Deck 7: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following is a disorder that is defined by the presence of significant interruptions of emotional or mood states?

A) neurocognitive disorder
B) autism spectrum disorder
C) specific learning disability
D) bipolar disorder

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is true of major depressive disorders?

A) The sufferer experiences acute, time-limited periods of depressive symptoms.
B) The episodes of depression last indefinitely.
C) It is always a response to some external stimulus or set of events.
D) There is a marked increase in interest in most daily activities.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A period in which an individual experiences acute but time-limited periods of intense psychological and physical symptoms related to a dysphoric mood is referred to as a(n)

A) euphoric episode.
B) hypomanic episodes.
C) major depressive episode.
D) manic episodes.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The major difference between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder is that

A) in the case of persistent depressive disorder, the individual does not experience a major depressive episode.
B) in the case of major depressive disorder, episodes of depressive symptoms are not time-limited.
C) major depressive disorder is chronic in nature.
D) a person suffering from persistent depressive disorder experiences heightened mood.

Question 5

Which of the following is a symptom of major depressive disorder?

A) Elated mood most of the day
B) Increased interest in daily activities
C) Insomnia or hypersomnia
D) Reduced production of neurotransmitters

Question 6

During his tenure as a prosecutor, Larson had once helped to book an innocent man in a murder trial. Following this incident he lost his appetite leading to weight loss and developed insomnia. Of late he has also become dysphoric and has developed suicidal tendencies. Identify the disorder from which Larson is suffering.

A) Major depressive disorder
B) Autism
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Cyclothymic disorder

Question 7

Women are almost _____ percent more likely to experience major depressive disorder at some point in life than men.

A) 10
B) 70
C) 40
D) 20

Question 8

Mary has been in a continual state of dysfunction that has kept her from feeling truly happy or well-adjusted. However, she has never had a full-blown depressive episode. Mary is most likely suffering from _____ disorder.

A) cyclothymic
B) persistent depressive
C) bipolar
D) major depressive

Question 9

Individuals suffering from persistent depressive disorder typically suffer from some of the same symptoms as people with major depressive disorder. However, those with persistent depressive disorder do not

A) suffer from insomnia.
B) experience as many severe depressive symptoms.
C) suffer from low self-esteem.
D) have substance abuse problems.

Question 10

Older individuals with persistent disorder or depression are more likely to report problems in which of the following areas of functioning?

A) Physical
B) Psychological
C) Social
D) Mental

Question 11

The overwhelming feeling of sadness a depressed person feels is referred to as

A) euphoria.
B) elation.
C) dysphoria.
D) ecstasy.

Question 12

Kiara has been experiencing mildly depressed moods and feelings of guilt, ever since she had an abortion three years ago. She believes that she lost her baby due to her own negligence. She has not suffered from a major depressive episode during this time period, but is never totally free of her depressive symptoms. From the given information, identify the chronic disorder from which Kiara is suffering.

A) Major depressive disorder
B) Persistent depressive disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Cyclothymic disorder

Question 13

Which of the following is a mood disorder where the primary symptom is fluctuation between dysphoric and hypomanic mood states?

A) Major depressive disorder
B) Persistent depressive disorder
C) Cyclothymic disorder
D) Autism

Question 14

Which of the following mood disorders involves extreme swings in mood?

A) Major depressive disorder
B) Bipolar disorder
C) Persistent depressive disorder
D) Major depressive episode

Question 15

The milder form of bipolar disorder that involves a less intense vacillation between states of euphoria and dysphoria is known as

A) persistent depressive disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) cyclothymic disorder.
D) euphoric disorder.

Question 16

The difference between persistent depressive disorder and bipolar disorder is that

A) in the case of persistent depressive disorder, the individual experiences major depressive episodes.
B) in the case of persistent depressive disorder, episodes of depressive symptoms are not time-limited.
C) bipolar disorder is chronic in nature.
D) bipolar disorder involves intense and very disruptive experiences of a euphoric mood.

Question 17

Bipolar disorder was formerly referred to as

A) cyclothymic disorder.
B) manic depression.
C) euphoric-dysphoric disorder.
D) affective psychosis.

Question 18

A state in which a person feels more cheerful and elated than average is referred to as

A) euphoria.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) anhedonia.
D) dysphoria

Question 19

In order for a clinician to diagnose a person with bipolar disorder, an individual must experience a(n) ________ episode.

A) manic
B) acute depressive
C) chronic depressive
D) dysphoric

Question 20

Jules has been suffering from a form of mood disorder. She experiences insomnia and feels low on energy at times and then at other times she seems to be very energetic and experiences a state of ecstasy. Identify the mood disorder affecting Jules.

