Deck 5: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

_____ disorders are conditions that begin in childhood and have a major impact on social and cognitive functioning, involving serious deficits in social interaction and communication skills, as well as odd behavior, interests, and activities.

A) Personality
B) Neurodevelopmental
C) Elimination
D) Disruptive behavior

Answer 1

B

Question 2

_____ is a condition that presents itself in childhood and is characterized by significantly below-average general cognitive functioning as well as deficits in adaptive skills

A) Intellectual disability
B) Autism spectrum disorder
C) Avoidant disorder
D) Dyslexia

Answer 2

A

Question 3

To receive a diagnosis of intellectual disability, an individual's IQ must be

A) between 100 and 120.
B) between 80 and 100.
C) less than 100.
D) approximately 70 or below.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following will be a criterion for the diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorder in DSM-5?

A) There should be growth problems such as height, weight, or both at or below the 10th percentile (adjusted for age, sex, and race or ethnicity).
B) The IQ level should be approximately 50 or below on an individually administered intelligence test, such as the WAIS-IV or WISC-IV.
C) There should be impairments in adaptive functioning, relative to a person's age and cultural group, in a variety of daily life activities such as communication and social participation.
D) The disorder must begin prior to the age of 12.

Question 5

According to the text, approximately _____ of the world's population has intellectual developmental disability, with appreciably higher rates in low-income countries.

A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 8%
D) 12%

Question 6

Which of the following forms of intellectual disabilities is caused by abnormal chromosomal development affecting the 21st pair of chromosomes?

A) Fragile X syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) PKU

Question 7

An amniocentesis or amniotic fluid test has identified a defect on the short arm of the 21st pair of chromosomes in a developing embryo. It is likely that this child will have

A) Tay-Sachs disease.
B) Fragile X syndrome.
C) Tourette's disorder.
D) Down syndrome.

Question 8

In which of the following forms of Down syndrome does the extra copy of one of the chromosome pairs interfere with the normal development of the body and brain?

A) Fragile X syndrome
B) Trisomy 21
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) PKU

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the causes of intellectual disabilities?

A) Genetic abnormalities are a significant cause of intellectual disabilities.
B) Epigenetics does not play an important role in increasing an individual's risk of developing intellectual disabilities.
C) The only two genetic causes for intellectual disabilities are Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome.
D) The expression of a gene is independent of diet and living conditions.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true about Down syndrome?

A) The symptoms of Down syndrome are severe and are mostly similar for every person.
B) An individual with Down syndrome has a head that is larger than normal and oval shaped.
C) Down syndrome is the most common cause of birth defects in humans.
D) Individuals with Down syndrome reach full adult height around the age of 10.

Question 11

Which of the following is characteristic of an individual with Down syndrome?

A) The face of an individual with Down syndrome includes a head that is larger than normal and oval shaped.
B) Infants born with Down syndrome are missing an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase.
C) Some of the characteristic features of people with Down syndrome include a flattened nose, small ears, small mouth,
And upward slanting eyes.
D) Individuals with Down syndrome reach full adult height around the age of 10.

Question 12

_____ is the disorder of infancy characterized by failure to produce an enzyme necessary for the breakdown of a specific amino acid in the body.

A) Down syndrome
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) Phenylketonuria
D) Tay-Sachs disease

Question 13

An infant is said to suffer from ______________ if she has a deficiency of an enzyme which breaks down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in foods that contain protein.

A) PKU
B) HPP
C) Fragile X syndrome
D) intellectual disability

Question 14

Garrett was born with a specific condition that causes his body to be unable to break down a specific amino acid. As a result his parents have to monitor his diet, restricting certain foods such as milk and eggs. Garrett as probably been diagnosed with:

A) phenylketonuria.
B) hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
C) ulcerative colitis.
D) Tay-Sachs disease

Question 15

Children who are diagnosed with PKU must follow a strict diet and avoid foods that are high in

A) iron.
B) carnitine.
C) fish oil.
D) aspartame.

Question 16

Gabriel was administered a simple blood test shortly after birth. He was diagnosed PKU. Which of the following should would be okay for Gabriel to eat?

