Deck 4: Rome

Question 1

Which of the following are true?

A) According to Roman mythology, two infant twin brothers, Romulus and Remus were found on the banks of the Tiber River by a female wolf who Suckled them until a farmer discovered the two boys.
B) Romulus eventually murdered his brother and proclaimed himself the first King of Rome in 753 B. C.
C) Rome grew from a small town named Latium near the Tiber River into one of the most famous cities in both the ancient and modern world.
D) Before ancient Rome was established, the people or "Romans" who lived in the region were ruled by the Etruscans.
E) All of the above.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The origins of Etruscan civilization

A) Are documented by the Greek historian Herodotus
B) May have its genesis in Asia Minor
C) May have started in Italy to begin with
D) May have its origins in the Northern Alps because Etruscan inscriptions have been discovered there.
E) All of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Most of the information available to scholars and others interested in Etruscan sport and physical activity are obtained from which of the following sources?

A) Excavations of burial tombs
B) Revealed in paintings and murals that adorn burial tombs
C) Through artifacts such as bronze statues that depict athletes
D) Excellent parchments and other written records that provide detailed accounts of Etruscan rituals and sporting events
E) A, B, and C only.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

With regard to the Etruscans, which of the following is true?

A) Archeologists discovered a well preserved tomb that has numerous murals, paintings, and artifacts that depict various sports and athletes engaged in competition called the Tomb of the Olympic Games.
B) Evidence indicates that Etruscan women would engage in wrestling matches against men.
C) Etruscans would frequently compete against Greek athletes for prizes.
D) All of the above
E) A and B only

Question 5

Which of the following is true?

A) The most popular sport enjoyed by the Etruscans was chariot racing.
B)The Etruscans had no problem killing prisoners of war or other condemned individuals as a way to provide public entertainment.
C) Etruscans engaged in combat sports in which the contestants were armed and fought to the death.
D)Etruscans would often design their cities centered around an area where games and athletic competitions would take place.
E) All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is true?

A)The origins of Rome can be traced to a small community that pre- dated Rome called Latuim located near the Tiber River.
B)In 509 B.C., Romans defeated the Etruscans and formed the Roman Republic which was governed by an aristocratic oligarchy.
C) The Roman Republic lasted until 146 B.C., the year that Rome finally conquered Greece.
D) The Roman Empire was established in 27 B.C. and lasted until 476 A.D.
E) All of the above.

Question 7

The Roman Empire was

A) ultimately divided into two geographical regions, the Western Empire centered in Rome, the Eastern or Byzantine Empire, located in Constantinople.
B) significantly influenced by Greek culture.
C) was governed by a succession of Emperors.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 8

The Emperor Nero

A) Resisted the influence of Greek culture
B) Unlike earlier emperors, preferred the company of his fellow Romans to that of the Greeks
C) Set out to destroy Greece and the cultural legacy of its people
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 9

The Romans during the Empire

A) enjoyed elaborate ostentatious buildings that were quite large.
B) looked with disdain upon Romans who built lavish houses and attended gladiatorial spectacles.
C) revered Nero as one of the finest emperors that the Empire ever had.
D) B and C only.
E) None of the above.

Question 10

Nero

A) built the Golden House to "show off" his stature and position.
B) believed he was a gift to Rome from the gods.
C) insisted that the Greeks hold a special Olympic Games so he could compete.
D) was crowned an Olympic champion in the chariot race, even though he fell out of the chariot
E) All of the above.

Question 11

Which of the following is true?

A) The Romans displayed the same cultural genius and intellectual acumen that the Greeks did.
B) Most Romans were in agreement with the idea of emphasizing the all- around development, the individual that reflected the aesthetic and educated ideals that were made famous by the Greeks.
C) The Romans were known as pragmatic and utilitarian and emphasized the practical and purposeful.
D) Unlike the Greeks, the Romans were monotheistic.
E) All of the above.

Question 12

During the Empire, many number of "blue collar" Romans

A) rejected the mythological "businesslike" gods of the state.
B) embraced Christianity.
C) chose life without religion and turned to the post-- Aristotelian Schools of Philosophy for guidance and understanding.
D) discussed the same profound metaphysical questions as the Greeks did.
E) All but D.

Question 13

During the Empire

A) the philosopher's task was to provide the individual with a code of conduct based upon a certain spiritual and moral independence in much the same way that priests did in the Christian world.
B) The concept of society was cosmopolitan and multicultural.
C) The Philosophical-Directors provided an orientation based upon the beliefs of Zeno and Epicutus which emphasized ethical and practical conduct.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 14

Which of the following is true?

A) During the fourth and third centuries B.C., the Republic was seen as an ordered civilization where economic and political freedom existed.
B) During the fourth and third centuries B.C., the influence of religion on education was significant and moral and military training was considered more important than intellectual achievement.
C) During the Roman Empire, Romans were encouraged to use information obtained from religion and philosophy to answer questions they had about the "meaning of life".
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 15

Which of the following is true?