A) Major depressive disorder
B) Bipolar disorder
C) Persistent depressive disorder
D) Major depressive episode

Question 21

A period of euphoric mood with symptoms involving abnormally heightened levels of thinking, behavior, and emotionality is referred to as a(n) ________ episode.

A) manic
B) dysphoric
C) elated
D) major depressive

Question 22

Which of the following is a typical symptom of a hypomanic episode?

A) Depressed mood
B) Loss of energy
C) Decrease in appetite
D) Inflated self-esteem

Question 23

Kim has been experiencing an abnormally euphoric mood for quite some time. She remains hyperactive throughout the day even though she merely gets two hours of sleep at night. It is most likely that Kim is suffering from

A) bipolar I disorder.
B) bipolar II disorder.
C) persistent depressive disorder.
D) major depressive disorder.

Question 24

Which of the following refers to a period of moderately elated mood?

A) Hypomania
B) Dysphoria
C) Echolalia
D) Anhedonia

Question 25

The difference between a manic and a hypomanic episode is that

A) in a manic episode the period of elated mood is not as extreme.
B) in a hypomanic episode the period of elated mood is not as extreme.
C) in a hypomanic episode there is no period of elation.
D) in a manic episode there is no period of depression.

Question 26

Joe has a mood disorder in which he experiences alternating episodes of severe depression and mild bouts of mania. Which of the following diagnoses would best describe Joe's condition?

A) Persistent depressive disorder
B) Cyclothymic disorder
C) Bipolar II disorder
D) Bipolar I disorder

Question 27

In order to be diagnosed with

A) bipolar II disorder one has to undergo one or more major depressive episodes.
B) bipolar I disorder the period of elated mood should be extended.
C) bipolar II disorder one has to have at least one manic episode.
D) bipolar I disorder the period of depression should not be extreme.

Question 28

Of all the psychological disorders, we most likely associate substance abuse with

A) persistent depressive disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) autism.

Question 29

Clinicians are most likely to diagnose people who have four or more episodes of major depression, mania, hypomania, or mixed symptoms with

A) bipolar disorder, rapid cycling.
B) persistent depressive disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) recurrent cyclothymic disorder.

Question 30

Samantha has bipolar disorder and has had eight alternating manic/depressive episodes within a year. Which of the following forms of bipolar disorder does Samantha have?

A) Rapid cycling
B) Persistent depressive disorder
C) Major depressive disorder
D) Major depressive episode

Question 31

Richard has been diagnosed with chronic bipolar disorder and hypothyroidism. Because of these coexisting conditions, he may have a higher risk of developing the _____ type of bipolar disorder.

A) rapid cycling
B) melancholic
C) seasonal
D) dysthymic

Question 32

Which of the following is a less severe form of bipolar disorder?

A) Cyclothymic disorder
B) Rapid cycling
C) Persistent depressive disorder
D) Major depressive disorder

Question 33

Mood changes that range from dysphoria to hypomania are characteristic of

A) persistent depressive disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) manic depression.
D) cyclothymic disorder.

Question 34

The difference between bipolar disorder and cyclothymic disorder is that

A) cyclothymic disorder is less severe.
B) in bipolar disorder the period of elated mood is not as extreme.
C) in bipolar disorder the period of depression is not as extreme.
D) cyclothymic disorder is a chronic condition.

Question 35

Allan suffers from mild mood swings that range from dysphoria to hypomania. His mood can change rapidly and at times his behavior borders on eccentric, but he still holds down a job at the neighborhood hardware store. Allan is most likely suffering from

A) persistent depressive disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) rapid cycling form of bipolarity.
D) cyclothymic disorder.

Question 36

Which of the following is true of cyclothymic disorders?

A) They are more severe than bipolar disorders.
B) People suffering from this disorder also suffer from major depressive episodes.
C) The symptoms of this disorder are more chronic and less severe than those of bipolar disorder.
D) People suffering from this disorder are capable of experiencing only severe depression and not manic episodes.

Question 37

According to research in the field, estimates are that first-degree relatives of people with major depressive disorder are _________ percent more likely to develop the condition than those with no such familial relationships.

A) 6 to 12
B) 15 to 25
C) 50 to 66
D) 70 to 81

Question 38

Altered serotonin functioning causes genetically predisposed individuals to develop

A) to develop AIDS.
B) to develop immunity toward heart diseases.
C) to develop major depressive disorders.
D) to develop syphilis.

Question 39

Which of the following is an amino acid that aids the body in manufacturing serotonin?

A) Ghrelin
B) Tryptophan
C) Gastrine
D) Thyroxine

Question 40

Which of the following is a main function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor?

A) It helps neurons to adapt and change in response to experience.
B) It converts serotonin into inert substances.
C) It helps the body in manufacturing serotonin.
D) It restricts neurotransmitters from traveling across the synapse.

