
D) the result of the perception that one has failed the people who have prescribed one's roles

Question 56

Elaborative choice refers to

A) selecting an alternative aligned to one construct dimension which appears to provide greater opportunity for elaboration
B) a period of trying on for size the various constructs available in one's repertory
C) attempting to expand a construct dimension so that it applies to more situations
D) working with constructs to bring out implicit poles

Question 57

Circumspection phase refers to

A) a period during which one construct is allowed to appropriate the situation and define a pair of alternatives from which to choose
B) a period of trying on for size the various constructs available in one's repertory
C) a period during which choice is delayed until the individual is able to size up the situation
D) a decision time in which the person selects one of the alternatives provided by the construct that has preempted the situation

Question 58

Preemption phase refers to

A) a period during which one construct is allowed to appropriate the situation and define a pair of alternatives from which to choose
B) a period of trying on for size the various constructs available in one's repertory
C) a period during which choice is delayed until the individual is able to size up the situation
D) a decision time in which the person selects one of the alternatives provided by the construct that has preempted the situation

Question 59

The choice phase is

A) a period during which one construct is allowed to appropriate the situation and define a pair of alternatives from which to choose
B) a period of trying on for size the various constructs available in one's repertory
C) a period during which choice is delayed until the individual is able to size up the situation
D) a decision time in which the person selects one of the alternatives provided by the construct that has preempted the situation

Question 60

Which is a problem with supporting Kelly's Personal Construct Theory?

A) He has not defined his terms consistently.
B) Each person's construct system is different.
C) His concepts are too nebulous and abstract.
D) He has failed to even attempt to define some of his concepts.

Question 61

Kelly thought that a critical testable aspect of his theory is that people cast their worlds in terms of opposites. Lyle tested that assumption and found

A) subjects were able to cast words into the same categories as had pilot subjects
B) factor analysis showed that there was little correspondence between word classifications by the two sets of subjects
C) subjects in the main study tended to classify words in categories diametrically opposed to those used by previous subjects
D) as Kelly would expect, subjects tended to favor abstracting across the cleavage line to extension of the cleavage line

Question 62

Benesch and Page (1988) investigated the circumstances under which individuals are able to appreciate the important constructs of other people. Under what conditions did they find that peers were able to accurately perceive the constructs of targets?

A) when peers and targets had known each other for at least three years
B) when there was little commonality between the construct systems of peers and targets
C) when peers' and targets' construct systems were organized alike
D) when the constructs in question reflected high meaningfulness and stability

Question 63

What did Viney, Benjamin, and Preston (1989) find when they investigated elderly people who had suffered the loss of a spouse?

A) Remarkably, these people showed little change in their construct systems: their systems still fit their lives.
B) The elderly showed clear signs of threat: their whole systems were in danger of being overhauled.
C) The elderly showed guilt: they were concerned about being dislodged from important roles.
D) The elderly showed fear: new constructs were entering their construct systems and could dominate.

Question 64

A cognitively complex person is

A) a person with very complex constructs
B) a person who is intelligent by virtue of having a highly unique construct system
C) a person who has a construct system with many well differentiated constructs
D) a person who has a construct system that is characterized by constructs that are well related to one another

Question 65

A cognitively simple person is

A) a person with very simplex constructs
B) a person who lacks intelligent by virtue of having a construct system that is unlike others'
C) a person who has a construct system with many constructs that are highly distinct from one another
D) a person who has a construct system that is characterized by blurred distinctions among constructs

Question 66

All except one of the following are research findings regarding cognitively complex and simple people and differences between the cognitive conditions they represent. Which is NOT a complex-simple research finding?

A) Complex persons are better at predicting the behavior of others.
B) Simple people are, on average, unable to maintain social relations for long periods of time.
C) People are more complex when describing their in-group, compared to an out-group.
D) College students showed more complexity in their descriptions of their own age group.

Question 67

All except one of the following are research findings regarding cognitively complex and simple people and differences between the cognitive conditions they represent. Which is NOT a complex-simple research finding?

A) Complex business-administration masters-degree candidates were higher on all the highly valued traits investigated.
B) Young males gave older males more extreme evaluations than they gave to members of their own age group.
C) When arousal was moderate or high, high complex subjects were more discriminating of non-verbal behaviors than low complex subjects.
D) Politicians who showed some tolerance for slavery were more complex than either extreme slavery supporters or abolitionists.

