Deck 13: Thinking Ahead and Learning Mastery of Ones Circumstances: Albert Bandura

Question 1

Bandura's theory, relative to that of Rotter and Mischel is

A) more focussed
B) less extensive
C) broader
D) more tuned

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The still made by fellow Yukon highway workers may have stirred Bandura's interest in

A) brewing
B) mechanics
C) constructionism
D) innovation

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What was remarkable about Bandura's early schooling?

A) He went to private schools.
B) He went to a school for disadvantaged children.
C) His school was rated one of the best in his country.
D) His school was so small, he was forced to learn on his own.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What was all the rage during Bandura's time at the University of Iowa?

A) learning theories
B) Freudian theory
C) the new cognitive movement
D) existentialism

Question 5

All except one of the following show how chance played a role in Bandura's life. Which does NOT illustrate the role of chance in his life?

A) Early arrival at the University narrowed his choices to taking a psychology class; he became hooked onpsychology.
B) Had he not been playing golf on a certain day, he would not have met his wife-to-be.
C) During a conditioning experiment, the automatic equipment broke, but the monkeys learned anyway by observing each other.
D) His wife happened to be working in a hospital where the "Great Imposter" played doctor.

Question 6

Which is NOT an example of Bandura the youthful prankster?

A) He and classmates stole his teachers trig book.
B) He and fellow grad students pined a rat to a bulletin board.
C) He relates an amusing story about bears raiding a liquor still.
D) He set off fire crackers under the desk of one of his school teachers.

Question 7

Observational learning is

A) learning how people and animals make observations
B) learning by observing models as they perform useful behavior
C) making observations about the learning processes
D) a special form of operant learning in which cognition plays a role

Question 8

Bandura's theory focuses on

A) the consistency of behavior
B) both the variability and stability of behavior
C) the variability of behavior
D) the magnitude of behavior

Question 9

In social cognitive theory

A) people function as contributors to their own motivation, behavior, and development within a network of reciprocally interacting influences
B) the balance and internal and external forces operate to influence both the emotional and cognitive processes as the individual adapts to her or his environment
C) the order of importance of factors is indicated in "social first, cognition second"
D) human functioning is emphasized because "cognition" is true of humans only

Question 10

Person factors, behavior, and the environment are

A) engaged in an adversarial relationship
B) are independent entities
C) are locked into a reciprocal relationship
D) are enveloped in "two at a time relationships": behavior-environment; environment-person factors, etc.

Question 11

In terms of behavior and neurobiological functions

A) causation is one way: neurobiology affects behavior
B) by the time behavior emerges, it has "lost touch" with neurobiology
C) to paraphrase Freud, "behavior knows nothing of neurons" (nerve cells)
D) behavior influences neurobiology: frequent exposure to something can reshape the brain

Question 12

In terms of environment and neurobiology

A) causation is one way: environment affects neurobiology
B) causation is one way: neurobiology affects environment
C) environment can affect neurobiology: women living together find that their menstrual cycles become synchronized
D) neurobiology can affect environment: "figments of people's imaginations" such as UFOs have been know to literally make an imprint on the environment

Question 13

Personal agency is defined as

A) a person acting as an agent on her or his behalf
B) coming to believe that one can make things happen that will benefit oneself and others
C) non-consciously evoking actions and strategies in others
D) the aspiration of most people regarding their ability to change their environment

Question 14

"Proxy agency" means

A) the same thing as "collective agency"
B) an approximation to agency
C) an agent who is proximal to oneself
D) enlisting others to help control circumstances affecting one's life

Question 15

Forethought refers to

A) anticipation of likely consequences of future actions
B) eyes in the back of the head as opposed to eyes up front
C) learning that thinking ahead is the best way to understand the past
D) the observation that learning is a matter of far-reaching concentration

Question 16

Why is a child's copying of her parents behavior not mere mimicry?

A) She always makes major changes in it.
B) She is not conscious that she is copying, she just goes thoughtlessly through the motions of copying behavior.
C) She is always coached in the behavior by her parents.
D) She has awareness of what parents have done and thoughtfulness about the implications of what's done.