Question 41

A person with lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is most likely to be

A) prone to AIDS.
B) immune to psychological disorders.
C) affected by syphilis.
D) affected by major depressive disorder.

Question 42

Which of the following disorders exhibits the strongest pattern of genetic inheritance?

A) Major depressive disorder
B) Persistent depressive disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 43

Which of the following is an effect of using SSRIs?

A) It increases the level of serotonin at neural receptor sites.
B) It reduces the level of norepinephrine at neural receptor sites.
C) It cures sexual dysfunction.
D) It keeps diabetes in check.

Question 44

Which of the following is a side effect of using SSRIs?

A) Weight gain
B) Constipation
C) Blood pressure changes
D) Sexual dysfunction

Question 45

The use of SNRIs cause

A) a decrease in the level of serotonin in the body.
B) an increase in the level of norepinephrine in the body.
C) a hypertensive crisis.
D) chronic lower back pain.

Question 46

Which of the following is an example of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor?

A) Duloxetine
B) Venlafaxine
C) Amitriptyline
D) Fluoxetine

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor?

A) Duloxetine
B) Venlafaxine
C) Amitriptyline
D) Phenelzine

Question 48

Which of the following is an effect of using MAOIs?

A) It decreases the level of serotonin in the body.
B) It decreases the level of norepinephrine in the body.
C) It cures sexual dysfunctions.
D) It prolongs the life of neurotransmitters.

Question 49

Which of the following is most likely to be the outcome if a person under MAOI medication drinks beer regularly?

A) There can be life threatening side effects.
B) The medication will be potentiated and will become more effective.
C) The medication will be inactivated and will become ineffective.
D) The medication will inhibit the effects of the alcohol and prevent intoxication.

Question 50

Which of the following is strictly restricted for patients under MAOI medication?

A) Chocolates containing tyramine
B) Carrots containing polyacetylenes
C) Apples containing amino acids
D) Oranges containing citric acid

Question 51

It takes approximately _____ weeks for antidepressant medications to have an effect on a patient's mood.

A) 5 to 8
B) 30 to 40
C) 10 to 20
D) 2 to 6

Question 52

Which neurotransmitter is directly affected by the medications Prozac and Paxil?

A) Norepinephrine
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Serotonin

Question 53

Tricyclic antidepressants work by

A) blocking the premature reuptake of biogenic amines into the presynaptic neurons.
B) increasing the production of monoamine oxidase.
C) reducing the production of melatonin.
D) decreasing the production of norepinephrine.

Question 54

The traditional treatment for bipolar disorder is

A) cortisol.
B) hydrocortisone.
C) collagen.
D) lithium carbonate.

Question 55

Studies that fail to establish significant benefits of an intervention like medication are often never submitted for publication and instead filed away. The problem with this approach is that

A) only positively-biased data reaches researchers and consumers.
B) files stored on computers can be corrupted.
C) files stored in file drawers can catch fire and burn.
D) files can be lost and data rendered irretrievable.

Question 56

The phenomenon in which studies that fail to establish significant benefits of an intervention, such as a medication, are never submitted for publication is referred to as the

A) limited-possibilities error.
B) researcher ego error.
C) best-results bias.
D) file-drawer problem.

Question 57

The use of lithium carbonate is most likely to

A) increase the sodium level in the body.
B) calm an individual experiencing a manic episode.
C) increase the catecholamine levels in the nervous system.
D) decrease the production of serotonin in the body.

Question 58

Debra has been diagnosed with the rapid cycling type of bipolar disorder. Which of the following types of medication is most likely to help her improve when lithium is ineffective?

A) Anticonvulsants
B) Cortisol
C) Hydrocortisone
D) Collagen

Question 59

Which of the following is an advantage of using light therapy over antidepressants?

A) It is very effective in curing major depressive disorder.
B) It has fewer side effects.
C) It is very effective in curing rapid cycling form of bipolar disorder.
D) It works faster.

Question 60

The use of genetic testing to determine who will and will not improve with a particular medication is referred to as

A) pharmacogenetics.
B) epigenetics.
C) DNA methylation.
D) epigenesis.

Question 61

_____ are the daily variations that regulate biological patterns such as sleep-wake cycles.

A) Circadian rhythms
B) Neuromodulations
C) Hypomanic episodes
D) Manic episodes

Question 62

Early psychoanalytic theories of mood disorders proposed that

A) people with depressive disorders had suffered a loss early in their lives that affected them at a deep, intrapsychic level.
B) people are born with a predisposition that places them at risk for developing a psychological disorder if exposed to certain extremely stressful life experiences.
C) people with high levels of norepinephrine are at a high risk of developing mood disorders.
D) people with high levels of serotonin are at a high risk of developing mood disorders.

Question 63

According to Bowlby, who is at a greater risk for developing a depressive disorder in adulthood?