A) At the foundation of Roman civilization was an ordered, pragmatic, utilitarian focus on the purposeful and practical.
B) Romans were results oriented, deliberate, and methodical in their acceptance of civic responsibilities and duties.
C) With the exception of some of the literate and refined members of the upper class who were significantly influenced by Greek culture, most Romans did not identify with the abstract, aesthetic, and harmonious/"moderation in all things" approach to life philosophy of the Greeks.
D) All of the above
E) A and B only.

Question 16

The Stoic philosophy

A) was established by Zeno.
B) believed that knowledge was based on sense-perception.
C) elevated the philosophical position of the body as important
D) emphasized personal conduct and the attainment of personal happiness--no matter what life did to them, Stoics remained optimistic.
E) All of the Above.

Question 17

Stoic Philosophy

A) was grounded in a sense of Individualism, a sense of personal responsibility and frowned on those who were/are emotional.
B) did not appeal to Romans.
C) was criticized by the Roman Seneca because it ignored the teaching of personal conduct.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 18

Epicureanism

A) Believed that cultural refinements - high culture, were important.
B) rejected Plato's idealism that elevated mind over body by arguing that the body and the senses are indeed "real" and are the best way to "know" reality.
C) Elevated the philosophical position of the body and its role in the epistemological process--how we come to know things (reality).
D) Believed that the ideas and practice of friendship, peace, contentment, nobility, and pleasure are the objects of knowledge--pleasure is but one result of Epicurean philosophy.
E) All of the above.

Question 19

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B. C.)

A) was banished from Rome for his criticism of Julius Caesar, Pompey, & Crassus.
B) became a social critic of Roman sports which he believed were emblematic of the larger social and political problems of Rome.
C) was very concerned with ethics and how man can attain the highest moral virtue.
D) was a great Roman orator and philosopher.
E) All of the above.

Question 20

Antiochus

A) believed it is very important to totally develop one's capacities. As a result the development of mind
And body was essential.
B) developed an ethical system that sought the achievement of the ultimate good which he believed was the ability to live in accordance with nature.
C) was a Greek philosopher who advocated a philosophy that was attractive to the Stoic attitude of the Romans.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 21

The physical and "sporting" activities of the Romans

A) revolved around "physical exercises - physical education" during the early years of the Republic.
B) evolved into massive spectacles of entertainment, debauchery, and carnage during the Empire.
C) included ball games, spending time in the baths or engaging in mild exercise tossing various balls back and forth to loosen the joints and increase range of motion.
D) for the most part, was not at all similar to the intense, strenuous activities engaged in by the Greeks in the palastras and gymnasiums.
E) All of the above.

Question 22

The wealthy Romans

A) believed in the value and utility of Galen's health gymnastics.
B) believed that the maintenance of health was a worthwhile and natural goal.
C) employed Greek physicians in order to provide instruction in health related exercises.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 23

The Romans

A) paid homage to their gods to ensure a bountiful harvest, curry their favor much like the Greeks did
With their gods.
B) engaged in footraces, ball playing, equestrian displays, and wrestling in order to exhibit their athletic skills to their gods who were believed to be in attendance during religious holidays when these activities occurred.
C) believed that they were divinely selected to rule the world. As a result. they developed a very pragmatic and utilitarian physical training program so their soldiers could defeat the enemy in battle.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.

Question 24

Which of the following is true?

A) In Rome, the training of youth had but one purpose: to make them obedient, disciplined, and ready to become a warrior.
B) The Roman Legion adopted the same physical training program that the Greek warrior-athletes used.
C) War was the prestige profession of the Romans. It was not unusual for them to utilize brutal methods for training the body.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 25

Cladius Galen (A.D. 130-200)

A) was one of the first physicians to combine medicine and biomechanics to form the "science of exercise".
B) was a Greek physician who achieved fame because he had great success treating wounded gladiators so they could continue fighting.
C) was very knowledgeable in the surgical procedures of the day and the use of drugs to assist the healing process.
D) believed that professional athletes did not have much of an intellect and spend their lives over exercising, overeating, and oversleeping like pigs.
E) All of the above.

Question 26

Cladius Galen

A) believed that exercise would benefit both the body and the mind.
B) believed that the Greek athletics and exercises were better than the approach used by the Romans to condition the body.
C) believed that both vigorous and violent exercises were beneficial.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 27

According to Cladius Galen

A) the best gymnastic exercises of all are those that not only exercise the body but also bring delight to the mind.
B) the development of the body must be done in a harmonious way.
C) running should be discouraged because it wears a person thin and causes some parts of the body to be overtaxed.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 28

In general, Greek athletics

A) were not popular during the era of the Republic because of the formal approach that the Greeks required.
B) were not valued militarily by the utilitarian Romans.
C) what little appealed existed for Greek athletics was found in the refined, leisured and literate Romans, not the middle class.
D) Emperor Domitan enjoyed Greek athletic competition and built a stadium for so Greek athletic competitions could be held.
E) All of the above.