Question 17

All except one are true regarding "models," except one. Which is NOT true?

A) Children consciously use parents as models.
B) Monkeys react neurologically when performing a grasping response or when seeing a human doing it.
C) Mimicry among birds is the same as observation learning among humans.
D) Models perform behavior for an audience to show how to do it and why it is beneficial.

Question 18

"Modeling" refers to

A) displaying a framework of ideas, as opposed to relating a full-blown theory
B) defining ways to frame an idea or thought
C) the act of performing a behavior before one or more observers
D) offering a sort of prototypical behavior that stands as an exemplar for others to adopt

Question 19

How do people react to a model's behavior?

A) They turn it over in their heads, relating it to information they already have.
B) They passively soak it up.
C) They absorb it, as in osmosis.
D) They mimic it, and in the process, learn it, integrate it, and prepare to use it.

Question 20

In "symbolic modeling,"

A) an object comes to symbolize a model
B) verbal and pictorial means are used to convey information necessary for the adoption of behavior;
C) a behavior is presented in symbolic form instead of the usual concrete form
D) models symbolize other models

Question 21

What happens when an observer adopts a behavior from a model?

A) The behavior is simply recorded in the motor systems of the brain.
B) The behavior is immediately and compulsively practiced.
C) The behavior is immediately assimilated to other previously possessed behaviors so that it loses its former identity.
D) An internal representation of the behavior is created and that representation is honed and refined.

Question 22

What kind of model is a person likely to observe?

A) anyone in a relevant setting performing relevant behavior
B) successful models: those who have done well generally and on specific tasks
C) anyone who is performing attractive behavior
D) persons who are similar to oneself or share one's life situation, regardless of their behavioral effectiveness

Question 23

An incentive is

A) any thing, concrete or abstract, that creates anticipation of a positive outcome following behavioral performance
B) a payoff following successful performance of behavior or sequence of behaviors
C) a feeling of anticipation, however vague, regarding a up-coming, significant event in the life of the person
D) roughly the same thing as reinforcement

Question 24

What may be more important than rewards from others?

A) rewards from institutions, such as the government
B) rewards that are symbolic rather than actual: the perception of others' approval
C) the knowledge that rewards would have been forthcoming had others witnessed one's performance
D) self-reward

Question 25

Goals (Bandura) are

A) essential to a firm sense of self
B) valid only if one adamantly refuses to abandon them even if they seem unattainable
C) all that one needs to succeed
D) anticipated achievements that are in line with current personal standards

Question 26

Self-regulatory processes are (Bandura)

A) restricted to delay of gratification
B) internal, cognitive/affective functions that guide and govern efforts toward goal attainment
C) are the external forces and pressures that ensure the individual will adhere to her/his goals
D) are a sub-category of incentives

Question 27

Self-efficacy is

A) a more general kind of self-esteem
B) a means of becoming more efficient
C) beliefs about one's ability to perform behaviors yielding expected outcomes
D) feelings that one can perform adequately as long as one experiences support from important others

Question 28

Participant modeling

A) is participating in research as a model
B) is when a person with low self-efficacy imitates a model's efficacious behavior
C) is when several models perform the same behavior for a single observer
D) is when an observer takes on the role of model and models a behavior for the benefit of the person who was previously the model

Question 29

All except one of the following are true of resilience. Which is NOT true of resilience?

A) It is limited to post trauma periods.
B) Famous writers and artists have show it.
C) It can be maintained for extended periods.
D) It is facilitated by positive emotions.

Question 30

In vicarious expectancy learning

A) one learns a behavior by observing another person
B) one learns to expect what a model is likely to do in a particular situation
C) people adopt other persons' expectancies concerning future events
D) people expect to learn from a model because of verbal promises of future performances on the part of the model

Question 31

Response facilitation refers to

A) processes that make a response easier to perform
B) facilitating the responses of others as they perform those responses
C) old responses being disinhibited as a result of watching a model's performance
D) people facilitating the responses of other people in a reciprocating process

Question 32

Diffusion of innovation

A) occurs when prestigious models try something new, displaying its benefits for others
B) is defusing a new behavior before it catches on
C) is advertising an old behavior as if it were a new one
D) is the random spread of new and old behavior so that the origin of each is obscured

Question 33

According to Bandura, which is a limit on adopting a novel behavior?

