Deck 3: Greece

Question 1

What culture(s) are generally credited for developing much of the Western World's philosophical orientation toward the body and Physical Education?

A) Roman and Spanish
B) Egyptian
C) Anglo-Saxon
D) Greek and Macedonian
E) Greek and possibly Judaic influence

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The Greeks developed a culture that

A) emphasized the pursuit of individual excellence in mind and body.
B) promoted an appreciation of the arts and humanities.
C) honored both athletic excellence and intellectual excellence.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The Phoenicians, according to Labib Boutros

A) established trading ties with the Gauls
B) Did not enjoy sports and physical activity as did the Greeks.
C) may have influenced some of the rituals, sports, and physical activities that were adopted by the Greeks.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is true?

A) in Phoenician mythology, the gods Baal and Melkart competed in chariot racing competition.
B) the Phoenician hero - athlete Melkart was compared to the Greek hero - athlete Heracles.
C) archeological excavations at the ancient Phoenician city of Pasadena have uncovered ruins that are similar to ancient Roman stadiums.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 5

Which of the following is true?

A) according to Labib Boutros, Greek sports were based on divinities and worship rites that were borrowed from the Egyptians.
B)Boutros strongly implies that the Greeks borrowed religion and athletic competitions from the Phoenicians and used these two cultural practices to establish the Olympic Games and other Athletic Festivals in Greece.
C) the Phoenicians used ritual human sacrifice to celebrate athletic success that honored the god Melkart.
D) All of the above
E) A and B only.

Question 6

What two opposing ideas, according to Fairs, existed in Greece relative to the significance of the body and ultimately Physical Education?

A) Metaphysics and Ontology
B) Naturalistic and Anti-naturalistic
C) Roman sport and Cretian sport
D) Platonic and Spartan
E) Athenian and Cretan

Question 7

According to Fairs, which of the following is true?

A) naturalistic ideology believed that man should have a balanced educational program that would utilize physical education and intellectual education.
B) anti-naturalist ideology believed in a viewpoint that rejected the material/physical world, along with the body, and instead favored a world of pure thought that originated exclusively from the mind.
C) the naturalistic view believed in the necessity that men seek a harmonious balance between the spiritual, intellectual, and physical.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 8

Which of the following can be attributed to Socrates and Plato?

A) their dualistic approach to questions about human existence.
B) they were two of the greatest philosophers of all time.
C) their philosophical position of the body decisively influenced the status and purpose of contemporary physical education.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 9

Which of the following is true? Dualism

A) is a philosophical system that separates human existence into three parts, mind, spirit, and body.
B) was classically described in the writings of the Greek philosopher Stephanos.
C) is a metaphysical position that decisively influenced the purpose and status of contemporary physical education.
D) A and C only.
E) All of the above.

Question 10

With regard to dualistic thought, which of the following is false?

A) dualism believes that it is important to concentrate more time and effort in developing the mind as opposed to developing the body. Because the mind can form ideas which can become discoveries that promote better living. The body does not assist the mind in this process.
B) through the ability to develop the mind, individuals are able to contribute timeless and eternal work in music, poetry, literature, philosophy, art and architectural forms that are so beautiful they are still
Used and copied today.
C )These "contributions" originate from the mind and do not decay. The body will always decay andleaves nothing of value behind; the mind can form timeless ideas.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above.

Question 11

Which of the following is true?

A) classical scholars, such as William Fleming, connect the philosophy of existentialism with the ancient Greeks.
B )Plato's philosophy is strongly tied to humanism because Plato's emphasis is that developing the body is always more important than developing the mind.
C) Plato believed in democratic ideals
D)the Greeks viewed their gods as idealized human beings with beautiful bodies. In order to gain favor with their gods, Greeks developed their bodies to look like the gods, thus honoring the gods.
E) All of the above.

Question 12

Socrates and Plato

A) were consummate philosophers and participated in athletic competitions.
B) developed a metaphysical position based on dualism which elevated the development of the body over the development of the mind.
C) argued in the PHAEDO that the soul is evil and infects the mind.
D) argued in the PHAEDO that the body must be developed to its full potential before the mind is able to function correctly.
E) All of the above.

