Deck 10: How Are Propositions of Value Argued

Question 1

Value argumentation is almost exclusively concerned with making aesthetic judgments about artistic works using sets of critical standards from fields such a theatre, music, painting, and dance.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Values predispose us to think of something or someone in positive or negative terms.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

How we value something or someone is fixed, we do not change that evaluation.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

When we state values exist in a hierarchy, we mean that they exist independent of each other.

Question 5

A society's value system may change when new information is discovered.

Question 6

A value hierarchy is a set of attitudes and core values shared by members of a field or an audience.

Question 7

The criteria development case uses an existing framework of values that is applied to the value object.

Question 8

Criteria development cases are used when criteria to evaluate the value object do not already exist or are not commonly understood.

Question 9

Value criteria constitute the attributes something or someone must possess in order to be thought of as "beneficial," "harmful," or "effective."

Question 10

In value argumentation, the advocate must make a strategic decision whether to employ single or multiple value criteria.

Question 11

In value argumentation, the use of multiple value criteria by the advocate automatically means that while each is a necessary condition for judging the value object in a particular way, none of them is sufficient by itself to warrant such a judgment.

Question 12

In value argumentation, arguments about effect are related to measuring the magnitude, severity, frequency, or consequences with which the significance occurs.

Question 13

In value argumentation, arguments about significance are related to measuring the magnitude, severity, frequency, or consequences with which the effect occurs.

Question 14

In value argumentation, if the significance of the effect is not inherent to the fundamental nature of the value object, then measurement of the value object by the criterion is invalid.

Question 15

In value argumentation, inherency often refers to the attitudes society now holds about the value object.

Question 16

In value argumentation, the opponent need not concern himself with analyzing the proposition.

Question 17

The opponent in value argumentation uses the stock issues to determine where and how to attack the advocate's case.

Question 18

One strategic option the opponent always has available is the ability to argue that a value other than that suggested by the advocate should occupy the pinnacle of the hierarchy of values.

Question 19

As an opponent in value argumentation, you may shift ground without committing a fallacy when you ask the audience to view the value object from the position of a different value hierarchy than the one proposed by the advocate.

Question 20

The strategies of refutation by denial and extenuation are not usable in opposing propositions of value.

Question 21

Our general understanding of value is that it is a mode of thought that can influence the way we think about things and about the behaviors in which we engage. What do we do in this "value-thinking mode"?

A)We isolate a particular value that seems to apply to the "something" that is the value object of a proposition.
B)We make subjective, judgmental statements about people, places, ideas, and artifacts.
C)We describe the nature and extensiveness of a disparity.
D)We test a hypothesis that derives from a moral or ethical position.

Question 22

All of the following can be considered to be core America values EXCEPT

A)acceptance of diversity.
B)individualism.
C)self-confidence.
D)belief in American superiority.

Question 23

A society's value system may undergo change when what takes place?

A)New information is introduced.
B)Political and ideological change occurs.
C)Old values erode.
D)All of the above

Question 24

The factor which is most likely to bring about a change in societal values as a result of resistance by large numbers of people is termed

A)new information.
B)ideological change.
C)political change.
D)erosion.

Question 25

The "social media revolution" that includes the increasing use of Internet sites such as Face Book and Twitter has produced a great deal of debate about the value and consequences of these new media. Value change such as we find in the social media revolution is value change that comes from

A)new information.
B)political change.
C)erosion of a value.
D)change in the operating environment.

Question 26

Value change that occurs when society adopts the value of a minority group which has been successful in promoting a new way of making a value seem important is termed

A)value implementation retargeting.
B)value emphasis or de-emphasis.
C)value redistribution.
D)value restandardization.

Question 27

Value change that occurs when the environment changes in a way that causes an existing value to become more or less important physiologically or psychologically is termed

A)value implementation retargeting.
B)value emphasis or de-emphasis.
C)value redistribution.
D)value restandardization.

Question 28

Value change that occurs when society alters the manner in which it pursues a value rather than changing the value itself is known as

A)value implementation retargeting.
B)value emphasis or de-emphasis.
C)value redistribution.
D)value restandardization.