A) Even simple behavior may be obsolete by the time one learns it.
B) One may lack the skills to perform the new behavior.
C) People tend to adopt "what's new" whether it has any benefits to it.
D) By the time one adopts a behavior it is no longer novel.

Question 34

Extrinsic rewards refer to

A) rewards from within the individual
B) rewards originating outside the individual
C) rewards at the top of the hierarchy of rewards
D) rewards with especially great longevity

Question 35

Intrinsic rewards refer to

A) rewards from within the individual
B) rewards originating outside the individual
C) rewards at the top of the hierarchy of rewards
D) rewards with especially great longevity

Question 36

According to Bandura, long-term maintenance of a behavior depends largely on

A) repeated practice of the behavior
B) how long ago the behavior was adopted
C) how complex the behavior happens to be
D) developing intrinsic rewards for the behavior

Question 37

Intrinsic motivation refers to

A) desire for intrinsic rewards
B) motivation originating outside the individual
C) motivation at the top of the hierarchy of motivations
D) motivations with especially great longevity

Question 38

How do we know that intrinsic motivation is at work?

A) Behavior is persistent in the absence of obvious external rewards.
B) One must observe the persistence of a behavior in the absence of external rewards and behavioral alternatives.
C) One must observe that the strength of the behavior grows as a function of the amount of time devoted to the behavior.
D) The behavior must be unusual and unique to the performer.

Question 39

Self-evaluation refers to

A) roughly the same thing as "self-esteem"
B) adopting and applying other's evaluations of oneself
C) setting up a set of criteria for determining how well one is doing relative to comparable others
D) evaluating one's performance at various points along the way to task completion and issuing a judgment of its value

Question 40

Who said to Hadley Cantril that he "learned many years ago never to waste time trying to convince my colleagues"?

A) Robert Goddard
B) James Joyce
C) Auguste Rodin
D) Albert Einstein

Question 41

Vicarious reinforcement refers to

A) "middle-man" reinforcement
B) reinforcement that is secondary to primary reinforcement
C) when one observes another person being rewarded for performing a behavior
D) when one observes oneself being rewarded for performing a behavior

Question 42

Social comparison refers to

A) comparing one's behavior to the social norms of one's society relevant to that behavior
B) comparing the social norms of different societies that are relevant to a particular behavior
C) determining how well one is doing in life by comparing oneself to others sharing one's life situation
D) determining how well someone is doing by comparing that person with others sharing her or his life situation

Question 43

Choice of a person with whom to compare depends on all but one of the following. On which does it NOT depend?

A) relevant expertise
B) mood of the chooser
C) similarity to the chooser
D) whether the chosen is superior or inferior to the chooser

Question 44

Defensive behaviors are (Bandura)

A) adopted in order to cope with unpleasant events that are anticipated on future occasions
B) the behavioral manifestation of Freud's defense mechanisms
C) employed to ward off unwanted behaviors of others
D) employed in order to protect the individual's self-esteem from change

Question 45

What is associated with defensive behavior (Bandura)?

A) anxiety, initially
B) anxiety, continually
C) displacement
D) rationalizations

Question 46

Defensive behavior (Bandura) is difficult to change because

A) it has such a long reinforcement history
B) it is usually such ingrained behavior
C) it allows avoidance of unpleasant events in the future
D) it ensures that unpleasant feelings from the past will not return

Question 47

Why take a stuffed bear to bed?

A) It increases the child's self-efficacy.
B) It substitutes for the absent parental figure.
C) It keeps the wolves away.
D) It is an effective self-exonerative process.

