Deck 1: Overview to Understanding Abnormal Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following is one of the criteria stated by the mental health community for a diagnosis of psychological disorder?

A) The individual's behavior must reflect dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes.
B) The individual's behavior must be a socially expectable response to a particular event such as the death of a close friend or relative.
C) The individual's family must have a traceable history of mental illness.
D) The individual must be an introvert.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Calvin works at a paper manufacturing company. The bleaching agents used by the company are toxic in nature and as a result of being exposed to these substances, Calvin has been experiencing intense depressive episodes due to changes in his brain functioning. From the available information, it would be most accurate to conclude that _____causes are responsible for Calvin's depression.

A) supernatural
B) biological
C) mystical
D) sociocultural

Answer 2

B

Question 3

People with psychological disorders may inherit a predisposition to developing behavioral disturbances. This provides evidence that _____ factors contribute to many of the prevalent abnormalities.

A) biological
B) social
C) cultural
D) environmental

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Maria was involved in a serious car accident in which she sustained a head injury. At present, her injury has become worse and as a result she is behaving in bizarre and highly disturbing ways. Maria's change in behavior is most likely due to a _____ cause.

A) cultural
B) social
C) biological
D) genetic

Question 5

While determining the cause of an abnormal behavior, which of the following can be categorized as a psychological contribution?

A) disturbance in motor functions due to injuries
B) abnormal structure of certain chromosomes
C) hormonal imbalance in the body
D) disturbances in thoughts and feelings

Question 6

Angelina's family was killed in a tornado that ripped through her hometown. Although Angelina was not in town when this happened, she has been experiencing episodes of intense depression and anxiety because of the mental trauma she suffered. Angelina's condition is most likely to be the result of a _____ cause.

A) genetic
B) neurological
C) sociocultural
D) psychological

Question 7

The term _____ refers to the various circles of influence on the individual ranging from close friends and family to the institutions and policies of a country or the world as a whole.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic

Question 8

Martin Salambo was the only African student in his class. All others were white Americans. Martin was always looked down upon by his classmates and he was also bullied by them. This has had a profound impact on Martin's life. At present, he suffers from an inferiority complex, which causes him to feel depressed most of the time. Martin's condition is most likely to be the result of a _____ cause.

A) biological
B) genetic
C) sociocultural
D) supernatural

Question 9

A(n) _____ is a label that causes us to regard certain people as different, defective, and set apart from mainstream members of society.

A) independent variable
B) prejudice
C) stereotype
D) stigma

Question 10

Social scientists use the term _____ to refer to the interaction in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors play a role in the development of an individual's symptoms.

A) humanitarian
B) sociocultural
C) biopsychosocial
D) supernatural

Question 11

The biopsychosocial perspective incorporates a developmental viewpoint. This means that

A) individual abnormalities are solely the result of biological factors and that the environment has no role in the development of an individual.
B) we must understand how different factors influence change over the course of a person's life.
C) risk factors related to abnormality remain constant and does not vary according to an individual's position in the life span.
D) mental abnormalities are not curable.

Question 12

According to the biopsychosocial model, it is most likely that an individual's vulnerability to develop abnormal behavioral tendencies will be low when he/she

A) receives adequate health care.
B) engages in risky behaviors.
C) is involved in dysfunctional relationships.
D) uses drugs to divert his/her mind from stressful situations.

Question 13

According to the biopsychosocial model, when Bella engages in risky behavior, her vulnerability to developing

A) mood related disorders is reduced.
B) AIDS is reduced.
C) abnormal behavioral tendencies is heightened.
D) genetic disorders is heightened.

Question 14

_____ explanations regard abnormal behavior as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits.

A) Spiritual
B) Scientific
C) Humanitarian
D) Psychological

Question 15

_____ explanations view psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions.

A) Humanitarian
B) Spiritual
C) Psychological
D) Scientific

Question 16

_____ explanations primarily regard psychological disorders as the result of causes that we can objectively measure, such as biological alterations, faulty learning processes, or emotional stressors.

A) Spiritual
B) Mystical
C) Scientific
D) Religious

Question 17

Ramona is a member of a tribe residing in the rain forests of South America. She has been exhibiting certain symptoms of psychological disorder like severe depression and memory loss. The tribe's shaman pronounced that the spirit of a demon tiger has possessed Ramona and is the main cause of her distress. The approach used by the shaman in this instance is an example of the _____ approach.

A) humanitarian
B) spiritual
C) psychological
D) scientific

Question 18

Father Moore had conducted a number of exorcisms during his tenure as pastor in a suburban church in New England. The members of his congregation suggest that Father Moore was successful in driving away evil spirits that caused individuals to behave abnormally, a feat that earned him substantial fame in the town. This is an example of the _____ approach in addressing abnormality in individuals.