A) Milk
B) Carnitine
C) Egg
D) Aspartame

Question 17

In children born with _____, deficits in intellectual functioning occur due to a lack of the enzyme hexosaminidase

A) Down syndrome
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) phenylketonuria
D) Tay-Sachs disease

Question 18

In order to develop Tay-Sachs disease,

A) one of the child's parents must have this genetic defect.
B) one of the child's siblings must have this genetic defect.
C) both of the child's parents must have this genetic defect.
D) both of the child's grand parents must have this genetic defect.

Question 19

Which of the following disorders, which results in intellectual disability, is more likely to be inherited by the Ashkenazi
Jews, of Eastern European descent?

A) Down syndrome
B) Tay-Sachs disease
C) Phenylketonuria
D) Fragile X syndrome

Question 20

The disorder that causes developmental delays and early death, usually before the child reaches the age of 4 or 5,
Is called

A) Tay-Sachs disease.
B) Fragile X syndrome.
C) phenylketonuria.
D) Down syndrome.

Question 21

Which of the following is the most common genetic disorder in males caused by a change in a gene called FMRI?

A) Fragile X syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) PKU

Question 22

Girls with Fragile X syndrome may show no symptoms other than

A) hyperactive or impulsive behavior.
B) large head circumference.
C) premature menopause or difficulty conceiving a child.
D) speech and language delay.

Question 23

Which of the following terms refers to environmental hazards that include drugs or toxic chemicals, maternal malnutrition, and infections in the mother during critical phases of prenatal development?

A) Carcinogen
B) Mutagen
C) Androgens
D) Teratogens

Question 24

Which of the following most likely indicates the reason for children to be born with intellectual disability?

A) Mother had consumed alcohol frequently before conception
B) Mother had strict and punitive parenting during her childhood
C) Mother had contracted Rubella just after the birth of the child
D) Mother was malnourished during the critical phase of fetal development

Question 25

When is a mother's contraction of rubella likely to result in a child's intellectual disability?

A) At any point in the pregnancy
B) During the first three months of pregnancy
C) During the second three months of pregnancy
D) During the third three months of pregnancy

Question 26

Mrs. Preston has contracted Rubella during her pregnancy. She is concerned about giving birth to a child with intellectual disability. Her child is most likely to have an intellectual disability if she contracted the disease during the ____ week of the pregnancy.

A) 20th
B) 40th
C) second
D) eighth

Question 27

_____ is a term used to describe a deprivation of one's oxygen supply, which may lead to brain damage.

A) Echolalia
B) Asphyxiation
C) Anoxia
D) Suffocation

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the possible causes of intellectual disability?

A) A genetically inherited condition
B) An illness that occurs during prenatal development
C) Strict and punitive parenting
D) Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy.

Question 29

A condition involving intellectual disability that develops in the child of a woman who regularly consumes excess amounts of alcohol while she is pregnant is referred to as

A) Fragile X syndrome.
B) alcohol dependence syndrome.
C) Tay-Sachs disease.
D) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

Question 30

Based on the incidence ofFetal Alcohol Syndrome. in various ethnic groups, which of the following individuals would be considered at high risk of having a baby with this syndrome?

A) A woman of French Canadian descent
B) A woman of Irish descent
C) A woman of Italian descent
D) A woman of Native American descent

Question 31

The governmental policy intended to fully integrate people with intellectual and physical disabilities into society is referred to as

A) integration.
B) mainstreaming.
C) consolidation.
D) desegregation.

Question 32

Catherine has been diagnosed with intellectual disability due to maternal alcohol exposure. She goes to a regular school, instead of attending special classes. This educational philosophy that places Catherine in a regular set up in society is an example of

A) mainstreaming.
B) association.
C) classical conditioning.
D) assimilation.

Question 33

is a behavioral intervention that can help children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. learn how to interact appropriately with other children. It involves a combination of social skills such as how to play with other children, arrange and handle play dates in the home, and avoid conflicts.