Question 48

Self-efficacy is

A) another name for "self-confidence"
B) useful in dealing with negative, but not positive, behaviors
C) a process for becoming very efficient
D) a self-regulatory mechanism

Question 49

A phobia is

A) a fear of something scary
B) a problem for most people
C) a very minor psychological disorder
D) an irrational fear

Question 50

Self-efficacy is

A) rarely researched
B) heavily researched
C) little supported by research
D) aimed at negative behaviors only

Question 51

People who are spider phobics

A) have a trivial problem
B) have a problem that cannot be dealt with in a few hours of work with a model
C) may have an incapacitating problem
D) need long-term psychotherapy

Question 52

All except one of the following are behaviors of spider phobics in the Bandura, Reese, and Adams (1982) study of means to change phobics. Which is NOT one of those behaviors?

A) One phobic nearly destroyed her house trying to bash spiders.
B) One phobic could not take a bath for fear of spiders in the tub.
C) One phobic would vomit for hours at exposure even to a picture of a spider.
D) One phobic leaped out of the car she was driving upon noticing a spider in the car.

Question 53

What was the first step in the Bandura et al spider phobic study?

A) show subjects photos of spiders
B) assure subjects that they will not have to touch a spider during the course of the study
C) have subjects touch a spider right away so that the worse part is over quickly
D) give subjects a behavioral avoidance test to determine their initial level of self-efficacy

Question 54

Which of the following was an item found on the behavioral avoidance test the Bandura et al spider phobic study?

A) stepping on a spider
B) allowing a spider to crawl on subjects' laps
C) subjects imagined that a spider was eating them
D) pretending that a spider was not present

Question 55

Which of the following was a result of the Bandura et al spider phobics study?

A) Several subjects failed to ever even approach a spider.
B) Regardless of efficacy level, subjects' observations of the model allowed them to finally interact with the spider.
C) A few subjects immediately were able to handle a spider.
D) Self-efficacy predicted performance almost perfectly.

Question 56

Bandura, and the Italian team plus Carnillo Regalia (2001) studied the relationship between transgressive behavior (e.g., lying) and several other factors. What did they find?

A) Prosocialness was unrelated to transgressive behavior.
B) Self-regulatory efficacy was directly, positively related to trangressive behavior.
C) Academic efficacy was positively related to trangressive behavior.
D) Social efficacy was negatively related to transgressive behavior through prosocialness.

Question 57

All of the following are among the findings of the Bandura et al spider phobics study, except one. Which is NOT among those findings?

A) By the end of the experiment, only subjects in the high efficacy condition showed high self-efficacy.
B) There was a very direct relationship between subjects' assigned level of self-efficacy and their behavior performance after treatment.
C) If a subject indicated that she felt she could at most place her hands on the inverted bowl containing the spider, she could not go beyond that behavior.
D) Some phobics were, by the end of the experiment, able to touch a creature that had terrorized them for a lifetime.

Question 58

All except one of the following were findings in the Wiedenfeld, O'Leary, Bandura, Brown, Levene, and Raska (1990) study of snake phobics that was patterned after the earlier study. Which was NOT a finding?

A) Self-efficacy stayed at rock bottom during the pre-test phase.
B) Slow growth of perceived self-efficacy was associated with sluggish immune-system functioning.
C) High heart acceleration was associated with lower immunological status.
D) The slower the growth of self-efficacy, the lower were cortisol levels.

Question 59

Rather than promoting the view of addicts as powerless drug abuser, what does Bandura suggest?

A) empower them
B) teach them delay tactics
C) get them away from enablers
D) give them some new incentives

Question 60

All except one is an application of Bandura's theory to the real world. Which is NOT?

A) Chinese TV promoted valuing female babies
B) children in TV ads modeled taking vitamins
C) TV dramatic actors modeled the benefits of literacy
D) a TV dramatic actor got AIDS from unsafe sex

Question 61

All of the following are important for changing social and health-related behavior, except one. Which is NOT important for changing health related behavior?

A) optimism
B) recovery from setbacks
C) present-orientation
D) perceived health self-efficacy

Question 62

Bandura and his Italian colleagues (2001) found all except one of the following to fall along the path to children's careers in the medical professions. Which was NOT found along that path?

A) children's academic aspirations
B) parental social efficacy
C) children's social efficacy
D) children's educational/medical efficacy

Question 63

All except one of the following was a finding of the study by the Italian team, Bandura, and Zimbardo (2000) on pro-socialness and aggressiveness? Which was NOT a finding of that study?