A) scientific
B) psychological
C) medical
D) spiritual

Question 19

In prehistoric times, skulls of the living had holes cut out of them, a process called _____, apparently in an effort to release the evil spirits from the person's head.

A) trephining
B) agnosia
C) akinesia
D) lobotomy

Question 20

The ritual of driving away evil spirits which involves a physically and mentally painful form of treatment carried out by a shaman, priest, or medicine man is referred to as

A) cognitive restructuring.
B) an exorcism.
C) trephining.
D) electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 21

The idea of "moral treatment" holds the notion that

A) abnormalities in behavior were mainly the result of possessions by evil spirits.
B) immoral people were cursed and they suffered from incurable mental disorders.
C) people with psychological disorders can be treated through exorcism.
D) people could develop self-control over their behaviors if they had a quiet and restful environment.

Question 22

_____ was a Massachusetts reformer who sought to improve the treatment of people with psychological disorders in the mid-1800s.

A) Benjamin Rush
B) Martin Luther
C) William Tuke
D) Dorothea Dix

Question 23

Which of the following was one of the most significant reasons for the declining conditions in mental institutions during the 1800s?

A) Overcrowding
B) Lack of faith in religion
C) Nonavailability of patients
D) The increasing popularity of science

Question 24

Which of the following promoted the release of psychiatric patients into community treatment sites?

A) Deinstitutionalization movement
B) Dual-process theory
C) Five factor model
D) Behaviorist movement

Question 25

In late 2010, the U.S. government's Healthy People project released goals for the coming decade. These goals include

A) decrease the proportion of homeless adults with mental health problems who receive mental health services.
B) decrease depression screening by primary care providers.
C) increase the proportion of adults with mental disorders who receive treatment.
D) increase the proportion of persons with serious mental illness (SMI) who are unemployed.

Question 26

Hippocrates believed that the treatment of psychological disorder would require

A) getting rid of evil spirits responsible for abnormalities in human behaviors.
B) ridding the body of the excess fluid that influenced physical and mental health.
C) drilling holes into the skull of the affected individuals to release negative energy.
D) stabilizing the emotional state of the affected individuals through catharsis.

Question 27

Which of the following is a physician who developed a system of medical knowledge based on anatomical studies?

A) Horace
B) Socrates
C) Galen
D) Aristotle

Question 28

In the context of treating psychological disorders, the "tranquilizer" chair was used to

A) purify the body of evil spirits.
B) induce the emotion of fear in patients.
C) make individuals aware of their repressed desires.
D) reduce blood flow to the brain.

Question 29

The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane later became the

A) American Medical Association.
B) American Psychological Association.
C) American Psychiatric Association.
D) Psychonomic Society.

Question 30

The German psychiatrist Wilhelm Greisinger proposed that _____ were the cause of psychological disorders.

A) single nucleotide polymorphisms
B) automatic thoughts
C) neuropathologies
D) exorcisms

Question 31

Emil Kraepelin, promoted a classification system much like that applied to medical diagnoses. He proposed that

A) mental disorders primarily resulted from social causes.
B) disorders could best be understood by probing into an individual's unconscious mind.
C) disorders could be identified by their patterns of symptoms.
D) mental disorders were mainly caused by evil spirits.

Question 32

The _____ approach to psychological disorders gained momentum as psychiatrists and psychologists proposed behavior models that included explanations of abnormality in the nineteenth century.

A) spiritual
B) scientific
C) mystical
D) social

Question 33

Who among the following developed psychoanalysis in the early 1900s?

A) Anton Mesmer
B) Josef Breuer
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Emil Kraepelin

Question 34

Dr. Andrew's system of practice for treating individuals with abnormalities relies heavily on the concepts of the unconscious mind, early development, and inhibited sexual impulses. Dr. Andrew is most likely to be a proponent of the _____ theory.

A) spiritual
B) social conflict
C) cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

Question 35

The physiologist who discovered the principles of classical conditioning was

A) Edward Thorndike.
B) Albert Bandura.
C) Ivan Pavlov.
D) Albert Ellis.

Question 36

The work of Ivan Pavlov became the basis for the _____ movement begun in the United States by John

A) deinstitutionalization
B) behaviorist
C) operant conditioning
D) socialist

Question 37

Which of the following is true with regard to John

A) He initiated the behaviorist movement in the United States.
B) He developed psychoanalysis in the early 1900s.
C) He is known for his discovery of classical conditioning.
D) He formulated a systematic approach to operant conditioning, specifying the types and nature of reinforcement as a way to modify behavior.