A) Resistance training
B) Friendship training
C) Pharmacological therapy
D) Exposure therapy

Question 34

Which of the following is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving significant impairments in the domains of social communication and performance of restricted, repetitive behaviors?

A) Autism spectrum disorder
B) Separation anxiety disorder
C) Avoidant disorder
D) Overanxious disorder

Question 35

At 12 months of age, it was evident that little Saber was unresponsive to people. He resisted the cuddling of his parents and became increasingly aloof. Saber was most likely diagnosed with

A) Tay-Sachs disease.
B) separation anxiety disorder.
C) autism spectrum disorder.
D) rumination disorder.

Question 36

The repetitive behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder can take the form of repeating the same sounds again and again. This is referred to as

A) echolalia.
B) anosognosia.
C) logoclonia.
D) coprolalia.

Question 37

Which of the following is true about autism spectrum disorder?

A) The unusual characteristics of autism spectrum disorder are most prominent during infancy and reduce during toddlerhood.
B) Autism spectrum disorder is caused by a change in a gene called FMRI.
C) The sensory abnormalities of children with autism spectrum disorder may take the form of hypersensitivity to sound, light, or smell.
D) Children with autism spectrum disorder always engage in the imitative play patterns.

Question 38

An individual with autistic symptoms who also possesses an extraordinary skill of some kind is referred to as a person with _____ syndrome.

A) astute prodigy.
B) autistic savant.
C) gifted genius.
D) auteur extraordinaire.

Question 39

Marcus suffers from a pervasive developmental disorder, because of which he cannot communicate with others. He is unable to relate emotionally to others. However, he can remember directions to any location he has been to once. He can also recall 16 digit pin codes after having heard them only once. He can quickly solve extremely challenging mathematical puzzles. Marcus is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) Down syndrome.
B) autistic savant syndrome.
C) PKU syndrome.
D) Fragile X syndrome.

Question 40

According to recent research, people with autism spectrum disorder may have less ability to share information between the two cerebral hemispheres. This indicates that the condition is related to abnormalities in

A) neural circuitry.
B) learning processes.
C) attachment formation.
D) acetylcholine systems.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the possible characteristics of autism spectrum disorder highlighted in the text?

A) Lack of ability to form emotional bonds
B) High levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
C) Cognitive difficulties that prevent appropriate communication
D) Unable to engage in imitative play patterns

Question 42

The fact that autism spectrum disorder shows a pattern of familial inheritance indicates that there may be

A) truth to the notion of the "refrigerator mother."
B) an environmental cause to this disorder.
C) a genetic basis for autism.
D) a link between poor communication and autism.

Question 43

High-functioning autism spectrum disorder was formerly called

A) Asperger's disorder.
B) Rett's disorder.
C) childhood disintegrative disorder.
D) Fragile X disorder.

Question 44

The Lovaas treatment rests on principles of

A) operant conditioning.
B) hypnosis.
C) gestalt theory.
D) modeling.

Question 45

Teaching children with autism spectrum disorder how to break down a large problem into smaller tasks, self-monitoring of language, relaxation training, and covert conditioning and introducing small changes in the child's environment are all methods derived from which theoretical perspective?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Humanistic
C) Biological
D) Behavioral

Question 46

Which of the following factors best predicts the success of behavioral interventions in treating autism spectrum disorder?

A) The severity of the autism
B) The age of onset of the disorder
C) Whether or not the child is on medication
D) The intensity and duration of the training program

Question 47

Which of the following is the most effective form of intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder?

A) Younger girls whose parents provide the intervention
B) Younger boys whose older male siblings provide the intervention
C) Younger boys whose parents provide the intervention
D) Younger girls whose teachers provide the intervention

Question 48

Which of the following is a neurodevelopmental disorder, occurring almost exclusively in females, in which the child develops normally early in life up to the age of 4 and then begins to show a number of neurological and cognitive impairments?