A) Aggressiveness had no effects on academic achievement.
B) Prosocialness had a direct, positive effect on academic achievement.
C) Early academic achievement was unrelated to later academic achievement.
D) Prosocialness was unrelated to popularity.

Question 64

All but one were found in studies relating to work, partying and "spending life on a park bench. Which was NOT found?

A) Job Readiness Self-Efficacy was unrelated to Work Personality.
B) Social self-efficacy insulated teens against shyness.
C) Teens who manage negative affect (NA) are emotionally stable (ES).
D) The elderly have high self-efficacy for tasks relevant to them.

Question 65

Which was found by Caprara et al (2003) regarding relations among Emotional Stability (ES), Social Self Efficacy (SSE), and self-efficacy to manage positive (SEMPA) and negative self-efficacy (SEMNA)?

A) managing SEMPA and SEMNA promoted SSE
B) relating well with parents failed to promote SSE
C) SSE was related to shyness only at time one
D) SEMPA was negatively related to ES

Question 66

What does dehumanization allow people to do?

A) ignore the consequences of others' actions
B) be indifferent to others
C) kill, torture, and unjustly imprison
D) go about our business

Question 67

Which of the following is an advantageous comparison?

A) comparing oneself to people of great wealth
B) comparing what certain people do to what other people do
C) comparing oneself to similar others in the hope that one does a little bit better than them
D) excusing deplorable behavior by declaring that others do it also

Question 68

Which of the following is an example of euphemistic labeling?

A) anti-personnel device
B) European American
C) loaded gun
D) Kodak moment

Question 69

Saying that gays and lesbians brought persecution on themselves is an example of

A) euphemistic labeling
B) gradualistic moral disengagement
C) moral justification
D) blaming the victim

Question 70

Which one of the following is a definition of displacement or a definition of diffusion of responsibility (Bandura)?

A) spreading the responsibility among actors for having been forced to perform an act
B) displacing, for example, aggression onto other than the person who attacked oneself
C) spreading the responsibility for taking some action to other persons present
D) displacing oneself from the scene of a reprehensible act

Question 71

Which of the following amounts to moral justification?

A) saying that victims of AIDS are at fault for their condition
B) using phrases like "body count"
C) placing the blame for one's deplorable acts onto others
D) seeking support for one's deplorable acts in the Bible

Question 72

Slipping unawares into what was normally unacceptable behavior is

A) moral justification
B) gradualistic moral disengagement
C) displacement
D) diffusion of responsibility

Question 73

All except one of the following are social cognitive theory concepts to help explain moral functioning. Which is NOT one of those concepts?

A) moral reactivity
B) euphemistic labeling
C) dehumanization processes
D) advantageous comparison

Question 74

All except one of the following are social cognitive theory concepts to help explain moral functioning. Which is NOT one of those concepts?

A) euphemistic labeling
B) blaming the victim
C) bystander apathy
D) displacement

Question 75

All except one of the following are social cognitive theory concepts to help explain moral functioning. Which is NOT one of those concepts?

A) diffusion of responsibility
B) superficial expediency
C) moral justification
D) gradualistic moral disengagement

Question 76

Self-evaluation is important for understanding

A) extrinsic motivation
B) bystander apathy
C) altruism and self-sacrifice
D) bigotry

Question 77

Which of the following provides good examples of several of Bandura's self-exonerative processes?

A) Ku Klux Klan
B) army privates
C) divorced women
D) professional athletes

Question 78

A possible problem with social cognitive theory is

A) It is too restricted.
B) Its terms are not clearly defined.
C) Research support is growing faster than application of it.
D) It relies to heavily on obscure rather than common language labels for concepts.

Question 79

Which was once a problem with social cognitive theory?

A) It is too simple.
B) It is too abstract.
C) It has little practical application.
D) It has insufficient support for notions about self-exoneration.

Question 80

Which is true of abusive males (Zayas et al. (2002)?

A) They selected ads by females with self-depreciating attachment styles.
B) They are almost all uneducated.
C) They seek women who, like their mothers, were abused.
D) They tend to be self-centered and narcissistic.