Question 29

In preparing a prima facie case for value argumentation, the first step for the advocate is

A)defining the value object.
B)identifying the value hierarchy.
C)specifying the value criteria.
D)measuring the value object.

Question 30

In resolving the conflict between values framed by a proposition in his or her favor, the advocate should attempt to prove that the value he or she favors does which of the following?

A)It has more desirable consequences for society than the competing value.
B)It minimizes the attainment of some other already agreed-upon value.
C)It is subsumed by the opposing value.
D)All of the above

Question 31

As an advocate, you may attempt to resolve a value conflict by creating a decision rule. Which of the following would NOT be one of these decision rules?

A)Prove that your value maximizes another agreed upon value.
B)Prove that your value has the more desirable consequences.
C)Prove that your value overcomes an existing cultural value.
D)Prove that your value subsumes (includes) opposing values.

Question 32

In establishing a prima facie position on the proposition "Pittsburgh is the most livable city in the United States," it would be necessary to offer arguments on all of the following areas except

A)inherency.
B)significance.
C)effect.
D)limitation.

Question 33

Assuming that one of our criteria for "most livable city" is whether or not cultural and recreational opportunities are available. When we advance an argument ending in the claim "therefore there are a large number of different cultural and recreational opportunities are available in Pittsburgh," we are most likely arguing the claim of

A)inherency.
B)significance.
C)effect.
D)limitation.

Question 34

Of course we would have to prove more than just a large number of cultural and recreational opportunities are found in Pittsburgh. If we advanced another unit of argument ending in the claim, "therefore, having access to cultural and recreational opportunities enhances the quality of life," we are most likely arguing the claim of

A)inherency.
B)significance.
C)effect.
D)limitation.

Question 35

In order to complete our argumentation about the cultural and recreational advantages of Pittsburgh, we might advance a final unit of argument ending in the claim, "therefore of the nation's 329 metropolitan areas, only Pittsburgh's city commission provides financial support for the arts," we are arguing the claim of

A)inherency.
B)significance.
C)effect.
D)limitation.

Question 36

In value argumentation, what does the inherency argument do?

A)The inherency argument explains or proves what the value object is purported to do or possess.
B)The inherency argument explains or proves the magnitude, severity, or frequency with which the effect of the value object occurs.
C)The inherency argument explains or proves that the effect and significance are intrinsic to the value object, often the result of an attitude toward the value object.
D)All of the above

Question 37

As an opponent in value argumentation, to gain an advantage from the benefit of presumption, what must you do?

A)Be aware of how the value object is presently viewed in the field or by the audience.
B)Investigate what opinions have been formed about the value object, particularly those of respected authorities in the field.
C)Determine what value standards (criteria) are used to judge the value object and what controversies exist about the value object at the present time.
D)All of the above

Question 38

In responding to the advocate's prima facie case on the proposition, "Pittsburgh is the most livable city in the United States," the opponent argues that "although Pittsburgh may have cultural opportunities, it fails to meet the other tests of 'livability,' clean air, low crime rate, and available housing." The opponent would be using what strategy?

A)Challenging the definition of terms.
B)Challenging the criteria of measurement.
C)Challenging the measurement of the value object.
D)All of the above

Question 39

As an opponent in value argumentation, you have the strategic option of challenging the advocate's criteria. In using this strategy, which of the following could you NOT do?

A)Challenge the advocate's definition of the value object as either including elements she failed to consider, or excluding elements that she erroneously included.
B)Challenge the appropriateness of the advocate's criteria as "good" measures of effect, significance, and inherency.
C)Challenge the appropriateness of the advocate's criteria on the basis that they are too unusual or that they are more appropriate for measuring some other value object.
D)Provide better, more appropriate, criteria for measuring the value object.

Question 40

As an opponent in value argumentation, you have the strategic option of accepting the advocate's value criteria and then refuting her measurement of the value object as she applies the criteria. In using this strategy, which of the following would you NOT do?

A)Argue that the effect suggested by the advocate occurs only in an exceptional case or in extenuating circumstances.
B)Challenge inherency by demonstrating that the value in question is either not central to society or the field, or that the value is subject to change over time.
C)Ask the audience to view the value object from the perspective of a different value hierarchy.
D)Show that prominent sources in the field do not consider the effect or significance to be of great importance.