Deck 8: Philosophical Positions of the Body and the Development of Physical Education

Question 1

Idealism has competed with Naturalism for popularity since ancient times. Naturalism believes that

A) all events, human and natural, share the same character and can be explained as a process inherent in nature.
B) nature is reliable and dependable.
C) nature is a mysterious force that is not reliable or dependable and therefore, cannot be used to "explain" anything.
D) A and B only.
E) A and C only.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is true?

A) The tenets of Idealism relative to the body support physical education.
B) As a philosophical school, Idealism evolved in Asia Minor, as did every other philosophical
School.
C) The ancient Greeks were interested in the "ideal" development of mankind, the complete and ideal development of the corporeal, spiritual, and intellectual aspects of human existence.
D) A and C
E) All of the above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Idealists have focused their energy on investigating three specific topics

A) existence of God, the self, and knowledge.
B) the nature of dualism, the agnostics, and existentialism.
C) phenomenology, naturalism, and universal truth.
D) sportsmanship, reality, and phenomenology.
E) None of the above.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Idealism is also interested in

A) logic.
B) ultimate reality.
C) what the mind can conceive or determine as reality.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 5

According to Idealism, which of the following is true?

A) Reality is mind.
B) The entire universe is that which can be conceived by mind.
C) The world we actually exist in is an imperfect world.
D) The fact that we have the idea of a perfect world is evidence that it must exist.
E) All of the above.

Question 6

According to Idealism, which of the following is true?

A) The use of logic is not important.
B) The mind is composed of a non-spiritual quality.
C) Ultimate reality exists in the corporeal world only.
D) The basic fundamental nature of reality is the body--the mind is secondary in importance to the body and does not assist the individual in identifying the nature of reality.
E) None of the above.

Question 7

Which of the following is true?

A) Metaphysical idealism analyzes the universe as a mental or psychic reality--all "things" in the universe are linked by an ideal element that can be logically deduced.
B) Epistemological idealism utilizes mentally knowable data which are perceptible truths.
C) Idealism can and does use inductive and deductive reasoning.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 8

Which of the following is true?

A) The foundation of Epistemological Idealism is more finite then the foundations used in Metaphysical Idealism.
B) The foundation of Metaphysical Idealism is more infinite then the foundation on which Epistemological Idealism is based.
C) Pragmatism is the only philosophical school invented in America.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above.

Question 9

According to Idealism

A) the self is a certainty.
B) if we understand the nature of knowledge, the nature of reality will be clarified.
C) ideals that are accepted as true and authentic must be derived from evidence.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.

Question 10

According to Zeigler, which of the following is true of Idealism?

A) Truth for the idealist is orderly and systematic.
B) Individuals attain truth by examining the wisdom of the past through his/her mind.
C) Everything that exists has a relationship to something else and is intertwined.
D) Reality is a system of logic and order that has been established by the Universal Mind.
E) All of the above.

Question 11

Which of the following is true?

A) Idealists believe that the world and the universe are primarily spiritual (spiritual being part of the perfect ideal).
B) Pure idealists readily accept the theory of evolution.
C) Bishop George Berkeley (1685-1753) offered an alternative to idealistic philosophy and claimed that the mind is not able to discern meaning from our worldly experiences. Instead, Berkeley relied on his corporeal senses to "know" reality.
D) German idealists always stated their belief in God when engaging in philosophical investigations.
E) All of the above.

Question 12

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

A) wrote "The Human Psyche".
B) wrote "Critique of Pure Reason".
C) wrote "The Universal Mind".
D) wrote "The Philosophical Mind".
E) All of the above.

Question 13

Kant believed that

A) knowledge and reason is an interactive process from the mind toward the world.
B) Knowledge and reason is an interactive process from the world toward the mind.
C) The world is represented (not presented) to us by way of our physical senses and the sensory inputwe receive. As a result, the body is a source of information and is used as a "way of knowing".
D) A and C only.
E) None of the above.

Question 14

According to Kant

A) something exists beyond our comprehension that manufactures and gives us some impressions and assigns a quality to our experience.
B) the "Thing in Itself" that exists is infinite and therefore unknowable because humans are finite and cannot "know" an entity that is infinite.
C) We exist in a sensory/corporeal world.
D) We can link and therefore unify our sensory (physical) input by placing these "sensations" that we receive by way of our senses together with mindful activity which is a "way of knowing" that will determine which sensations are valid and which are false.
E) All of the above.

Question 15

Which of the following beliefs does Kant identify with?

A) God, Immortality, Freedom, Categorical Imperative, and Moral Law.
B) Moral law, will to power, universal corporeality, evil, and mind.
C) Categorical imperative, immortality, infinite wisdom of man, rational discourse, moral disclosure.
D) Moral disclosure, rational discourse, evil, freedom, God.
E) Immortality, Freedom, necessity of evil, agnosticism, God.

Question 16

Relative to Kant, which of the following is true?