Question 29

Which of the following is true?

A) In the first century A. D., the Emperor Domitan (A.D. 51- 96) instituted races that featured young women during the Capitoline Games held in Rome.
B) The "Romanized" Olympic Games in Syria featured women wrestlers.
C) There are historical accounts that women engaged in weight training exercises in order to tone muscles and keep in shape.
D) Women competed as gladiators.
E) All of the above.

Question 30

Which of the following are true?

A) The Emperor Domitian (A.D. 51-96) built a stadium in central Rome that featured Greek athletic competitions.
B) In general, the Romans who lived in the era of the Republic showed little interest in the formal athletic competitions practiced by the Greeks because of the excessive and intense training that were personified by Greek athletes.
C) The Romans, in contrast to the Greeks, redefined sport and athletic competition as spectator entertainment like those events held in the Flavian Amphitheater that emphasized cruelty, brutality, and the slaughter of humans and animals before tens of thousands of spectators.
D) All of the above.
E) B and C only.

Question 31

Which of the following is true?

A) During the time of the Republic, holidays emerged from simple religious occasions and agricultural offerings into elaborate games and spectacles that were financed by the government.
B) During the Republic and the Empire, the government introduced official sporting events. When this occurred, all businesses were closed and admission to these "games and spectacles" were usually free.
C) Only during the early period of the Republic did Romans actually participate in games and sports During the remaining years of the Republic and during the Empire, Rome became a nation of spectators.
D) Romans enjoyed watching slaves and professional athletes compete while also taking delight in watching the less fortunate Christians, criminals, and political prisoners participate unwillingly in the games.
E) All of the above.

Question 32

According to historian J. Carcopino who wrote Daily Life in Ancient Rome the Romans

A) engaged in despicable behavior as a result of the executions that occurred in the Colosseum.
B) actually enjoyed the massive executions that occurred in the Coliseum.
C) turned the Coliseum into a torture chamber and human slaughter house under the guise of athletics.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 33

The Romans

A) did not use sporting events as a catalyst for developing physical education like the Greeks did.
B) did not like the individual athletic contests that the Greeks participated in.
C) developed "games and spectacles" into large scale shows that were designed to entertain spectators. This was contrary to the Greek notion of athletics that used sports and games as an opportunity for citizens to compete and to demonstrate physical fitness.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 34

During the Empire and the Republic

A) politicians sponsored games and spectacles for political ends.
B) the process by which Roman politicians panderes to the masses by sponsoring games and spectacles came to be known as "panem et circenses" also known as "bread and circuses".
C) politicians in Rome provided spectacular and often bloody events, and fed the spectators in exchange for their support.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 35

Which of the following is true?

A) The brutal games and spectacles that the Romans enjoyed may have been in part the result of the religious rituals of the Etruscans.
B) From time to time, the Etrucsans made their prisoners fight each other to death, like gladiators.
C) Roman emperors set aside one day after another as official holidays that were devoted to watching games and spectacles.
D) During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, 135 days out of the year were devoted to festivals and at one point, 17 of the 29 days in April were to be spent at the circus, amphitheater, or theater.
E) All of the above.

Question 36

The Circus Maximus in Rome

A) was the premier hippodrome in the Roman Empire
B) attracted men, women, and Christians.
C) was where two Roman Emperors, Nero and Caligula, raced chariots.
D) could accommodate upwards of 250,000 spectators.
E) All of the above.

Question 37

In regard to gladiators, which of the following is true?

A) the term gladiator originates from a weapon called a "gladius".
B) gladiators were divided into 4 specialties and would fight each other as spectators placed bets on who would survive.
C) not all gladiator combats ended in death, gladiators were expensive to train and their owners did not want to loose their investment.
D) some freemen desired to live the life of the gladiator, these individuals were known as auctorati and entered into an arrangement with a lanista, an entrepreneur, who bought and sold gladiators.
E) All of the above.

Question 38

Which of the following is true?

A) The growth of Christianity had a profound impact on sport. They were opposed to "sports" because their experience with the Romans, who subjected them and other enemies of the state to a horrific death as a form of entertainment in the arena in the name of "blood sport" was cruel and barbaric.
B) Both Jews and the early Christians came into contact with adherents of Greek and Roman sport.
C) Christian writers were quite knowledgeable about sport and would use metaphors from Greek sport.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 39

The early leaders in the Christian church were opposed to the care of the body or health promotion.

Question 40

The early leaders of the Christian church condemned Roman sports.