Question 13

In the PHAEDO, Socrates

A) describes his epistemological position - how we acquire and validate knowledge.
B) believes that humans can acquire authentic and valid knowledge through the body.
C) the ideas we have of truth and knowledge are based on information that we receive from our bodily senses and are very reliable.
D) describes why physical education and athletics is vitally important to Society.
E) All of the above.

Question 14

In the Republic, Socrates

A) continues to maintain his belief in dualism.
B) believes that in order to educate the population correctly, each person must have a "mind and body" education.
C) believes that education should consist of gymnastics for the body and music for the soul.
D) believes that caring for the body is important, however, it is not equal with caring and developing the mind--developing the mind remains the primary main concern.
E) All of the above.

Question 15

Plato

A) is the main source of information we have about Socrates.
B) provides two views of the body based on his metaphysical dualism.
C) does not trust the body to provide accurate and valid information.
D) the significance of Plato's dualism is tied to what knowledge actually is and how individuals acquire their knowledge--Plato believes that individuals acquire knowledge through the mind--not the body.
E) All of the above.

Question 16

The impact of Plato's dualism on educational philosophy in general and physical education in particular

A) can be understood through his epistemology
B) asks, "can accurate knowledge be achieved while in the body"?
C) asks, "if the answer is no, how is it possible to become educated if it is demonstrated that the physical senses (body) can often fool the mind"?
D) places the development of the mind as more important than developing the body which is evident incontemporary educational philosophy.
E) All of the above.

Question 17

Which of the following is true?

A) Charles H. McCloy believed that the development of the body, "education of the physical", should be the priority of Physical Education.
B) Jesse F. Williams believed that men and women are of an organic unity and opposed dualism.
C )Both McCloy and Williams believed that our physical dimension is a significant part of our existence and should be a high iority in the educational curriculum.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 18

Which of the following is true?

A) Plato argues for a harmonious relationship (not an equal relationship) between mind and body in The Republic.
B)Boutros argues that Greek sport was based on divinities and worship rituals that were borrowed from the Phoenicians.
C) Physical educators who believe in "Education Through the Physical" believe in not only developing physical fitness but also developing personal relationships, positive emotional development, mental learning, appropriate group behavior, and related social and aesthetic outcomes.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 19

Aristotle

A) studied with Plato, was a big fan of the Olympic games and provided Olympic officials with a revised list of the athletes who had won at Olympia.
B) started his own gymnasium, the Lyceum and tutored Alexander the Great.
C) is generally recognized as the preeminent philosopher of antiquity.
D) believed that the health of the mind was dependent upon the health of the body.
E) All of the above.

Question 20

Aristotle's educational curriculum at his gymnasium consisted of

A) grammar.
B) gymnastics.
C) music.
D) drawing.
E) All of the above.

Question 21

Which of the following is true?, The Funeral Games of the ancient Greeks

A) were first mentioned by the Poet Homer in the Odyssey.
B) were held to punish enemies, such as Partroclus who was killed at Troy
C) consisted of athletic contests which honored the deceased and were believed to give pleasure to the gods.
D) were to the Greeks, no other culture held funeral games.
E) All of the above.

Question 22

The people of Crete enjoyed

A) Sheep-Jumping.
B) Racing sailboats
C) Ritual sacrifice of virgins to honor Pluto
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 23

With regard to the development of Greek sport

A) the origin of Greek sport has not been clearly established by scholars.
B) there was a sharp distinction between amateur and professional athletes as described by H.W. Pleket and Slowikowski.
C) there are two predominant schools of thought of the development of Greek sport; the traditional "rise -and- fall approach" and the view that Greek sport came about due to contact with other civilizations who practiced sport such as the Egyptians, Crete, and the Phonecians.
D) Agon and Arete were common arguments that were used by philosophers who were opposed to the popularity of Greek athletics.
E) A and C only

Question 24

With regard to Agon and Arete, which of the following are true?