Question 38

Who started the behaviorist movement in the United States?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) Sigmund Freud
D) John

Question 39

Who among the following formulated a systematic approach to operant conditioning, specifying the types and nature of reinforcement as a way to modify behavior?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Emil Kraepelin
D) Wilhelm Greisinger

Question 40

Which of the following is primarily associated with Albert Bandura?

A) the discovery of classical conditioning
B) genome-wide association study
C) five factor model
D) social learning theory

Question 41

Which of the following is primarily associated with Albert Ellis?

A) acceptance and commitment therapy
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) hypnotic therapy
D) transpersonal theory

Question 42

In the _____, scientists experimenting with pharmacological treatments invented medications that for the first time in history could successfully control the symptoms of psychological disorders.

A) 1920s
B) 1950s
C) 1870s
D) 1890s

Question 43

In 1963, the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center Construction Act proposed patient treatment in clinics and treatment centers outside of mental hospitals. This legislation paved the way for the _____ movement.

A) behaviorist
B) civil rights
C) spiritual
D) deinstitutionalization

Question 44

The ________ movement views psychological disorders as difficulties that inhibit the individual's ability to achieve highly subjective well-being and feelings of fulfilment.

A) positive psychology
B) transcendental
C) behaviorist
D) cognitive

Question 45

Which of the following is the essence of the scientific method in the understanding and treatment of abnormal behavior?

A) Subjectivity
B) Objectivity
C) Deniability
D) Experimentation

Question 46

The process of testing ideas about the nature of psychological phenomena without bias before accepting these ideas as adequate explanations is the basis for the _____ method of research.

A) historical
B) socio-cultural
C) scientific
D) humanitarian

Question 47

An experimenter gives one group of depressed subjects a certain amount of the medication Prozac and another group of depressed subjects a comparatively higher dose. Then she measures the number of violent or suicidal thoughts members of both groups have. In this situation, the independent variable is

A) the measure of medication administered.
B) the initial level of depression of the subjects.
C) the number of violent thoughts the subjects report.
D) the number of suicidal thoughts the subjects report.

Question 48

When using the experimental design, the variable whose level is adjusted or controlled by the experimenter is known as the _____ variable.

A) relational
B) dependent
C) independent
D) secondary

Question 49

A dependent variable is best defined as

A) the variable whose value is the outcome of the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable.
B) the variable whose value is adjusted or controlled by the experimenter.
C) the variable over which the investigator has the maximum control.
D) the variable whose value is representative of the input that causes the outcome of a study.

Question 50

Studies that investigate differences among groups not determined by random assignment are known as

A) double-blind trials.
B) triple-blind trials.
C) observational studies.
D) quasi-experimental.

Question 51

Clients with schizophrenia are informed that they would be part of an experiment. Then they are separated on the basis of their sex and the intensity of the symptoms they exhibit is studied. This is an example of

A) double-blind design.
B) quasi-experimental design.
C) triple-blind design.
D) gene mapping.

Question 52

Which of the following is true of the placebo condition?

A) Studies evaluating therapy effectiveness rarely have a placebo condition.
B) If the study is evaluating effectiveness of medication, the placebo has inert ingredients.
C) In a placebo condition, participants receive a treatment that is substantially different from the experimental treatment.
D) Ideally, the researchers would want the placebo participants to receive treatments of a different frequency and duration than the experimental group participants who are receiving psychotherapy.

Question 53

In _____ participants receive a treatment similar to the experimental treatment, but lacking the key feature of the treatment of interest.

A) family therapies
B) a placebo condition
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 54

Hanna is participating as a member of the control group in an experimental study and she is trying to figure out what the study is about so that she can be a "good" subject. This behavior of Hanna has the potential of compromising the conclusions of the experiment and is an example of

A) demand characteristics.
B) deinstitutionalization.
C) double-blind.
D) negative psychology.

Question 55

Participants' expectations of what is going to happen to them in an experiment are referred to as

A) independent variables.
B) double-blind variables.
C) demand characteristics.
D) dependent variables.

Question 56

The best way to eliminate demand characteristics is to use

A) a double-blind method.
B) a multiple baseline method.
C) placebo control groups.
D) statistical analyses.

Question 57

Gracie, a researcher, is interested in analyzing the relationship between smoking and life span. The results of her correlational study indicate that as the number of cigarettes smoked per day increases, life span decreases. This is an example of the _____ kind of correlation.

A) positive
B) negative
C) direct
D) transverse

Question 58

In the context of correlational design, _____ correlations indicate that, as scores on one variable increase, scores on the second variable decrease.