Question 41

Christian writers targeted both Christians and non-Christians because they continued to attend the immoral and hideous displays of sport in Rome, especially chariot racing.

Question 42

Since they were the "victims" of Roman sport, Christians were the dominant force that opposed the carnage associated with the games and spectacles of ancient Rome.

Question 43

The Roman sport of chariot racing was so popular that it was adopted by Christians in the Byzantine Empire and remained popular for centuries.

Question 44

The Byzantine Empire survived the Fall of Rome and lasted until 1453.

Question 45

The Romans were every bit as intellectual and culturally oriented as the Greeks were.

Question 46

The Greeks were very receptive to the introduction of Roman sports.

Question 47

Most Romans were quite comfortable with the all-around development of man that reflected the aesthetic and educated aspects of Greek culture.

Question 48

The Roman gods and goddesses were essentially Greek ones, with a few name changes.

Question 49

Roman gladiator venues (arenas) and attendant combats could be found as far north as England, as far south as North Africa and as far east as Turkey.

Question 50

The Stoics, as opposed to the epistemological beliefs of Plato and Socrates, believed that knowledge was based on sense-perception - the body is a source of knowledge

Question 51

Wiedeman argues that the demise of gladiatorial combats may have been caused by the competing concept of the Christian concept of resurrection which eventually prevailed over the gladiator idea of resurrection - fight well in the arena and you will "live"/be resurrected, to fight another day.

Question 52

The Roman military embraced the Greek model of athletic competition because it developed the "team unity" the Romans demanded.

Question 53

The primary location for military instruction in Rome was the Coliseum.

Question 54

The Romans were prejudiced/very uncomfortable in regard to the nudity of the Greek athletics.

Question 55

Apparently, it was only during the era of the early Republic that Romans actually participated in physical activity and athletic competition - during the Empire, they became a nation of spectators.

Question 56

Roman games and spectacles served the utilitarian function of pacification and a means to keep the masses entertained so they wouldn't riot or cause trouble.

Question 57

Roman leaders feared that bored citizens may revolt against the government. As a result, they provided entertainment for the citizens in the form of athletic spectacles.

Question 58

The Romans adopted various Etruscan customs and practices

Question 59

There is credible evidence that both men and women competed as gladiators.

Question 60

There were several Roman emperors who lived from the first century to the third century A. D. who enjoyed Greek sport and spend a lot of money to restore Olympia which had been destroyed during the Roman conquest of Greece.

Question 61

The citizens of the Greek city of Corinth eagerly embraced the introduction of Roman sport to their city and many citizens soon began training as gladiators.

Question 62

Although gladiators who displayed courage, bravery, and fought well were admired by many Romans for their skill, these same Romans cared very little about the "future" of these trained killers since the fate of the gladiator was to provide the masses with entertainment and die in the arena.

Question 63

The term MUNUS is Latin for "duty" and was initially used to justify the spilling of blood to honor an ancestor by his descendants. The first recorded gladiator combat took place in 264 B. C. as part of a MUNUS.

Question 64

LUDI is the Roman/Latin term for games.

Question 65

The Emperor Vespasian financed the construction of the Flavian Amphitheater by looting the Temple of Jerusalem of all its gold and silver, precious gems and priceless artifacts.

Question 66

Vespasian, in addition to looting the temple, enslaved 12,000 Jews and took them back to Rome where they were literally "worked to death" building the Flavian Amphitheater. Those who managed to stay alive were later sentenced to death in the Flavian Ampitheater - the same venue they built, by Vespasian's son Titus.

Question 67

The Ludus Romanus was the major school in Rome where potential gladiators were sent to be trained.

Question 68

The Hippodrome of Constantinople (present day Istanbul) was a huge chariot racing venue and could accommodate upwards of 100,000 fans.

Question 69

The two most famous chariot racing syndicates in ancient Constantinople were the Greens and the Blues. Fans wore the colors of their favorite syndicate/team.

Question 70

Over time, the Greens and the Blues became much more then sporting organizations. They morphed into political parties and it was not unusual for many Byzantine Emperors to seek their support.

Question 71

In 532 A. D., the Hippodrome was the scene for a violent and bloody riot called the Nika Revolt where thousands of fans representing the Blues and the Greens killed each other.

Question 72

The Nika Revolt lasted two days and was confined to the Hippodrome. The great city of Constantinople was spared any damage.

Question 73

The Byzantine Emperor Constantine erected a passage from the Great Palace, where he lived, to the Royal Box in the Hippodrome so he would not have to mingle or associate with the masses.

Question 74

King Herod of Jerusalem despised Greek and Roman sports and issued a decree banning all forms of athletic competition in Jerusalem.

Question 75

Jews during the time of King Herod's reign petitioned Herod to allow athletic competition between Jews and Greeks. Herod did not support their petition.