A) according to Professor Miller, a definition of Arete would include virtue, skill, prowess, pride, excellence, valor, and nobility.
B) in ancient Greece, arête was not limited to athletes.
C) there is ample evidence that many Greek women were recognized for their Agon and Arete.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 25

With regard to the Iliad, which of the following is true?

A) it was Plato's greatest masterpiece.
B) it is actually a song that the Greeks sung during important athletic festivals.
C) it is the epic story of the Spartan Queen Kyneska's victory at the Olympia
D) A and B only.
E) None of the above.

Question 26

According to Homer's Illiad, which of the following is true?

A) this poem tells the story of the kidnapping of Helen of Sparta by the Trojan Prince, Paris.
B) the Trojan war lasted for 10 years and was waged over the return of one woman, who history
Named "Helen of Troy".
C) the funeral games for Patrocolus is frequently quoted as an original source for our understanding of ancient Greek athletic competitions.
D) the Greeks left behind a great wooden horse that was filled with warriors who opened the gates of Troy after the celebrating Trojans had passed out from celebrating too much. The Greeks slaughtered the Trojans and took Helen back to Greece.
E) All of the above.

Question 27

Which of the following is true?

A) Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a wealthy German businessman who was convinced that Troy and the Trojan War Homer described in the Iliad was real and not a myth.
B) he explored the region of present day Western Turkey where he was convinced the ancient city of Homer's Iliad was situated and discovered Troy.
C) the Temple of Athena at Troy served as a venue where athletic competitions were held to honor the goddess Athena and were celebrated by both the Greeks and later on, the Romans.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 28

Which of the following are false?

A) Alexander the Great (356-323BC) stopped at Troy to honor the hero's of Troy by running around the walls of the city naked and caring the shield that was said to have belonged to Achilles, one of the hero's of the Trojan War.
B) Helen of Athens was married to Menelaus, King of Athens when the Trojan Prince, Hector, abducted her from Athens and fled to Troy.
C) Heinrich Schliemann was multilingual and spent several years studying classics and archeology at the Sorbonne but never earned the Doctor of Philosophy degree.
D) Schliemann married a Greek woman, Sophie and claimed to have discovered Priam's gold stash and photographed his wife wearing a golden necklace he claimed was worn by Helen of Troy.
E) None of the above are false.

Question 29

The Panhellenic Games consisted of the

A) Olympic Games.
B) Nemean Games.
C) Isthmian Games.
D) Pythian Games.
E) All of the above.

Question 30

Which Greek city developed both physical education and "high" culture to a level that most scholars claim has not been achieved since?

A) Sparta
B) Athens
C) Cleveland
D) Troy
E) Nemea

Question 31

The most brutal and violent athletic contest of the Greeks was

A) wrestling.
B) pankration
C) boxing.
D) field Marches.
E) chariot Racing.

Question 32

Athenians, especially those influenced by Plato, believed in

A) establishing a harmonious relationship between mind and body.
B) a person with an out of shape, flabby body was a disgrace and poorly educated.
C) striving to resemble the gods (who were often depicted as perfect physical specimens) by perfection of their physical beauty.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 33

In Sparta

A) periodic physical fitness assessments were administered to the youth by Ephors.
B) the exam occurred every 10 days.
C) if any of the examined youth appeared to be fat or flabby, they were beaten and punished.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 34

In Sparta

A) women had more rights and freedom then Athenian women did
B) women were ordered to develop athletic ability and engaged in footraces, wrestling, and discus throwing.
C) would train right alongside with the men
D) engaged in athletic competition
E) All of the above

Question 35

In regard to Spartan woman, which of the following are true?

A) according to Plutarch, the Spartan lawgiver Lykourgos ordered that virgins should compete in footraces, wrestling, and throwing the discus.
B) Lykourgos ordered that virgins were to be molded so that all softness and daintiness and effeminacy were removed and in addition, were to parade in the nude and to dance and sing at certain religious festivals in the presence of young men as spectators.
C) Kyniska, daughter of the Spartan King Archidamos, entered a chariot team in the Olympic Games of 396 B.C. and again in 392 B.C. and won both times! She was the first woman in Greece to be recognized as an Olympic champion.
D) afamous Athenian, Euripides opined that Spartan girls could not be chaste, even if they wanted to because they use the same race track and palaistra as the young men do exposing their thighs which Euripides found disgraceful.
E) All of the above.