A) Rett syndrome
B) Childhood disintegrative disorder
C) Asperger's disorder
D) Autism spectrum disorder

Question 49

Up until five months of age, Maureen was developing normally. At age two, her parents noticed that her head seemed small compared to other two-year-olds and the quality of her interaction with them deteriorated. Maureen was most likely diagnosed with

A) Rett syndrome.
B) childhood disintegrative disorder.
C) Asperger's disorder.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 50

_____ was a disorder specified in DSM-IV-TR in which the child develops normally for the first 2 years and then starts to lose language, social, and motor skills, as well as other adaptive functions, including bowel and bladder control.

A) Rett syndrome
B) Childhood disintegrative disorder
C) Asperger's disorder
D) Autism spectrum disorder

Question 51

Till she was two years old, Janet reached all the developmental milestones in time. However, after her second birthday, she began experiencing severe difficulties in walking and coordinating her movements. She stopped interacting with people and was unable to use language effectively. She had bladder control problems even at the age of eight. With regard to the diseases specified under DSM-IV-TR, Janet was most likely diagnosed with _____ disorder.

A) rumination
B) childhood disintegrative
C) Asperger's
D) Alzheimer's

Question 52

A disorder in which there is a significant delay or deficit in an academic skill is referred to as a(n) _____ disorder.

A) educational
B) knowledge
C) specific learning
D) intelligence

Question 53

Specific learning disorders are found in approximately what percentage of school-aged children in the United States?

A) 8%
B) 14%
C) 19%
D) 26%

Question 54

In which learning disorder does the individual have difficulty with mathematical tasks and numerical concepts?

A) Math phobia
B) Dyslexia
C) Specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression
D) Specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics

Question 55

Norm has just started first grade but does not understand what his teacher means when she asks him to count to 10. He is also baffled by her requests to add or subtract numbers. Norm may be diagnosed as having

A) math phobia.
B) specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics.
C) specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression.
D) dyscalculia.

Question 56

_____ is a learning disorder in which the individual's writing is characterized by poor spelling, grammatical or punctuation errors, and disorganization of paragraphs.

A) Specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression
B) Specific learning disorder with impairment in reading
C) Expressive language disorder
D) Receptive language disorder

Question 57

Tabatha is in the second grade but is not able to write complete sentences. Her hand writing is not legible. She has difficulty with spellings and makes lot of punctuation errors. Even though she has put in a lot of effort to improve her academic performance, she is unable to overcome these problems. Which of the following disorders in Tabatha most likely to be suffering from?

A) Specific learning disorder with impairment in reading
B) Stuttering
C) Receptive language disorder
D) Specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression

Question 58

In which learning disorder does a child omit, distort, or substitute words when reading, and read in a slow and halting fashion?

A) Specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression
B) Dyslexia
C) Dyscalculia
D) Receptive language disorder

Question 59

Dyslexia is also known as

A) expressive language disorder.
B) specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression.
C) specific learning disorder with impairment in reading.
D) receptive language disorder.

Question 60

Meredith, who is 6 years old, has a lot of difficulty in reading. When asked to read aloud, she is very slow and often leaves out words. She reads letters and words in a reversed manner. When she is reading letters, she reads them incorrectly, for example the letter "b" looks like "d" and "m" becomes "n." Meredith may be suffering from

A) stuttering.
B) cluttering.
C) expressive language disorder.
D) dyslexia.

Question 61

Which of the following terms refers to conditions involving impaired expression or understanding of language?

A) Disorders of written expression
B) Communication disorders
C) Agnosia
D) Dyslexia

Question 62

_____ is the communication disorder in which an individual misarticulates, substitutes, or omits speech sounds.

A) Speech sound disorder
B) Receptive language disorder
C) Expressive language disorder
D) Pica

Question 63

Cathy substitutes, omits, or incorrectly articulates speech sounds. She uses a t sound for the letter s, saying "tite" rather than "site." She mispronounces most of the words and has academic difficulties. Which of the following disorder represents Cathy's condition?

A) Speech sound disorder
B) Receptive language disorder
C) Agnosia
D) Dyslexia

Question 64

The communication disorder in which the individual has a disturbance in the normal fluency and patterning of speech is called

A) stuttering.
B) echolalia.
C) clanging.
D) articulation disorder.