A) People with an insecure attachment style
B) People with insomnia
C) People with unhealthy food habits
D) People who are compulsive liars

Question 64

Psychoanalytic explanations of bipolar disorder propose that manic episodes are

A) ways by which a person deals with the conflict between the ego and superego.
B) manifestations of a person's overconfidence in himself.
C) defensive responses through which individuals stave off feelings of inadequacy, loss, or helplessness.
D) signs that a person is suffering from a multiple personality disorder.

Question 65

Dr. Taylor feels that Veronica's manic episode is an unconscious defense mechanism that she is using to guard against sinking into a state of gloom and despair. Based on this information, we can say that Dr. Taylor's orientation is most likely

A) humanistic.
B) behavioral.
C) existential.
D) psychodynamic.

Question 66

According to Bemporad (1985), insecurely attached children are most likely to

A) be compassionate and self-sacrificing.
B) be extremely dependent in their relationships with others.
C) indulge in domestic violence.
D) be unfaithful in a relationship.

Question 67

Elton always wanted to play golf but he lacked the confidence. One day, he pushes himself, pulls out his clubs, heads for the golf course, and plays a decent round. For the next few days, he makes the effort and goes out golfing several times and is satisfied with his improvement. Elton's behavior is increasing in frequency because of what Lewinsohn calls

A) attribution retraining.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) response contingent positive reinforcement.
D) vicarious reinforcement.

Question 68

The increase in the frequency of behaviors that results because these actions produce pleasure is what Lewinsohn calls

A) cognitive restructuring.
B) response contingent positive reinforcement.
C) non-contingent continuous reinforcement.
D) vicarious reinforcement.

Question 69

According to Lewinsohn, depressed people have

A) a low rate of response contingent positive reinforcement behaviors.
B) high rate of response contingent positive reinforcement behaviors.
C) high levels of serotonin.
D) low levels of serotonin.

Question 70

Leon is undergoing treatment for his depression. In the course of his treatment, his therapist encourages him to take up new ventures and tries to build up his confidence through positive reinforcement. This therapeutic technique is most likely based on the

A) cognitive perspective.
B) psychodynamic perspective.
C) biological perspective.
D) behavioral perspective.

Question 71

A behaviorally oriented therapist would be likely to employ all of the following techniques to help a client overcome depression EXCEPT

A) electroconvulsive therapy.
B) social skills training.
C) homework assignments.
D) behavioral contracting.

Question 72

The therapy for depression in which the clinician helps the client identify activities associated with positive mood is

A) classical conditioning.
B) behavioral activation.
C) electroconvulsive therapy.
D) neuromodulation.

Question 73

Which of the following is a part of Beck's cognitive triad?

A) Negative self-view
B) Positive affect
C) Negative reinforcement
D) Positive energy

Question 74

The statement "My girlfriend dumped me; all women must hate me" shows that the speaker is affected by the cognitive distortion referred to by Beck as

A) making excessive self-reference.
B) dichotomous thinking.
C) excessive responsibility.
D) overgeneralization

Question 75

"I got a 96 percent on this exam but the four I missed were easy. I must be stupid." This statement shows that the speaker is affected by the cognitive distortion referred to by Beck as

A) selective abstraction.
B) dichotomous thinking.
C) catastrophizing.
D) overgeneralization.

Question 76

Which of the following approaches primarily focuses on the client's dysfunctional thoughts and tries to change the thought process that is likely to be the cause of depression?

A) Biological based therapy
B) Cognitive based therapy
C) Multicultural based therapy
D) Family based therapy

Question 77

Larry was dumped by his girlfriend and ever since he has been unable to trust another person. He feels that he is not fit to be in any kind of relationship. His therapist encourages him to reconsider this overgeneralization and see that it is his own thought that is keeping him from being happy. Based on this information, identify the method of treatment being employed in this case.

A) Group therapy
B) Electroconvulsive therapy
C) Cognitive therapy
D) Milieu therapy

Question 78

The similarity between behaviorally oriented therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy is that

A) they focus on reducing the excess amount of serotonin.
B) they look at the client's dysfunctional thoughts and try to change them through cognitive restructuring.
C) they involve an active collaboration between the client and the clinician.
D) they focus on reducing excess amounts of norepinephrine.

Question 79

Which of the following theories is based on the assumption that interpersonal stress induces an episode of depression in a person who is genetically vulnerable to this disorder?

A) ACT
B) CBT
C) CT
D) IPT

Question 80

The first phase of interpersonal therapy typically involves

A) assessing the magnitude of the individual's depression using quantitative assessment measures.
B) formulating a treatment plan that focuses on the primary problem faced by the client.
C) applying electrical shock to the head of a person suffering from psychological disorders for the purpose of inducing therapeutically beneficial seizures.
D) interpreting the dreams of an individual suffering from depression through the process of hypnosis.