Question 36

Wrestling took place at specially designated "schools" known as

A) Palestra's.
B) Gymnasium.
C) Arena.
D) Lyceum.
E) Academy.

Question 37

Spartan women

A) participated in gymnastics and were conditioned to give birth to strong, healthy children.
B) worked out right along side of the men, in the nude.
C) received instruction in dance, wrestling, swimming, and horseback riding.
D) All of the above.
E) A and C only.

Question 38

The Heraean Games involved which of the following?

A) were exclusively for females
B) were held at the Olympic Stadium
C) were administered by 16 women. The male Hellanodikai served as judges during the competition
D) consisted of three events, all of the events were Footraces
E) All of the above

Question 39

With regard to Arete and Agon, which of the following is true?

A) Arete was an honor reserved only for Olympic champions.
B) Those athletes who were honored with Arete received great wealth and had the right to confer Areteon other athletes who were worthy, for a price!
C) Agon was a special athletic festival held only for Olympic champions
D) Was available for women as well as men
E) None of the above

Question 40

The ancient Olympic Games were first recorded to have began in

A) 776 BC.
B) 900 BC.
C) 1896.
D) 1000 BC.
E) None of the above.

Question 41

The first recorded Olympic champion was

A) Alexander the Great
B) Payton Manning
C) Plato
D) Coroebus of Elis.
E) Pericles of Athens

Question 42

The origins of the Olympic Games is or was

A) based on mythology.
B) based on religion.
C) based on the account provided by Plato.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 43

The first Olympic Games

A) had one event, the Stade race--a footrace of 200 meters, about 600 ancient feet.
B) had elaborate athletic facilities.
C) were dedicated to the god Poseidon.
D) awarded victors wreaths of holly
E) none of the above

Question 44

Eventually, the Olympic Games

A) utilized a stadium that sat about 40,000 spectators.
B) built a gymnasium, palaestra, hippodrome, temple dedicated to Zeus, a treasury building, and held animal sacrifices.
C) built a hotel - the Leonidaion, that could accommodate up to 50 wealthy VIPs.
D) All of the above.
E) A and B only.

Question 45

Which of the following is true? Under Greek rules

A) Only male citizens of Greece could compete in the Olympic Games.
B) Married women, with the exception of the priestess of Demeter, were not allowed to attend the Olympic Games
C) The athletes competed nude.
D) The most important officials at the Olympics were the Hellanodikai.
E) All of the above.

Question 46

The famous Greek poet Pindar (518-446 B. C.)

A) attended the Olympic Games
B) was a superb athlete and won five times at Olympia.
C) if paid enough money, wrote lyric poems known as "odes" to honor athletes.
D) All of the above
E) A and C only.

Question 47

Which of the following is true?

A) According to Miller, there is ample evidence that the Olympic Games were stopped once and for all in A. D. 435 by the Emperor Theodosius.
B)Miller claims that when Emperor Theodosius II issued his decree (see above) in A. D. 435, Greek religion and Greek athletics, already relics, ceased completely to play any meaningful role in society.
C) In the Olympic Games of antiquity, virgin women were allowed to drive in the chariot races, as the "owner".
D) None of the above
E) All of the above

Question 48

The Olympic Games enforced the following rules:

A) Athletes and their trainers had to arrive in Olympia no later than one month/30 days prior to the start of the games.
B) Athletes had to be Greek citizens.
C) Athletes must have no criminal record.
D) Swear to Zeus that they had trained for the previous 10 months.
E) All of the above.

Question 49

In 472B. C. the Olympics

A) reorganized into a 5 day event.
B) devoted 2 1/2 days to competition, the remaining 2 1/2 days were devoted to religious matters.
C) added the Marathon race
D) A and B only.
E) All of the above

Question 50

With regard to the Olympic Games, women

A) could compete with the men from 146 BC onward when Rome conquered Greece and took control of the Olympic games
B) were sometimes sacrificed along with 100 bulls to honor Zeus
C) who were married to Olympic champions were allowed to attend.
D) B and C only.
E) None of the above.