A) Kant's philosophy is relevant to physical education and sport.
B) Human existence manifests itself as a unified consciousness that participates (1) in a sensory/ corporeal world in which humans are defined/determined and (2) in a world of reason in which humans are "free".
C) The reasoned and rational aspect of human existence guides individuals to embrace Kant's categorical imperative which can be equated with sportsmanship.
D) The categorical imperative says that individuals must obey laws because these rules and regulations are expressions of the fundamental nature of humans. Individuals should treat others in the same way that they wish to be treated in return which is the essence of sportsmanship.
E) All of the above.

Question 17

Which of the following are true with regard to Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)

A) he was an Italian politician who ruled Italy from 1490-1525 and insisted that athletic competition for both males and females were necessary if Italy was to remain competitive and militarily strong.
B) he was a famous author and humanitarian of the Renaissance who wrote books that encouraged exercise and physical fitness for Italian aristocrats.
C) he was an Italian philosopher and statesman who wrote THE PRINCE which advocated using any and every means available to achieve the desired result - the end justifies the means.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 18

Fichte (1762-1814)

A) devoted his writings that addressed issues that challenge human life and unlike Kant, believed the "Thing in Itself" is indeed, knowable.
B) believed, as did Kant, that a healthy and fit body was important so that each person could reach his/ her full potential.
C) believed evil is necessary to awaken the human spirit spurring it to achievement.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 19

Hegel (1770-1831)

A) believed that ultimate realities that affected men should be within the realm of man's reason to comprehend them as opposed to the idea proposed by Kant that man has a finite or limited ability to reason and therefore cannot "know" ultimate reality.
B) had more faith in our ability to know things than Kant and other idealists did.
C) used (1) thesis, (2) antithesis, and (3) synthesis to determine truth.
D) is the consummate idealist who placed the physical or corporeal world as a limited or finite idea; Philosophically speaking, Hegel believes that the body is inferior to the mind.
E) All of the above.

Question 20

When applying the philosophical concepts of idealism to Physical education, Idealists believe

A) growth will occur through self-activity.
B) the ultimate responsibility to learn is with the student.
C) seeks to develop the self; mind, body, and spirit.
D) moral values must be taught and when appropriate, spiritual values as well.
E) All of the above.

Question 21

Which is false?, Idealism believes

A) achievement of a superior life is the objective for all students
B) in relying strict quantitative measures relative to how a student changes.
C) in development of the self to include self-improvement, self-reliance, self- responsibility, self-direction, and self-examination.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 22

Which is false? Pestalozzi (1746-1827)

A) was probably the best known educational reformer of his time.
B) was influenced by the writing of George Washington
C) believed in three elements of educational theory; intellectual education, moral education, practical education.
D) believed in the value of physical education to develop healthy and cheerful children.
E) All of the above.

Question 23

Which of the following is true?

A) Pestalozzi was a "social outcast" as a student and was nicknamed "Harry Oddity of Foolborough".
B )Pestalozzi was a superb athlete during his school years and frequently volunteered to teach both students and teachers how to perform German gymnastics.
C) Wrote the "Evening Hours of a Hobbit" which stated (in part) that "nature is the enemy of mankind" and therefore exercise is needed to combat the harsh conditions inherent in living in the natural world.
D) Established the school at the Yverdon Castle which became the most celebrated school in the annals of education.
E) A and D only.

Question 24

Froebel (1782-1852)

A) was not at all influenced by the writings of Kant, Fichte, and Hegel.
B) refused to visit Pestalozzi's school of Yverdon because of Froebel's dislike of him.
C) wrote the "Education of Germans".
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 25

In regard to Froebel, which of the following is true?

A) Developed a theory about play which in part stated that during the developing years of childhood "Play is the highest form of child development" of human development it is highly serious and of deep significance.
B) believed that physical education was good for character and moral development.
C) Believed that when teachers and students participate together in physical education activities such as play and organized games, children will come to understand the world of humanity through self-activity in the form of physical education.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 26

Friedrich Jahn (1778-1852)

A) was a Prussian who was intensely patriotic--believed that Prussia was destined to become the leader of all the German states.
B) was an orthodox monarchist who fought along with the Turners to end French rule in Germany.
C) taught gymnastics in Berlin.
D) had an intense hatred of anything that was foreign.
E) All of the above.

Question 27

Which of the following is true?

A) Jahn was a Prussian leader who was opposed to a United Germany.
B) Jahn supported the liberation of Germany by France.
C) Jahn took an oath to support the development of physical education programs decreed by Napoleon.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 28

The physical education program of Jahn

A) was based on the work of GutsMuths.
B) was used to unite the German Volk (people) against the French.
C) relied extensively on the use of calisthenics and gymnastics.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 29

Which of the following was Jahn involved with?

A) Established the German League which in part called for a nationwide program of physical education and spiritual renewal in all German universities.
B) Joined with other patriots in working to unite Germany.
C) Created the German Turnverein Movement.
D) Composed a Turner Machine song which extolled the feats of Jahn and the national pride of the Turners.
E) All of the above.