A) positive
B) negative
C) indirect
D) primary

Question 59

In the context of correlational design, _____ correlations indicate that, as scores on one variable increase, scores on the second variable also increase.

A) positive
B) negative
C) indirect
D) inverse

Question 60

The findings of a study conducted by a group of researchers prove that with the increase in the consumption of marijuana, the vulnerability of developing mental disorders increases. This is an example of the _____ kind of correlation.

A) positive
B) negative
C) inverse
D) transverse

Question 61

The results of a study indicate that there is a strong positive correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Which of the following can be concluded from this study?

A) Smoking does not cause lung cancer.
B) The incidence of lung cancer in people who do not smoke is no lesser than that in those who do.
C) The more people smoke, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer.
D) People who do not smoke will never develop lung cancer.

Question 62

A study evaluating the effect of stress on the overall quality of life indicated that increased stress was instrumental in substantially lowering the overall quality of life. This is an example of the _____ kind of correlation.

A) negative
B) primary
C) positive
D) transverse

Question 63

_____ refers to a research tool used to gather information from a sample of people considered representative of a particular population, in which participants are asked to answer questions about the topic of concern

A) A search engine
B) A survey
C) A blog
D) A probabilistic design

Question 64

In a _____, the same person serves as the subject in both the experimental and control conditions.

A) cross-cultural study
B) survey
C) comparative study
D) single case experimental design

Question 65

The frequency of new cases of a disorder within a given time period is referred to as

A) prevalence.
B) incidence.
C) base-rate.
D) probability.

Question 66

The _____ of a disorder refers to the number of people who have ever had the disorder over a specified period of time.

A) prevalence
B) incidence
C) probability
D) validity

Question 67

A group of researchers studying the effects of alcohol on the overall health of urban adults asked respondents whether they drank alcohol during the past month. In this instance, the researchers were collecting _____ data.

A) tangential
B) incidence
C) prevalence
D) secondary

Question 68

The findings of a research states that in July 2003, 18 cases of suicides due to severe depression occurred in the city of San Francisco. This reflects the _____ of suicides due to severe depression in San Francisco during July 2003.

A) concordance rate
B) probability
C) prevalence
D) incidence

Question 69

A _____ refers to an intensive study of a single person described in detail.

A) case study
B) multiple baseline experiment
C) survey
D) comparative study

Question 70

_____ refers to a method of analyzing data that provides researchers with methods of analyzing complex relationships that do not easily lend themselves to conventional statistical methods.

A) Masking
B) Sampling
C) Qualitative research
D) Statistical surveying

Question 71

The agreement ratio between people diagnosed as having a disorder and their relatives is defined as the _____ rate.

A) concordance
B) correlation
C) incidence
D) prevalence

Question 72

The profession also refers to single case experimental designs as _____ designs.

A) ABCD
B) AABB
C) ABBA
D) ABAB

Question 73

Which of the following is true with regard to case studies?

A) Classic studies in early abnormal psychology rarely used the case study as a reliable research method.
B) The case study method is ideal for researchers who intend to conduct an intensive investigation of an individual or a small group of individuals.
C) An in-depth case study involves high experimental control and is likely to make a useful addition to the literature.
D) Investigators using case studies must adopt a subjective approach in order to obtain the best results.

Question 74

The attempt by biological researchers to identify the structure of a gene and the characteristics it controls is referred to as

A) gene pooling.
B) cognitive mapping.
C) gene mapping.
D) sensory gating.

Question 75

The study of how genes translate hereditary information is referred to as

A) gene pooling.
B) cognitive mapping.
C) molecular genetics.
D) sensory gating.

Question 76

In an experimental study involving psychological disorders, a researcher observed that 7 out of a sample of 10 participants have the same diagnosed condition. This would mean that, among this sample, there is a concordance rate of _____.

A) 7.00
B) 0.70
C) 0.170
D) 1.70

Question 77

The most significant threat to the usefulness of twin studies is the fact that the majority of monozygotic twins

A) do not share the same amniotic sac during prenatal development.
B) do not develop from the same zygote.
C) develop from two separate eggs that are fertilized by two separate sperms.
D) always share 100 percent of the same DNA.

Question 78

To decide on whether a given individual fits the criteria for abnormality, the mental health community maintains that the behavior need not be linked to some underlying disturbance within the individual, whether psychological or biological.

Question 79

People with psychological disorders may inherit a predisposition to developing behavioral disturbances.

Question 80

Dysfunctional relationships have the potential of lowering an individual's vulnerability to psychological disorders.