Question 51

Which of the following is true?

A) Olympia was a sacred place where victory in sports as well as other occasions (such as military victories), was celebrated.
B) The Olympic Games featured competitions not only for athletes, but also for poets, philosophers, and musicians.
C) Cheating was a problem during the ancient Olympics
D) The great philosophers Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle attended the Olympic Games but did not compete as an athletes.
E) All of the above.

Question 52

The Greeks saw their gods as "idealized" human beings, perfect images of masculine and feminine beauty.

Question 53

Because it was through the perfection of the body that men most resembled gods, the culture of the body was a spiritual as well as physical activity.

Question 54

Jesse Feiring Williams advocated "education of the physical".

Question 55

Charles H. McCloy believed in "education through the physical".

Question 56

Arete is the Greek word/concept that "with regard to athletic competition, the end justifies the means-- win at all costs".

Question 57

Professional athletes were a fact of life in ancient Greece.

Question 58

Physical Education programs and athletic competition were only taken seriously in Athens and Sparta, the rest of the Greek world ignored P.E. and serious athletic competition

Question 59

Sparta, like Athens, believed in "education through the physical" and appreciated the cultural contributions of the Athenians which were displayed in Sparta.

Question 60

Athens had lavish, private gymnasiums and palestraes that charged fees.

Question 61

The Cynosarges, a private gymnasium located in Athens, allowed non-Athenian parents to enroll their sons.

Question 62

Athenian women received extensive instruction in Physical Education, just like Spartan women and were expected to excel in athletic competition.

Question 63

Belistiche, the concubine of Ptolemy Philadelphos who was the King of Egypt, is also listed as an Olympic champion in the chariot race.

Question 64

Spartan women were allowed to compete in the Olympic Games as wrestlers after 146 B. C. primarily because the Romans who conquered Greece relished the thought of Spartan women competing in wrestling.

Question 65

The Olympic Games were dedicated to Athena, the chief deity of the Greeks.

Question 66

Agon is a term that represents (1) the agonistic process or "agony" that Greek athletes experienced while engaged in strenuous physical training. And competition. It was also a term used to identify a place where athletic competition was held.

Question 67

Homer made reference to agon as a meeting place where athletic events were held.

Question 68

Homer was a Greek who lived sometime between 1000 to 800 B. C. and is credited as the originator of the Illiad and the Odyssey which, in part, reveals Greek athletic competition in a section devoted to the Funeral Games of Patroclus who died during the siege of Troy.

Question 69

The pentathlon was the event in the Olympic Games that featured four events - broad jump, pankration, discus throw, and hippios competition. The athlete who won this event was considered the best athlete in the Greek world.

Question 70

Pindar was a famous Greek poet who, for a fee, would compose an ode or poem to honor victorious athletes at Olympia and other athletic festivals.

Question 71

The sweat of Olympians was a coveted product and was bottled and sold to fans and others.

Question 72

Phillip of Macedon and his son, Alexander the great, erected the Phillipion at Olympia to commemorate their military victory over the Greeks.

Question 73

Victorious athletes at Olympia were crowned with a wreath of wild celery.

Question 74

The winning athletes at Nemea received a crown of olives.

Question 75

At the Isthmian games, athletes were awarded a crown of laurel.

Question 76

Athletes who won at the Pythian games received a wreath of sea weed to honor Poseidon who was the patron god of Delphi.

Question 77

Aristotle believed that it was essential that the rational soul be educated because the health of the mind was dependant upon the health of the body.

Question 78

The Spartan king Lykourgos mandated that Spartan women must undergo serious physical training and to compete in athletic competitions.

Question 79

Male children who lived in Sparta were taken from their homes at the age of 7, housed in the public barracks, and supervised by the Paidonomos, who was in charge of the Spartan educational program called the Agoge.

Question 80

In contrast to Sparta, the education of Athenian youths was the responsibility of the family, not the state.