Question 30

The Turners under the direction of Jahn

A) established gymnastics societies throughout Germany.
B) enlisted in the German army to drive the French out of Germany.
C) believed that the only "true Germans" were members of the Turner organization. All other Germans were "false Germans".
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 31

The German Turners, under the direction of Jahn

A) would fight anyone who opposed them, including other Germans.
B) attempted to instill Patriotic pride in all Germans through the use of physical education, otherwise known as German gymnastics.
C) believed that German Gymnastics instilled discipline, order, and pride not to mention the development of athleticism.
D) were banned by the Prussian government in 1819 because Chancellor Metternich believed the Turners were involved in treasonous acts.
E) All of the above

Question 32

Who were the three German Turners who fled to America to escape political oppression in Germany?

A) Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Carl Strauss
B) Eric Cartman, Frau Hidi, Frau Braun
C) Charles Beck, Charles Follen, Francis Lieber
D) F. Jahn, Otto Von Bismark, F. Nietzche
E) None of the above.

Question 33

The Round Hill School

A) was founded by Joseph Cogswell and George Bancroft who studied in Germany and were influenced by Jahn.
B) was the first school in America to require mandatory PE.
C) hired the first PE teacher in America, Charles Beck, a German Turner.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 34

Charles Follen

A) was a German Turner who traveled to America with Charles Beck.
B) taught German at Harvard and taught German Gymnastics to Harvard students on a voluntary basis.
C) was a leading proponent of Swedish gymnastics.
D) A and B only.
E) None of the above.

Question 35

Francis Lieber

A) was a German Turner who fled to America and was Follen's successor at the Boston Gymnasium.
B) along with Beck and Follen helped provide the basis for American physical education.
C) was a disciple of Franz Nachtegall and helped spread Danish gymnastics throughout North America.
D) built a pool at Harvard where he was a swimming instructor and first teacher of physical education in the United States.
E) A and B only.

Question 36

Franz Nachtegall (1777-1847)

A) was the "father of PE" in Denmark.
B) was influenced by the work of GutsMuths.
C) opened his own gymnasium.
D) promoted swimming in Denmark and organized competitive swim meets for children from poor families.
E) All of the above.

Question 37

Nachtegall

A) was successful in introducing compulsory PE into Danish schools.
B) was instrumental in training men and women to become physical education teachers.
C) eventually saw his physical education program replaced by military gymnastics.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 38

Per Henrik Ling (1776-1839)

A) was a Swede who was interested in the medical effects of exercise.
B) was appointed fencing master at the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute by King Charles XIV.
C) developed the Ling Swedish System of Medical gymnastics.
D) based his system of physical education on the science of the day.
E) All of the above.

Question 39

Which of the following is true?

A) Ling's system of gymnastics were actually quite boring and were not popular in Sweden but did gain some respect in the northeastern United States.
B) Ling developed a life-long interest in the medical effects of exercise because the pain in his arthritic arms were relieved through fencing and associated exercises.
C) Ling developed a system of exercises that positively influenced both the body and mind.
D) Ling did not agree with the approach to exercise used by Jahn and the Turners because they were too complicated.
E) All of the above.

Question 40

The ancient Greeks were interested in the "ideal" development of man - the complete development of corporeal, spiritual, and intellectual aspects of human existence.

Question 41

The German idealists provided physical education with philosophical underpinnings which helped to justify physical education as a means to develop the "ideal" individual.

Question 42

Ancient and modern idealists focused their attention and intellectual energy on three main topics; accumulation of wealth, scientific inquiry, and the existence of the trans-universal mind.

Question 43

According to Idealism, reality is presented to us via the senses. The realm of intellectual discovery is secondary to the world of the senses where true reality is revealed.

Question 44

The basic fundamental nature of reality - the ultimate reality to the idealist is that which is received via the senses and processed subjectively. The ability to think and reason our way to reality is not within the realm of the philosophy of idealism - the senses are what counts - not the mind.

Question 45

Epistemological idealism approaches the study of reality is dependent on the mind to determine reality - Whatever is "out there" beyond our minds, all we can know is what is in our mind.

Question 46

According to idealism, ideas that are accepted as true must be derived from evidence which can be in the form of inductive and deductive reasoning.

Question 47

Immanuel Kant did not believe in Moral law. He also believed that humans were infinite and therefore could actually "know" God or the "Thing in itself" which was also infinite.

Question 48

Johann Fichte believed that evil forces are necessary in order for the human spirit to be awakened and spurred to active achievement. If evil did not exist, humans would become complacent and never have the need for achievement - to overcome obstacles and challenges.

Question 49

Educators who believe in the philosophy of Idealism believe that growth will occur Through self-activity and that the ultimate responsibility to learn rests with the pupil - the "learner".

Question 50

The Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts was founded by Josepy Cogswell and George Bancroft who trained with the German Turners while they studied in Germany. They hired Charles Beck, the first Physical Education teacher in America because the Round Hill School included a daily program of physical education based upon the German Turner model.