Deck 18: Where Is Personality Theory Going

Question 1

All of the following were oriented to the past, except one. Who was NOT past-oriented?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Kelly
D) Murray

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which kind of psychologist is most likely to promote "free will"?

A) behaviorist
B) cognitive social
C) psychodynamic
D) neo-Freudian

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Who has the LEAST to say about the "unconscious"?

A) Sullivan
B) Murray
C) Horney
D) Adler

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Who gave only lip service to the Freudian unconscious?

A) Erikson
B) Sulivan
C) Murray
D) Horney

Question 5

All the following posed developmental states. Who did NOT pose stages?

A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Allport
D) Rotter

Question 6

Who was the LEAST pessimistic about the "goodness" of humans?

A) Freud
B) Maslow
C) Sullivan
D) Murray

Question 7

Who was the MOST optimistic about the "goodness" of humans?

A) Fromm
B) Horney
C) Bandura
D) Jung

Question 8

Who MOST clearly supported "external causation?

A) Rotter
B) Eysenck
C) Skinner
D) Cattell

Question 9

Who did NOT rely on bipolarity?

A) Mischel
B) Erikson
C) Eysenck
D) Cattell

Question 10

Who is the most philosophically, rather than empirically, oriented?

A) Rogers
B) Mischel
C) Fromm
D) Bandura

Question 11

Who was the MOST empirically oriented?

A) Freud
B) Mischel
C) Sulliven
D) Horney

Question 12

Holism means

A) looking at the whole picture
B) being wholly responsible for oneself
C) considering the person as a whole
D) dividing personality into several wholes

Question 13

Who was the MOST explicit in taking genetics into account?

A) Jung
B) Skinner
C) Rogers
D) Maslow

Question 14

Who did NOT take the spiritual side of people into account?

A) Eysenck
B) Allport
C) Rogers
D) Maslow

Question 15

Which is more important, the genes or the environment?

A) the genes
B) the environment
C) It depends on one's perspective.
D) Separating genetic influences from environmental influences may become passe´.

Question 16

What should psychologists do in the future regarding genetics?

A) avoid attempting to deal with genetics
B) receive training in biological genetics
C) finally decide between nature and nurture
D) agree to suspend judgments about genes and environment

Question 17

Which is likely in the future?

A) Personologists will give up on trying to relate genetics to personality.
B) Sophisticated techniques such as PET, CT, and MRI will prove of little use to personologists.
C) Links between biology and behavior, thought and feeling will be established.
D) Psychology will become a sub-field of biology.

Question 18

Students of whom are MOST likely to carry Allport's idiographic approach into the future?

A) Mischel
B) Adler
C) Sullivan
D) Murray

Question 19

Which is a problem with "traits"?

A) They will surely be abandoned in the future.
B) With the development of the Big 5, their dominant place in the future is ensured.
C) No clear line of demarcation can be drawn between traits and states.

Question 20

What is a problem with "traits"?

A) There are currently very few advocates of traits.
B) Traits have not been around long enough to properly evaluate them.
C) New traits continue to be invented and then declared to be "genetically determined."
D) There are none; traits will continue to dominate the study of personality.

Question 21

Which is an advantage of "behavioral dispositions" (BD) over traits?

A) They are not so simplex as are traits.
B) They are not burdened with numerous questionable assumptions.
C) BDs have no shortcomings.
D) BDs currently have more advocates than traits.

Question 22

Which is a problem with "behavioral dispositions" (BDs)

A) There are no serious problems with BDs.
B) They are new and basically unknown.
C) BDs are limited to operant conditions aspects of personality.
D) Emotions are slighted by the BD approach.

Question 23

What advantage do cognitive concepts such as "expectancies" and "self-regulatory processes" have?

A) They require no assumptions about cross-situational consistency.
B) They are already displacing traits.
C) They are simple ideas; simplicity is preferred to complexity.
D) They are the object of more research than traits.

Question 24

How is personality represented by the cognitive orientation?

A) as traits without all the trait assumptions
B) as representations of external entities
C) as entities that are easier to manipulate
D) as processes that are distinctive: unique to each person

Question 25

Which is an advantage of temperament over traits?

A) There are none: temperament is just another word for "trait."
B) "Temperaments" are more popular with personologists.
C) Temperaments may be more likely to have discoverable genetic underpinnings.
D) Temperaments are more narrow and thus easier to deal with.

Question 26

Which is a problem with relating "traits" to genetics?

A) There is an indefinite number of them, which strains the capacity of the genetic system.
B) It is necessary to assume that there is just one gene for each trait.
C) It is now clear that there are no genes for traits.
D) It is now well accepted that environmental factors determine traits.

Question 27

Which is the dilemma of the notion "construct"?

A) If each person has a different construct system, how can general principles emerge?
B) How can constructs be distinguished from traits?
C) Are constructs merely constellations of traits?
D) Can constructs ever be related to the brain?

Question 28

Which is the situationalist's position taken to the extreme?

A) equating "situations" to physical environments
B) claiming that situations determine traits
C) varying the definition of situations to fit each specific research purpose
D) claiming that each situation demands the same behavior of everyone

Question 29

Apparently, who are the sitiuationalists?

A) radical personologists
B) social psychologists
C) behaviorists
D) humanists

Question 30

All but one of the following have been accused of relying too heavily on case histories. Who is NOT so accused?