Question 65

Practitioners believe that the "Response to Intervention" (RTI) approach is the best approach to identify children with

A) oppositional defiant disorder.
B) intellectual developmental disorders.
C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
D) specific learning disorders.

Question 66

The neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by restlessness and difficulty in maintaining attentional focus is referred to as _____ disorder.

A) overanxiety
B) conduct
C) oppositional defiant
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity

Question 67

Mark talks a lot and often interrupts others during conversations. He gets into fights with his friends for being unable to wait for his turn during games. He also has a difficult time sitting still, and has a tendency to interrupt others, but generally he can pay attention to what his teacher is saying as he moves around the room. He has not shown any of the symptoms of inattentiveness during the past six months. He has discipline problems and gets lower grades. Which type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is Mark likely to be diagnosed with?

A) Psychotic
B) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
C) Combined
D) Predominantly overactive

Question 68

Nathan generally has no difficulty sitting still, but cannot focus his attention on what the teacher is saying for long periods of time. He is easily distracted, and his parents feel that he does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. He is a quiet, obedient child who rarely butts into conversations or games. Which type of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder is Nathan likely to be diagnosed with?

A) Predominantly inattentive
B) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
C) Combined
D) Overactive

Question 69

Raven cannot sit still and cannot focus his attention for long periods of time. He talks a lot, and butts into conversations. This phase of Raven has continued for almost a year now. He is often hyperactive and impulsive. Which type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder would Raven likely be diagnosed with?

A) Predominantly inattentive
B) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
C) Combined
D) Overactive

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT one of the educational deficits typically seen in children with ADHD?

A) Repeated discipline problems
B) Lower grades
C) Placement in special education classes
D) Low self-esteem

Question 71

Which of the following statements best characterizes the expression of ADHD symptoms in teenage girls?

A) They tend to externalize their symptoms more than boy.
B) They are more likely to behave in a physically aggressive way.
C) They are more likely to experience conflict with their parents.
D) They tend to have symptoms of specific learning disabilities alongside ADHD challenges.

Question 72

Ramón's boss characterizes him as a habitual procrastinator who constantly misses project deadlines. He does not handle stress very well, makes careless mistakes, and tends to lose things. Ramón could possibly have the adult version of _____ disorder.

A) overanxious
B) conduct
C) oppositional defiant
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity

Question 73

According to researchers' estimate, which of the following disorders has highest rate of heritability of all psychiatric disorders?

A) Overanxious disorder
B) Conduct disorder
C) Oppositional defiant disorder
D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 74

The inability of a child with ADHD to break down observed behaviors into component parts that can be recombined into goal-directed behaviors is referred to by Barkley as

A) internalization.
B) self-regulation.
C) reconstitution.
D) nonverbalization.

Question 75

Which of these medications is most commonly prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A) Valium
B) Lithium
C) Xanax
D) Ritalin

Question 76

Mild to moderate cases of ADHD can be effectively treated with

A) second generation antipsychotics.
B) antidepressants.
C) lithium carbonate.
D) anticonvulsants.

Question 77

Alex has been dually diagnosed with ADHD and Tourette's syndrome. Which of the following types of medications would be most effective in treating his conditions?

A) Phenothiazines
B) Second generation antipsychotics
C) Anxiolytics
D) Antidepressants

Question 78

Which of the following components of Murphy's multipronged approach to treatment of ADHD is best considered the starting point for developing coping strategies?

A) Psychoeducation
B) Compensatory behavioral/self-management training
C) School/workplace accommodations
D) Advocacy

Question 79

_____ disorder is a motor skill disorder in which an individual has difficulty carrying out simple motor activities, making him or her appear clumsy and uncoordinated.

A) Rumination
B) Stereotypic movement
C) Developmental coordination
D) Tourette's

Question 80

Jim is eight years old and cannot yet tie his own shoes. He is extremely embarrassed in gym class because he cannot catch, throw, or kick a ball. His parents regard him as being "accident-prone." Jim most likely has _____ disorder.

A) developmental coordination
B) rumination
C) stereotypic movement
D) Tourette's