Question 68

The Role Construct Repertory (REP) Test is

A) a variation of the Personality Orientation Inventory that assesses the relations among a person's constructs
B) a device for determining whether one's construct system is organized by extension of the cleavage line or abstracting across the cleavage line
C) an assessment device designed to reveal a person's construct system
D) a measurement instrument to ascertain individual differences in the constructs people have in their systems

Question 69

How have researchers revised the Role Repertory Test (REP) so that it is applicable to a variety of settings?

A) They have replaced the fixed role titles (mother, sister, etc.) with titles appropriate for the circumstances being studied.
B) They have abandoned the requirement that subjects cast constructs into emergent and implicit poles.
C) They have added many role titles to those that Kelly used.
D) They have changed the procedure so that subjects no longer have to use role titles: they specify constructs directly.

Question 70

All except one of the following is an application of the Role Repertory Test (REP) to business and industry. Which is NOT an actual use?

A) Soft drink companies are experimenting with using the REP to differentiate between varieties of their products (Pepsi versus Diet Pepsi).
B) Product names were used in the place of usual role titles to discover the constructs used by home testers of perfumes and cosmetics.
C) The REP procedure was used to discover the beliefs, values, and items-of-interest used by senior managers.
D) The constructs of effective and ineffective loan officers were ascertained by use of REP procedures.

Question 71

All except one of the following are steps in fixed role therapy. Which is NOT one of those steps?

A) The client describes himself in terms of central and troublesome constructs.
B) The client decides which of his troublesome constructs should be the focus of therapy.
C) The therapist writes a fixed role for an imaginary character and the client acts out the part of that character using the new role.
D) The client tries out the role and he and the therapist discuss reactions of others.

Question 72

Which is a criticism that hits at the heart of Kelly's theory?

A) He has failed to relate his concepts one to the other.
B) His notion of the construct system defies available neurological evidence.
C) His ideas about developmental psychology conflict with those of several other theories.
D) For some constructs the implicit pole is not a true opposite of the emergent pole, but its negation.

Question 73

What is the strength of PCT with regard to its applicability to diverse cultures?

A) The theory has no real underlying assumptions, so it cannot conflict with cultural norms.
B) The REP instructions would not have to be translated into other languages.
C) Constructs are not restricted to internal entities with specific content, such as that associated with "extravert."
D) The same role persons usable with applications of the REP in this culture will be usable for other cultures.

Question 74

What question may be posed about the poles used in examples by Kelly and Lyle?

A) Why do so many people share the same poles?
B) Do real people's constructs have poles that are so extremely different in favorability?
C) Are the poles that have been used in research representative of normal people's poles?
D) Is it reasonable to expect that the same people will have the same constructs at different points in time

Question 75

All except one of the following are criticisms lodged against Kelly and his theory. Which is NOT one of those criticisms?

A) Threat, anxiety and fear have odd definitions.
B) Kelly has not been able to explain just why his theory qualifies as "cognitive."
C) "Range of convenience" and "focus of convenience" are confused with "elements" and "context."
D) Some of Kelly's concepts have not been verified.

Question 76

Which of the following is a short-coming of the Role Construct Repertory (REP) Test?

A) It has seldom proven useful in real world.
B) It is virtually uncorrelated with other personality tests.
C) The assumptions behind it are alien to the most popular orientation in the United States.
D) The REP test does not measure what it claims to measure.

Question 77

Which is a major contribution of Kelly?

A) He has developed a theory that illuminates the subtle nuances of the parent-child relationship.
B) He has been one of the few psychologists to highlight the importance of the cognitive approach.
C) He has been responsible for one of the most thorough research programs on record.
D) He has been among the relatively few psychologists who has promoted the "one subject, one client at a time" approach.

Question 78

Greenfeld and Preston (2000) examined Supreme Court Justices' decisions and found

A) The more they agreed, the more complex they were.
B) They showed more complexity in defense of legal precedents.
C) They showed simplicity in defense of legal precedents.
D) They were more complex if they were liberal than if they were conservative.

Question 79

Regarding Kelly's sarcasm

A) it was less prominent than his warmth
B) it was always harsh
C) it was rarely evident
D) it was always subtle

Question 80

Kelly was quite sarcastic about Pavlov's famous research involving

A) cats trying to get out of a puzzle box
B) rats running a maze
C) bears raiding a bees' nest
D) dogs salivating to a bell