A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Fromm
D) Horney

Question 31

Who probably relied the MOST on anecdotes?

A) Eysenck
B) Horney
C) Sullivan
D) Jung

Question 32

Whose theory is NOT based on case histories?

A) Mischel
B) Freud
C) Jung
D) Murray

Question 33

What is the status of Freud's assumption that one must dredge up traumas of the past in order to master one's psychological problems?

A) It is well accepted today.
B) Actually, Freud never made the assumption.
C) There has never been any hard evidence to support it.

Question 34

What is the text author's opinion about "correlation and causation"?

A) Correlation means causation.
B) New sophisticated statistical techniques may make "correlation is causation" more credible in the future.
C) The experimental method establishes causation without question.
D) Carefully done correlational research can establish causation.

Question 35

What is ordinarily required to establish causation?

A) the prior variation of one variable followed by the subsequent variation in another variable
B) that an experimental manipulation be carried out
C) statistically relating two or more variables
D) implicating genetics in the relationship between two variables

Question 36

If a "path analysis" specifies a particular theoretically relevant "path," what else should it do?

A) graph the path
B) examine the reverse of the path
C) use the latest statistics
D) specify brain areas related to the path

Question 37

Which is true of personologists with regard to doing experiments?

A) It is almost never possible to do experiment with personality variables.
B) Most personologists rely heavily on experimentation.
C) There is no need to do experiments in the study of personality.
D) Personologists rarely do experiments.

Question 38

Would use of the experimental method resulting in change in people's position along some trait position threaten the trait position?

A) yes, definitely
B) yes, but only for some trait positions
C) no, because it would fail to produce change
D) no, because the change would be short term

Question 39

We know all of the following about personality. Which do we NOT know?

A) Personality is complex.
B) Personality is rather completely understood at the present time.
C) Personality is uniqueness.
D) Personality must cast in such a way that it can be related to biological and neurological processes.

Question 40

What temporal orientation is likely to be favored by theorists of personality in the 21st century?

A) past
B) present
C) future
D) It is impossible to say.

Question 41

Which of the following orientations will likely be favored by theorists of the 21st Century?

A) unconsciousness
B) consciousness
C) pre-consciousness
D) semi-consciousness

Question 42

Which seems to be the best solution in the future to the "humans, good or bad?" question?

A) make a positive assumption about humans
B) It is safer to expect the worst: you are ready to deal with it.
C) declare all humans to be good no matter what
D) suspend the question until research progresses farther

Question 43

In the future, which will likely be the best solution to the "external/internal" and genetic/environment causation question?

A) in view of the recent mapping of the human genome, come down on the side of genetics
B) end the debate: it is not possible or meaningful to decide
C) come down on the side of environment (nurture) because that is what research results suggest
D) suspend judgment until there is more evidence bearing on the issue

Question 44

Regarding bipolarity in the future

A) it is an ancient idea, thus, abandon it
B) it involves too many problems, thus abandon it
C) it is a tradition, so, continue it
D) this orientation is unproblematic, thus, theorists can use it or not

Question 45

What is the future of "taking ideas off the top of the head"?

A) Inevitably it will continue: it is too engrained.
B) It is time to abandon notions that have non-scientific origins.
C) It is a moot question: ignore it.
D) These ideas are harmless, so, lay the question aside.

Question 46

The survival of the idiographic approach may depend on

A) the future prosperity of Mischel's view
B) chance
C) complete change in the orientation of personality theories
D) nothing specifiable: this minority position has no real chance of survival

Question 47

Which is a future advantage of temperaments over traits?

A) They are more narrow, thus, easier to deal with.
B) They have a longer history in the study of personality, thus, are more established.
C) They are broader, thus, there are fewer of them to deal with.
D) They are nebulous, thus, one can read what one will into them.

Question 48

The survival of Kelly's "constructs" may, in the future, depend on which of the following?

A) chance
B) the prosperity of his numerous American students
C) the compilation of much new data
D) the continued interest in his theory on the part of British psychologists

Question 49

Will "situation" survive in the future?

A) No, it is a murky concept.
B) Yes, it is too engrained to disappear.
C) No, there isn't any interest in it any more.
D) Yes, it is too valuable to abandon.

Question 50

Despite the projection that case histories, anecdotes, and unsubstantiated notions will play little role in the scientific study of personality in the future, do they have any value?

A) Anecdotes are too common to be avoided even in science.
B) Scientists have succeeded in the past by pulling notions off the top of the head, thus, they will continue to do so.
C) Case histories will always be useful in illustrating important points.
D) None of these have had any value in the past, thus, they will be abandoned in the future.

Question 51

Why is it likely that more experiments will be done by personologists in the future?

A) It will be easier to do them in the future due to technical advances.
B) Experimental approaches are already pushing correlational approaches aside.
C) Finally, the correlational approach has been discredited.
D) Much can be learned by creating variance along a personality dimension to observe effects on social behavior, cognition, or emotion.

Question 52

How will personality research and theory be affected by neuroscience research in the future?

A) It will not be affected: notions of personality are too abstract to be related to the brain.
B) Neuroscience approaches will be tried and then abandoned because it is failing elsewhere in psychology.
C) Neuroscience research will not be tried in personality research because personologists are too inflexible to pursue it.
D) As in the areas of learning, memory, and perception, neuroscience research in personality will increase in the future.