Deck 6: The Gardeners Web Chapter Indigenous North American World-Systems Before the Rise of Chiefs

Question 1

Cultures switched from hunting to planting because:

A) planting was easier work
B) planting provided people with more leisure time
C) planting was more egalitarian
D) a, b and c
E) none of the above

Answer 1

E

Question 2

According to Jared Diamond, the rate of diffusion of cultural invention depends on

A) the shape of the continents
B) climatic variation
C) pristine natural resources
D) a, b and c
E) none of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Marvin Harris the emergence of "big men" in horticulture societies was an expression of

A) Darwinian sexual selection
B) the beginning of the capitalist spirit
C) a way to organize the political economy more systematically
D) psychological compensation for a loss of status in work compared to being hunters

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The big man:

A) accumulated more material wealth compared to others
B) inherited his position
C) could order commoners around
D) was supported by a specialized group of warriors
E) a, b, c, d
F) none of the above

Question 5

Compared to nomadic hunter-gatherer societies simple horticultural societies have more children. This is because:

A) horticulture more easily lends itself to child labor
B) horticulturalists did not have as good birth control methods as nomadic hunter- gatherers
C) horticulturalists developed an ideology of the sacredness of family life
D) the costumes they used for their rituals were more elaborate and hence sexier
E) none of the above

Question 6

In nomadic hunting and gathering societies the visual transparency of the architecture leads to what on the part of families in relation to each other

A) noisiness
B) civil inattention
C) impressions management
D) withdrawal outside the camp
E) none of the above

Question 7

Based on the diffused nature of the psyche in foraging and horticultural societies, if a man found out his wife had been unfaithful the wife's most likely response would be:

A) "that was very thoughtless of me"
B) "I was being unfaithful to show you what it is like since you've been unfaithful to me"
C) "the spirits made me do it"
D) "I have intimacy issues"
E) "my mother was unfaithful and I guess I'm unconsciously following her"

Question 8

The presence of strangers among foragers would not lead to

A) hospitality
B) violence
C) superficial tolerance and civility
D) none of the above

Question 9

According to Peter Wilson, there are more witchcraft accusations in horticultural societies than in hunter-gatherer societies because:

A) gardeners are naturally more superstitious
B) the architecture is opaque leading to paranoia
C) a successful garden is less predictable than a successful big game hunt
D) the spirits were imagined to be more malevolent
E) none of the above

Question 10

In gardening societies the people most likely to be accused of witchcraft are

A) family members
B) kin group members
C) neighbors
D) strangers
E) none of the above

Question 11

What is similar in the transitions to diversified foraging and gardening?

A) investment in improving nature's productivity of food.
B) moving down the food chain to resources that are less susceptible to depletion
C) an increase in the amount of space needed for each person
D) the abandonment of frenetic dancing
E) a and b
F) none of the above

Question 12

Gardening was invented in six different and unconnected locations because

A) people naturally like to work with the soil
B) bouquets became an important status symbol at feasts
C) population pressure encouraged the intensification of land use
D) population growth depleted the availability of natural supplies of vegetable foods
E) people became tired of eating so much meat
F) farming is easier than hunting and gathering
G) c and d
H) a, b and f

Question 13

The switch from big-game hunting to foraging has been called the Neolithic Revolution because hunter gatherers knew nothing of planting before it was discovered 10,000 years ago.

Question 14

Once horticulture emerged it spread to the rest of the world 10,000 years ago.

Question 15

Compared to nomadic egalitarian hunter-gatherers, people in simple horticultural societies were more interdependent.

Question 16

From a materialist perspective the purpose of group ritual is to soften group conflict.

Question 17

Agriculture supports a larger population than horticulture.

Question 18

In simple horticultural societies men's work status increased compared to hunting and gathering.

Question 19

The diet of simple horticulturalists compared to hunter-gatherers was more likely to be protein-deficient.

Question 20

Compared to nomadic hunter-gatherers, gardeners have less clearly defined territories because food production is more reliable.

Question 21

Of Lyn Lofland's three zones of private, parochial and public, the public realm did not exist in either hunter-gatherer or horticultural societies.

Question 22

What do the expansion into kin groups, more elaborate rituals and emphasis on hospitality have in common is they are mechanisms for minimizing intra-group hostility.

Question 23

Ancestor reverence is more likely among foraging societies.

Question 24

In applying the social psychology of symbolic interactionism to nomadic foragers and gardeners it is safe to say that foragers are more likely to be better at role-making than gardeners because life for them is more unpredictable.

Question 25

Collectivist selves have an external locus of control rather than an internal locus of control.

Question 26

Once a society adapts to gardening, the process is irreversible because there is a linear relationship in social evolution moving from simplicity to complexity.

Question 27

Diffusion of domesticated plant and animal species is much slower and harder in an east/west movement than in a north/south movement.

Question 28

Once people have started gardening they never go back to dependence on hunting.

Question 29

The emergence of diversified foraging and horticulture usually allowed people to eat more meat.

Question 30

Horticulture was invented in ancient Western Asia and from there it spread to the rest of the continents.

Question 31

Gardening was independently invented in six different and unconnected locations.

Question 32

O' Kelly and Carney point out that in horticultural societies economic relationships between brothers and sisters took priority over economic relations between spouses. Do you think it might be safer to organize your economic savings with your brothers and sisters rather than with a spouse? What are the pros and cons of doing so? Keep in mind that brothers and sisters rarely have "break-ups".

Question 33

Compare the similarities and differences between shamanism, witchcraft and ancestor worship.

Question 34

Discuss the concepts of botanical and zoological wealth as presented in Chapter 6 and the ways in which these affected the timing and spatial distribution of the transition to horticulture.

Question 35

Discuss the similarities and differences between the transition to diversified foraging and the transition to horticulture.

Question 36

Describe the relationships between early sedentism and the emergence of horticulture as discussed in Chapter 6.